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Yamanaka T, Matsui H. Modeling familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease in small fishes. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:4-20. [PMID: 37991125 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been challenging. Nevertheless, once established, they will serve as valuable tools for elucidating the causes and pathogenesis of PD, as well as for developing new strategies for its treatment. Following the recent discovery of a series of PD causative genes in familial cases, teleost fishes, including zebrafish and medaka, have often been used to establish genetic PD models because of their ease of breeding and gene manipulation, as well as the high conservation of gene orthologs. Some of the fish lines can recapitulate PD phenotypes, which are often more pronounced than those in rodent genetic models. In addition, a new experimental teleost fish, turquoise killifish, can be used as a sporadic PD model, because it spontaneously manifests age-dependent PD phenotypes. Several PD fish models have already made significant contributions to the discovery of novel PD pathological features, such as cytosolic leakage of mitochondrial DNA and pathogenic phosphorylation in α-synuclein. Therefore, utilizing various PD fish models with distinct degenerative phenotypes will be an effective strategy for identifying emerging facets of PD pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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2
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Rani K, Pal A, Gurnani B, Agarwala P, Sasmal DK, Jain N. An Innate Host Defense Protein β 2-Microglobulin Keeps a Check on α-Synuclein amyloid Assembly: Implications in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168285. [PMID: 37741548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid formation due to protein misfolding has gained significant attention due to its association with neurodegenerative diseases. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is one such protein that undergoes a profound conformational switch to form higher order cross-β-sheet structures, resulting in amyloid formation, which is linked to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present status of research on α-syn aggregation and PD reveals that the disease progression may be linked with many other diseases, such as kidney-related disorders. Unraveling the link between PD and non-neurological diseases may help in early detection and a better understanding of PD progression. Herein, we investigated the modulation of α-syn in the presence of β2-microglobulin (β2m), a structural protein associated with dialysis-related amyloidosis. We took a multi-disciplinary approach to establish that β2m mitigates amyloid formation by α-syn. Our fluorescence, microscopy and toxicity data demonstrated that sub-stoichiometric ratio of β2m drives α-syn into off-pathway non-toxic aggregates incompetent of transforming into amyloids. Using AlphaFold2 and all-atom MD simulation, we showed that the β-strand segments (β1 and β2) of α-synuclein, which frequently engage in interactions within amyloid fibrils, interact with the last β-strand at the C-terminal of β2m. The outcome of this study will unravel the yet unknown potential linkage of PD with kidney-related disorders. Insights from the cross-talk between two amyloidogenic proteins will lead to early diagnosis and new therapeutic approaches for treating Parkinson's disease. Finally, disruption of the nucleation process of α-syn amyloids by targeting the β1-β2 region will constitute a potential therapeutic approach for inhibiting amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Rani
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India. https://twitter.com/khushboo251995
| | - Arumay Pal
- School of Bioengineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India. https://twitter.com/Arumay_Pal
| | - Bharat Gurnani
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India. https://twitter.com/bgurnani05
| | - Pratibha Agarwala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dibyendu K Sasmal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 62, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India; Centre for Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Development (CETSD), Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Nagaur Road, Karwar 342030, Rajasthan, India.
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3
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Siwecka N, Saramowicz K, Galita G, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Inhibition of Protein Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targeted Therapy for α-Synucleinopathy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2051. [PMID: 37631265 PMCID: PMC10459316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein abundant in the central nervous system. Physiologically, the protein regulates vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic terminals. Pathologies related to misfolding and aggregation of α-syn are referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and they constitute a frequent cause of neurodegeneration. The most common α-synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease (PD), is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain. This results in protein overload, activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and, ultimately, neural cell apoptosis and neurodegeneration. To date, the available treatment options for PD are only symptomatic and rely on dopamine replacement therapy or palliative surgery. As the prevalence of PD has skyrocketed in recent years, there is a pending issue for development of new disease-modifying strategies. These include anti-aggregative agents that target α-syn directly (gene therapy, small molecules and immunization), indirectly (modulators of ER stress, oxidative stress and clearance pathways) or combine both actions (natural compounds). Herein, we provide an overview on the characteristic features of the structure and pathogenic mechanisms of α-syn that could be targeted with novel molecular-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (N.S.); (K.S.); (G.G.); (W.R.-K.)
