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Mohamad HE, Askar ME, Shaheen MA, Baraka NM, Mahmoud YK. Sacubitril/valsartan alleviates sunitinib-induced cardiac fibrosis and oxidative stress via improving TXNIP/TRX system and downregulation of NF-ĸB/Wnt/β-catenin/SOX9 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111963. [PMID: 38560962 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We aimed in this study to investigate the possible cardioprotective effects of sacubitril/valsartan against sunitinib-induced cardiac fibrosis (CF) and oxidative stress via targeting thioredoxin-interacting protein/thioredoxin (TXNIP/TRX) system and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/Wingless-related MMTV integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin/Sex-determining region Y box 9 (SOX9) signaling. CF was induced in male Wistar albino rats by cumulative dose of sunitinib (300 mg/kg, given over 4 weeks as: 25 mg/kg orally, three times a week), which were co-treated with sacubitril/valsartan (68 mg/kg/day, orally) for four weeks. Significant elevation in blood pressure, cardiac inflammatory and fibrotic markers besides cardiac dysfunction were observed. These alterations were associated with disruption of TXNIP/TRX system, upregulation of NF-κB/Wnt/β-catenin/SOX9 pathway along with marked increase in lysyl oxidase (LOX) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expressions and extensive deposition of collagen fibers in cardiac tissues. Luckily, sacubitril/valsartan was able to reverse all of the aforementioned detrimental effects in sunitinib-administered rats. These findings illustrate a potential role of sacubitril/valsartan in alleviating CF and oxidative stress induced by sunitinib via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. These remarkable effects of sacubitril/valsartan were mediated by its ability to improve TXNIP/TRX system and downregulate NF-κB/Wnt/β-catenin/SOX9 signaling in addition to decreasing LOX and MMP-1 expressions in cardiac tissues. In summary, this study highlights sacubitril/valsartan as a potential therapeutic agent in mitigating CF and oxidative stress especially in cancer cases treated with sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda E Mohamad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mervat E Askar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Shaheen
- Department of Histology & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M Baraka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Yasmin K Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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2
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Zhang S, Zhang Q, Lu Y, Chen J, Liu J, Li Z, Xie Z. Roles of Integrin in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4096. [PMID: 38612904 PMCID: PMC11012347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant global health threat due to their complex pathogenesis and high incidence, imposing a substantial burden on global healthcare systems. Integrins, a group of heterodimers consisting of α and β subunits that are located on the cell membrane, have emerged as key players in mediating the occurrence and progression of CVDs by regulating the physiological activities of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, platelets, fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and various immune cells. The crucial role of integrins in the progression of CVDs has valuable implications for targeted therapies. In this context, the development and application of various integrin antibodies and antagonists have been explored for antiplatelet therapy and anti-inflammatory-mediated tissue damage. Additionally, the rise of nanomedicine has enhanced the specificity and bioavailability of precision therapy targeting integrins. Nevertheless, the complexity of the pathogenesis of CVDs presents tremendous challenges for monoclonal targeted treatment. This paper reviews the mechanisms of integrins in the development of atherosclerosis, cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, and arrhythmias, which may pave the way for future innovations in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qingfang Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yutong Lu
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jianrui Chen
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jinkai Liu
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhuohan Li
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.L.); (Z.L.)
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Perreault LR, Daley MC, Watson MC, Rastogi S, Jaiganesh A, Porter EC, Duffy BM, Black LD. Characterization of cardiac fibroblast-extracellular matrix crosstalk across developmental ages provides insight into age-related changes in cardiac repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1279932. [PMID: 38434619 PMCID: PMC10904575 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1279932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure afflicts an estimated 6.5 million people in the United States, driven largely by incidents of coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD leads to heart failure due to the inability of adult myocardial tissue to regenerate after myocardial infarction (MI). Instead, immune cells and resident cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), the cells responsible for the maintenance of the cardiac extracellular matrix (cECM), drive an inflammatory wound healing response, which leads to fibrotic scar tissue. However, fibrosis is reduced in fetal and early (<1-week-old) neonatal mammals, which exhibit a transient capability for regenerative tissue remodeling. Recent work by our laboratory and others suggests this is in part due to compositional differences in the cECM and functional differences in CFs with respect to developmental age. Specifically, fetal cECM and CFs appear to mitigate functional loss in MI models and engineered cardiac tissues, compared to adult CFs and cECM. We conducted 2D studies of CFs on solubilized fetal and adult cECM to investigate whether these age-specific functional differences are synergistic with respect to their impact on CF phenotype and, therefore, cardiac wound healing. We found that the CF migration rate and stiffness vary with respect to cell and cECM developmental age and that CF transition to a fibrotic phenotype can be partially attenuated in the fetal cECM. However, this effect was not observed when cells were treated with cytokine TGF-β1, suggesting that inflammatory signaling factors are the dominant driver of the fibroblast phenotype. This information may be valuable for targeted therapies aimed at modifying the CF wound healing response and is broadly applicable to age-related studies of cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Mark C. Daley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Matthew C. Watson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Sagar Rastogi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Ajith Jaiganesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Porter
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Breanna M. Duffy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Lauren D. Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Garvin AM, Katwa LC. Primary cardiac fibroblast cell culture: methodological considerations for physiologically relevant conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H869-H881. [PMID: 37624100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00224.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary cardiac fibroblast (CF) tissue culture is a necessary tool for interrogating specific signaling mechanisms that dictate the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in vivo in different disease states. Traditional approaches that use tissue culture plastic and nutrient-rich medium have been shown to induce CF activation and, therefore, alter CF subpopulation composition. This shift away from in vivo phenotypes complicate the interpretation of results through the lens of the animal model. As the field works to identify CF diversity, these methodological flaws have begun to be addressed and more studies are focused on the dynamic interaction of CFs with their environment. This review focuses on the aspects of tissue culture that impact CF activation and, therefore, require consideration when designing in vitro experiments. The complexity of CF biology overlaid onto diverse model systems highlight the need for study-specific optimization and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Garvin
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laxmansa C Katwa
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
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5
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Castillo-Casas JM, Caño-Carrillo S, Sánchez-Fernández C, Franco D, Lozano-Velasco E. Comparative Analysis of Heart Regeneration: Searching for the Key to Heal the Heart-Part II: Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:357. [PMID: 37754786 PMCID: PMC10531542 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, among which ischemic heart disease is the most representative. Myocardial infarction results from occlusion of a coronary artery, which leads to an insufficient blood supply to the myocardium. As it is well known, the massive loss of cardiomyocytes cannot be solved due the limited regenerative ability of the adult mammalian hearts. In contrast, some lower vertebrate species can regenerate the heart after an injury; their study has disclosed some of the involved cell types, molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways during the regenerative process. In this 'two parts' review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art of the main response to achieve heart regeneration, where several processes are involved and essential for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (D.F.)
| | - Sheila Caño-Carrillo
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (D.F.)
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Fernández
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (S.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (D.F.)
- Medina Foundation, 18007 Granada, Spain
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Kulus J, Kranc W, Kulus M, Bukowska D, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B, Antosik P. New Gene Markers of Exosomal Regulation Are Involved in Porcine Granulosa Cell Adhesion, Migration, and Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11873. [PMID: 37511632 PMCID: PMC10380331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomal regulation is intimately involved in key cellular processes, such as migration, proliferation, and adhesion. By participating in the regulation of basic mechanisms, extracellular vesicles are important in intercellular signaling and the functioning of the mammalian reproductive system. The complexity of intercellular interactions in the ovarian follicle is also based on multilevel intercellular signaling, including the mechanisms involving cadherins, integrins, and the extracellular matrix. The processes in the ovary leading to the formation of a fertilization-ready oocyte are extremely complex at the molecular level and depend on the oocyte's ongoing relationship with granulosa cells. An analysis of gene expression from material obtained from a primary in vitro culture of porcine granulosa cells was employed using microarray technology. Genes with the highest expression (LIPG, HSD3B1, CLIP4, LOX, ANKRD1, FMOD, SHAS2, TAGLN, ITGA8, MXRA5, and NEXN) and the lowest expression levels (DAPL1, HSD17B1, SNX31, FST, NEBL, CXCL10, RGS2, MAL2, IHH, and TRIB2) were selected for further analysis. The gene expression results obtained from the microarrays were validated using quantitative RT-qPCR. Exosomes may play important roles regarding intercellular signaling between granulosa cells. Therefore, exosomes may have significant applications in regenerative medicine, targeted therapy, and assisted reproduction technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kulus
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Wiesława Kranc
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
- Center of Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Li R, Frangogiannis NG. Integrins in cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 172:1-13. [PMID: 35872324 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense mechanical stress and changes in their matrix environment through the integrins, a family of heterodimeric surface receptors that bind to extracellular matrix ligands and trigger cytoskeletal remodeling, while transducing a wide range of intracellular signals. Integrins have been extensively implicated in regulation of inflammation, repair and fibrosis in many different tissues. This review manuscript discusses the role of integrin-mediated cascades in myocardial fibrosis. In vitro studies have demonstrated that β1 and αv integrins play an important role in fibrogenic conversion of cardiac fibroblast, acting through direct stimulation of FAK/Src cascades, or via accentuation of growth factor signaling. Fibrogenic actions of αv integrins may be mediated, at least in part, through pericellular activation of latent TGF-β stores. In vivo evidence supporting the role of integrin heterodimers in fibrotic cardiac remodeling is limited to associative evidence, and to experiments using pharmacologic inhibitors, or global loss-of-function approaches. Studies documenting in vivo actions of integrins on fibroblasts using cell-specific strategies are lacking. Integrin effects on leukocytes may also contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrotic myocardial responses by mediating recruitment and activation of fibrogenic macrophages. The profile and role of integrins in cardiac fibrosis may be dependent on the underlying pathologic condition. Considering their cell surface localization and the availability of small molecule inhibitors, integrins may be attractive therapeutic targets for patients with heart failure associated with prominent fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshui Li
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America.
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8
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Ferrari S, Pesce M. Stiffness and Aging in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Dangerous Relationship between Force and Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3404. [PMID: 33810253 PMCID: PMC8037660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is a process associated with a gradual decline in tissues' homeostasis based on the progressive inability of the cells to self-renew. Cellular senescence is one of the hallmarks of the aging process, characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, telomeres shortening, chronic inflammatory activation, and chromatin modifications. In this review, we will describe the effects of senescence on tissue structure, extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, and nucleus architecture, and see how these changes affect (are affected by) mechano-transduction. In our view, this is essential for a deeper understanding of the progressive pathological evolution of the cardiovascular system and its relationship with the detrimental effects of risk factors, known to act at an epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ferrari
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico(IRCCS), 20138 Milan, Italy;
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico(IRCCS), 20138 Milan, Italy;
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9
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Lu M, Qin X, Yao J, Yang Y, Zhao M, Sun L. Th17/Treg imbalance modulates rat myocardial fibrosis and heart failure by regulating LOX expression. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 230:e13537. [PMID: 32649012 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The imbalance of T helper (Th) 17/T regulatory (Treg) is involved in chronic heart failure (HF). The enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) contributes to myocardial fibrosis. This study was designed to decipher the regulatory mechanism of Th17/Treg on LOX expression and to validate whether Th17/Treg imbalance regulates myocardial fibrosis by modulating LOX expression. METHODS Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) and co-cultured with Th17 cells and Tregs which were polarized from control naïve CD4+ T cells. Th17 cells and Tregs were adoptively transferred into abdominal aortic coarctation-induced chronic HF rats to investigate the efficacy of Th17 and Treg infusions on myocardial fibrosis and HF. RESULTS Th17/Treg imbalance (increased Th17 cells and decreased Tregs) was observed in HF patients. Th17 cells/Tregs aggravated/attenuated Ang II-induced upregulation of LOX and fibrosis-related indicators (MMP-2/9 and collagen I/III) in HCFs in vitro and abdominal aortic coarctation-induced myocardial fibrosis and HF in rats, by promoting/inhibiting LOX expression. Mechanistically, Th17 cells promoted LOX expression by activating the IL-17/ERK1/2-AP-1 pathway, while Tregs inhibited LOX expression by activating the IL-10/JAK1-STAT3 pathway. CONCLUSION Increased Th17 cells and decreased Tregs aggravate myocardial fibrosis and HF by inducing LOX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People’s Hospital School of Clinical Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xinglei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Henan Provincial People’s Hospital School of Clinical Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jungong Yao
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People’s Hospital School of Clinical Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People’s Hospital School of Clinical Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China
| | - Minghu Zhao
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People’s Hospital School of Clinical Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People’s Hospital School of Clinical Medicine Henan University Zhengzhou China
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10
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Al-U'datt D, Allen BG, Nattel S. Role of the lysyl oxidase enzyme family in cardiac function and disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1820-1837. [PMID: 31504232 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and related LOX-like (LOXL) isoforms play a vital role in remodelling the extracellular matrix (ECM). The LOX family controls ECM formation by cross-linking collagen and elastin chains. LOX/LOXL proteins are copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyse the oxidation of lysine, causing cross-linking between the lysine moieties of lysine-rich proteins. Dynamic changes in LOX and LOXL protein-expression occur in a variety of cardiac pathologies; these changes are believed to be central to the associated tissue-fibrosis. An awareness of the potential pathophysiological importance of LOX has led to the evaluation of interventions that target LOX/LOXL proteins for heart-disease therapy. The purposes of this review article are: (i) to summarize the basic biochemistry and enzyme function of LOX and LOXL proteins; (ii) to consider their tissue and species distribution; and (iii) to review the results of experimental studies of the roles of LOX and LOXL proteins in heart disease, addressing involvement in the mechanisms, pathophysiology and therapeutic responses based on observations in patient samples and relevant animal models. Therapeutic targeting of LOX family enzymes has shown promising results in animal models, but small-molecule approaches have been limited by non-specificity and off-target effects. Biological approaches show potential promise but are in their infancy. While there is strong evidence for LOX-family protein participation in heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and hypertension, as well as potential interest as therapeutic targets, the precise involvement of LOX-family proteins in heart disease requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a Al-U'datt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Laczko R, Csiszar K. Lysyl Oxidase (LOX): Functional Contributions to Signaling Pathways. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081093. [PMID: 32708046 PMCID: PMC7465975 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a catalytic activity-related, primary role in the assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a dynamic structural and regulatory framework which is essential for cell fate, differentiation and communication during development, tissue maintenance and repair. LOX, additionally, plays both activity-dependent and independent extracellular, intracellular and nuclear roles that fulfill significant functions in normal tissues, and contribute to vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, dermal, placenta, diaphragm, kidney and pelvic floor disorders. LOX activities have also been recognized in glioblastoma, diabetic neovascularization, osteogenic differentiation, bone matrix formation, ligament remodeling, polycystic ovary syndrome, fetal membrane rupture and tumor progression and metastasis. In an inflammatory context, LOX plays a role in diminishing pluripotent mesenchymal cell pools which are relevant to the pathology of diabetes, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Most of these conditions involve mechanisms with complex cell and tissue type-specific interactions of LOX with signaling pathways, not only as a regulatory target, but also as an active player, including LOX-mediated alterations of cell surface receptor functions and mutual regulatory activities within signaling loops. In this review, we aim to provide insight into the diverse ways in which LOX participates in signaling events, and explore the mechanistic details and functional significance of the regulatory and cross-regulatory interactions of LOX with the EGFR, PDGF, VEGF, TGF-β, mechano-transduction, inflammatory and steroid signaling pathways.
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12
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Increased Collagen Turnover Impairs Tendon Microstructure and Stability in Integrin α2β1-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082835. [PMID: 32325713 PMCID: PMC7215526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a family of transmembrane proteins, involved in substrate recognition and cell adhesion in cross-talk with the extra cellular matrix. In this study, we investigated the influence of integrin α2β1 on tendons, another collagen type I-rich tissue of the musculoskeletal system. Morphological, as well as functional, parameters were analyzed in vivo and in vitro, comparing wild-type against integrin α2β1 deficiency. Tenocytes lacking integrin α2β1 produced more collagen in vitro, which is similar to the situation in osseous tissue. Fibril morphology and biomechanical strength proved to be altered, as integrin α2β1 deficiency led to significantly smaller fibrils as well as changes in dynamic E-modulus in vivo. This discrepancy can be explained by a higher collagen turnover: integrin α2β1-deficient cells produced more matrix, and tendons contained more residual C-terminal fragments of type I collagen, as well as an increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. A greatly decreased percentage of non-collagenous proteins may be the cause of changes in fibril diameter regulation and increased the proteolytic degradation of collagen in the integrin-deficient tendons. The results reveal a significant impact of integrin α2β1 on collagen modifications in tendons. Its role in tendon pathologies, like chronic degradation, will be the subject of future investigations.
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Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. The Role of Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes in Cardiac Function and Remodeling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121483. [PMID: 31766500 PMCID: PMC6953057 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) proteins comprise a family of five copper-dependent enzymes (LOX and four LOX-like isoenzymes (LOXL1-4)) critical for extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and remodeling. The primary role of LOX enzymes is to oxidize lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues from collagen and elastin chains into highly reactive aldehydes, which spontaneously react with surrounding amino groups and other aldehydes to form inter- and intra-catenary covalent cross-linkages. Therefore, they are essential for the synthesis of a mature ECM and assure matrix integrity. ECM modulates cellular phenotype and function, and strikingly influences the mechanical properties of tissues. This explains the critical role of these enzymes in tissue homeostasis, and in tissue repair and remodeling. Cardiac ECM is mainly composed of fibrillar collagens which form a complex network that provides structural and biochemical support to cardiac cells and regulates cell signaling pathways. It is now becoming apparent that cardiac performance is affected by the structure and composition of the ECM and that any disturbance of the ECM contributes to cardiac disease progression. This review article compiles the major findings on the contribution of the LOX family to the development and progression of myocardial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (J.M.-G.); Tel.: +34-93-556-5897 (C.R.); +34-93-556-5896 (J.M.-G.)
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Lu M, Qin Q, Yao J, Sun L, Qin X. Induction of LOX by TGF-β1/Smad/AP-1 signaling aggravates rat myocardial fibrosis and heart failure. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1729-1739. [PMID: 31317653 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of lysyl oxidase (LOX) inhibition in regulating rat myocardial fibrosis and chronic heart failure (CHF) and to validate the regulation of LOX by TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling in this process. A rat model of CHF was established by abdominal aortic coarctation. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) indexes (PRA, ACE2, Ang II, and ALD), cardiac function indicators (LVEF, LVFS, SAP, DAP, and LVEDP), ventricular remodeling- and fibrosis-related indicators (hydroxyproline, collagen deposition,and MMP-2/9), and morphological changes of myocardial tissues were examined. Rat cardiac fibroblasts (RCFs) were used in vitro assays. CHF patients showed increased LOX activity, accompanied by activated RAAS and TGF-β1. Furthermore, inhibition of LOX by β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) mitigated the RAAS activation and attenuated cardiac dysfunction, ventricular remodeling, myocardial fibrosis, and collagen deposition in CHF rats. Moreover, TGF-β1 signaling diminished the LOX inhibition-mediated antiheart failure effect. Further assays showed that TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling increased expression of c-jun (AP-1 transcription factor subunit), which transcriptionally induced LOX expression. Additionally, BAPN abrogated the TGF-β1-mediated increase in cell proliferation and levels of MMP-2/9 and collagen I/III in RCFs. In conclusion, LOX can be induced by TGF-β1/Smad/AP-1 signaling and LOX inhibition attenuates rat myocardial fibrosis and CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingzhu Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jungong Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinglei Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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15
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Kasagi Y, Dods K, Wang JX, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Gambanga F, Kluger J, Ashorobi T, Gross J, Tobias JW, Klein-Szanto AJ, Spergel JM, Cianferoni A, Falk GW, Whelan KA, Nakagawa H, Muir AB. Fibrostenotic eosinophilic esophagitis might reflect epithelial lysyl oxidase induction by fibroblast-derived TNF-α. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:171-182. [PMID: 30578874 PMCID: PMC6586527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis and stricture are major comorbidities in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Lysyl oxidase (LOX), a collagen cross-linking enzyme, has not been investigated in the context of EoE. OBJECTIVE We investigated regulation of epithelial LOX expression as a novel biomarker and functional effector of fibrostenotic disease conditions associated with EoE. METHODS LOX expression was analyzed by using RNA-sequencing, PCR assays, and immunostaining in patients with EoE; cytokine-stimulated esophageal 3-dimensional organoids; and fibroblast-epithelial cell coculture, the latter coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS Gene ontology and pathway analyses linked TNF-α and LOX expression in patients with EoE, which was validated in independent sets of patients with fibrostenotic conditions. TNF-α-mediated epithelial LOX upregulation was recapitulated in 3-dimensional organoids and coculture experiments. We find that fibroblast-derived TNF-α stimulates epithelial LOX expression through activation of nuclear factor κB and TGF-β-mediated signaling. In patients receiver operating characteristic analyses suggested that LOX upregulation indicates disease complications and fibrostenotic conditions in patients with EoE. CONCLUSIONS There is a novel positive feedback mechanism in epithelial LOX induction through fibroblast-derived TNF-α secretion. Esophageal epithelial LOX might have a role in the development of fibrosis with substantial translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kasagi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kara Dods
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Joshua X Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Prasanna M Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Alain J Benitez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Fiona Gambanga
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jonathan Kluger
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Tokunbo Ashorobi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jonathan Gross
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa
| | | | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa; University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
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16
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Amendola PG, Reuten R, Erler JT. Interplay Between LOX Enzymes and Integrins in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050729. [PMID: 31130685 PMCID: PMC6562985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family are secreted copper-dependent amine oxidases that catalyze the covalent crosslinking of collagens and elastin in the extracellular matrix (ECM), an essential process for the structural integrity of all tissues. LOX enzymes can also remodel the tumor microenvironment and have been implicated in all stages of tumor initiation and progression of many cancer types. Changes in the ECM can influence several cancer cell phenotypes. Integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) physically connect cells with their microenvironment. This review article summarizes the main findings on the role of LOX proteins in modulating the tumor microenvironment, with a particular focus on how ECM changes are integrated by IACs to modulate cells behavior. Finally, we discuss how the development of selective LOX inhibitors may lead to novel and effective therapies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giorgio Amendola
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Raphael Reuten
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Janine Terra Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Liu T, Zhou L, Li D, Andl T, Zhang Y. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Build and Secure the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:60. [PMID: 31106200 PMCID: PMC6492564 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells reside in a highly complex and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME), which is composed of a myriad of genetically stable non-cancer cells, including fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells, and a tumor-specific extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as an abundant and active stromal cell population in the TME, function as the signaling center and remodeling machine to aid the creation of a desmoplastic tumor niche. Although there is no denial that the TME and CAFs may have anti-tumor effects as well, a great deal of findings reported in recent years have convincingly revealed the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs and CAF-derived ECM proteins, enzymes, chemical factors and other downstream effectors. While there is growing enthusiasm for the development of CAF-targeting therapies, a better understanding of the complexities of CAF-ECM and CAF-cancer cell interactions is necessary before novel therapeutic strategies targeting the malignant tumor “soil” can be successfully implemented in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Linli Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Danni Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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18
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Theocharis AD, Manou D, Karamanos NK. The extracellular matrix as a multitasking player in disease. FEBS J 2019; 286:2830-2869. [PMID: 30908868 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are highly specialized and dynamic three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds into which cells reside in tissues. ECM is composed of a variety of fibrillar components, such as collagens, fibronectin, and elastin, and non-fibrillar molecules as proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and glycoproteins including matricellular proteins. These macromolecular components are interconnected forming complex networks that actively communicate with cells through binding to cell surface receptors and/or matrix effectors. ECMs exert diverse roles, either providing tissues with structural integrity and mechanical properties essential for tissue functions or regulating cell phenotype and functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. ECM molecular composition and structure vary among tissues, and is markedly modified during normal tissue repair as well as during the progression of various diseases. Actually, abnormal ECM remodeling occurring in pathologic circumstances drives disease progression by regulating cell-matrix interactions. The importance of matrix molecules to normal tissue functions is also highlighted by mutations in matrix genes that give rise to genetic disorders with diverse clinical phenotypes. In this review, we present critical and emerging issues related to matrix assembly in tissues and the multitasking roles for ECM in diseases such as osteoarthritis, fibrosis, cancer, and genetic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the various matrix-based diseases are also discussed. Research focused on the highly dynamic 3D ECM networks will help to discover matrix-related causative abnormalities of diseases as well as novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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19
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Lysyl oxidase enzymes mediate TGF-β1-induced fibrotic phenotypes in human skin-like tissues. J Transl Med 2019; 99:514-527. [PMID: 30568176 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous fibrosis is a common complication seen in mixed connective tissue diseases. It often occurs as a result of TGF-β-induced deposition of excessive amounts of collagen in the skin. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a family of extracellular matrix (ECM)-modifying enzymes responsible for collagen cross-linking, are known to be increased in dermal fibroblasts from patients with fibrotic diseases, denoting a possible role of LOXs in fibrosis. To directly study this, we have developed two bioengineered, in vitro skin-like models: human skin equivalents (hSEs), and self-assembled stromal tissues (SASs) that contain either normal or systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) patient-derived fibroblasts. These tissues provide an organ-level structure that could be combined with non-invasive, label-free, multiphoton microscopy (SHG/TPEF) to reveal alterations in the organization and cross-linking levels of collagen fibers during the development of cutaneous fibrosis, which demonstrated increased stromal rigidity and activation of dermal fibroblasts in response to TGF-β1. Specifically, inhibition of specific LOXs isoforms, LOX and LOXL4, in foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) resulted in antagonistic effects on TGF-β1-induced fibrogenic hallmarks in both hSEs and SASs. In addition, a translational relevance of these models was seen as similar antifibrogenic phenotypes were achieved upon knocking down LOXL4 in tissues containing SSc patient-derived-dermal fibroblasts (SScDFs). These findings point to a pivotal role of LOXs in TGF-β1-induced cutaneous fibrosis through impaired ECM homeostasis in skin-like tissues, and show the value of these tissue platforms in accelerating the discovery of antifibrosis therapeutics.
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20
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Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is fundamental to tissue integrity and human health. Integrins are the main cellular adhesion receptors that through multifaceted roles as signalling molecules, mechanotransducers and key components of the cell migration machinery are implicated in nearly every step of cancer progression from primary tumour development to metastasis. Altered integrin expression is frequently detected in tumours, where integrins have roles in supporting oncogenic growth factor receptor (GFR) signalling and GFR-dependent cancer cell migration and invasion. In addition, integrins determine colonization of metastatic sites and facilitate anchorage-independent survival of circulating tumour cells. Investigations describing integrin engagement with a growing number of versatile cell surface molecules, including channels, receptors and secreted proteins, continue to lead to the identification of novel tumour-promoting pathways. Integrin-mediated sensing, stiffening and remodelling of the tumour stroma are key steps in cancer progression supporting invasion, acquisition of cancer stem cell characteristics and drug resistance. Given the complexity of integrins and their adaptable and sometimes antagonistic roles in cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment, therapeutic targeting of these receptors has been a challenge. However, novel approaches to target integrins and antagonism of specific integrin subunits in stringently stratified patient cohorts are emerging as potential ways forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellyeh Hamidi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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21
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Li N, Zhou H, Tang Q. miR-133: A Suppressor of Cardiac Remodeling? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:903. [PMID: 30174600 PMCID: PMC6107689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling, which is characterized by mechanical and electrical remodeling, is a significant pathophysiological process involved in almost all forms of heart diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of non-coding RNAs of 20–25 nucleotides in length that primarily regulate gene expression by promoting mRNA degradation or post-transcriptional repression in a sequence-specific manner. Three miR-133 genes have been identified in the human genome, miR-133a-1, miR-133a-2, and miR-133b, which are located on chromosomes 18, 20, and 6, respectively. These miRNAs are mainly expressed in muscle tissues and appear to repress the expression of non-muscle genes. Based on accumulating evidence, miR-133 participates in the proliferation, differentiation, survival, hypertrophic growth, and electrical conduction of cardiac cells, which are essential for cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and arrhythmia. Nevertheless, the roles of miR-133 in cardiac remodeling are ambiguous, and the mechanisms are also sophisticated, involving many target genes and signaling pathways, such as RhoA, MAPK, TGFβ/Smad, and PI3K/Akt. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the critical roles of miR-133 and its potential mechanisms in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qizhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Kumar P, Smith T, Raeman R, Chopyk DM, Brink H, Liu Y, Sulchek T, Anania FA. Periostin promotes liver fibrogenesis by activating lysyl oxidase in hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12781-12792. [PMID: 29941453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis arises from dysregulated wound healing due to persistent inflammatory hepatic injury. Periostin is a nonstructural extracellular matrix protein that promotes organ fibrosis in adults. Here, we sought to identify the molecular mechanisms in periostin-mediated hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis in periostin-/- mice was attenuated as evidenced by significantly reduced collagen fibril density and liver stiffness compared with those in WT controls. A single dose of carbon tetrachloride caused similar acute liver injury in periostin-/- and WT littermates, and we did not detect significant differences in transaminases and major fibrosis-related hepatic gene expression between these two genotypes. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major periostin-producing liver cell type. We found that in primary rat HSCs in vitro, periostin significantly increases the expression levels and activities of lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL) isoforms 1-3. Periostin also induced expression of intra- and extracellular collagen type 1 and fibronectin in HSCs. Interestingly, periostin stimulated phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, which was sustained despite short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor I and II, indicating that periostin-mediated SMAD2/3 phosphorylation is independent of TGFβ receptors. Moreover, periostin induced the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT in HSCs. Notably, siRNA-mediated FAK knockdown failed to block periostin-induced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation. These results suggest that periostin promotes enhanced matrix stiffness in chronic liver disease by activating LOX and LOXL, independently of TGFβ receptors. Hence, targeting periostin may be of therapeutic benefit in combating hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
| | - Tekla Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Reben Raeman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Daniel M Chopyk
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hannah Brink
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Frank A Anania
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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23
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Longmate W, DiPersio CM. Beyond adhesion: emerging roles for integrins in control of the tumor microenvironment. F1000Res 2017; 6:1612. [PMID: 29026524 PMCID: PMC5583736 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11877.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While integrins were originally discovered as cell adhesion receptors, recent studies have reinforced the concept that integrins have central roles in cancer that extend far beyond controlling cell adhesion and migration. Indeed, as transmembrane cell surface receptors that occupy a critical position at the interface of cellular and extracellular interactions and are capable of both "inside-out" and "outside-in" signaling, integrins are uniquely poised to regulate the cell's ability to promote, sense, and react to changes in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, integrins are present on all cell types in the tumor microenvironment, and they have important roles in regulating intercellular communication. Decades of promising pre-clinical studies have implicated certain integrins as attractive therapeutic targets in the cancer clinic. Nevertheless, results of the few clinical trials that target integrins in cancer have thus far been disappointing. Importantly, these clinical failures likely reflect the emerging complexity of individual and combinatorial integrin function within both tumor cells and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment, together with a need to explore integrin-targeting agents not just as monotherapies but also as adjuvants to more conventional radiotherapies or chemotherapies. In this review, we will examine recent advances toward understanding how integrins regulate cancer progression, including their roles in intercellular communication and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we will discuss factors that underlie the limited efficacy of current efforts to target integrins in the cancer clinic as well as potential strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Longmate
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany , New York, USA
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