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4
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Yoo G, An HJ, Yeou S, Lee NK. α-Synuclein Disrupts Vesicle Fusion by Two Mutant-Specific Mechanisms. Mol Cells 2022; 45:806-819. [PMID: 36380732 PMCID: PMC9676983 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) oligomers and their interactions with VAMP2 have been reported to be the basis of synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). α-Syn mutants associated with familial PD have also been known to be capable of interacting with VAMP2, but the exact mechanisms resulting from those interactions to eventual synaptic dysfunction are still unclear. Here, we investigate the effect of α-Syn mutant oligomers comprising A30P, E46K, and A53T on VAMP2-embedded vesicles. Specifically, A30P and A53T oligomers cluster vesicles in the presence of VAMP2, which is a shared mechanism with wild type α-Syn oligomers induced by dopamine. On the other hand, E46K oligomers reduce the membrane mobility of the planar bilayers, as revealed by single-particle tracking, and permeabilize the membranes in the presence of VAMP2. In the absence of VAMP2 interactions, E46K oligomers enlarge vesicles by fusing with one another. Our results clearly demonstrate that α-Syn mutant oligomers have aberrant effects on VAMP2-embedded vesicles and the disruption types are distinct depending on the mutant types. This work may provide one of the possible clues to explain the α-Syn mutant-type dependent pathological heterogeneity of familial PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongji Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeong Jeon An
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sanghun Yeou
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Nam Ki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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5
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Anionic lipid vesicles have differential effects on the aggregation of early onset-associated α-synuclein missense mutants. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102565. [PMID: 36208776 PMCID: PMC9694135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (αS) is the key component of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. αS was first linked to PD through the identification of point mutations in the SNCA gene, causing single amino acid substitutions within αS and familial autosomal dominant forms of PD that profoundly accelerated disease onset by up to several decades. At least eight single-point mutations linked to familial PD (A30G/P, E46K, H50Q, G51D, and A53T/E/V) are located in proximity of the region preceding the non-β amyloid component (preNAC) region, strongly implicating its pathogenic role in αS-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, lipids are known to be important for native αS function, where they play a key role in the regulation of synaptic vesicle docking to presynaptic membranes and dopamine transmission. However, the role of lipids in the function of mutant αS is unclear. Here, we studied αS aggregation properties of WT αS and five of the most predominant single-point missense mutants associated with early onset PD in the presence of anionic 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine lipid vesicles. Our results highlight significant differences between aggregation rates, the number of aggregates produced, and overall fibril morphologies of WT αS and the A30P, E46K, H50Q, G51D, and A53T missense mutants in the presence of lipid vesicles. These findings have important implications regarding the interplay between the lipids required for αS function and the individual point mutations known to accelerate PD and related diseases.
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Rodríguez EE, Ríos A, Trujano-Ortiz LG, Villegas A, Castañeda-Hernández G, Fernández CO, González FJ, Quintanar L. Comparing the copper binding features of alpha and beta synucleins. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 229:111715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Han JY, Jang HS, Green AJE, Choi YP. RT-QuIC-based detection of alpha-synuclein seeding activity in brains of dementia with Lewy Body patients and of a transgenic mouse model of synucleinopathy. Prion 2021; 14:88-94. [PMID: 32041499 PMCID: PMC7039666 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1724608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RT-QuIC is a shaking-based cyclic amplification technique originally developed in the prion field to detect minute amounts of scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). In this study, we applied the RT-QuIC assay to investigate a-synuclein (a-syn) seeding activity in brains of Dementia with Lewy Body (DLB) patients and in brains of G2-3 transgenic mice expressing human a-syn with A53T mutation. The results show that a-syn seeding activity varies between patients with detectable dilutions ranging from 10−3 to 10−8 dilutions of brain tissue and is stable under exposures to the cycles of freezing, thawing and sonication. A53T a-syn aggregates from G2-3 transgenic mice greatly favoured A53T recombinant human a-syn as substrates in comparison to wild-type a-syn, suggesting that conformations for wild-type a-syn to be able to adopt are not compatible with that of A53T aggregates from G2-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Division of Research Strategy, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sup Jang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Division of Research Strategy, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Alison J E Green
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Young Pyo Choi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Division of Research Strategy, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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8
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Murata T, Tochio N, Utsunomiya-Tate N. Physicochemical characterization of the G51D mutation of α-synuclein that is responsible for its severe cytotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136077. [PMID: 34161822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibril formation and aggregation of α-synuclein are important for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. In familial Parkinson's disease, the G51D mutation of α-synuclein causes severe symptoms and rapid progression. α-Synuclein, an intrinsically disordered protein, was shown to adopt an α-helical tetrameric state that resists fibrillation and aggregation. Here, we isolated the stable dimeric state of recombinant wild-type (WT) α-synuclein and G51D α-synuclein protein. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we determined that the α-synuclein dimer and monomer structures were unfolded. The WT α-synuclein dimer was more resistant to fibril formation than the monomer. However, the fibril formation rate of the G51D α-synuclein dimer was similar to that of the G51D α-synuclein monomer. The fibril morphology and properties of the G51D α-synuclein monomer were different from those of the WT α-synuclein monomer and dimer and G51D α-synuclein dimer. Additionally, G51D α-synuclein monomer fibrils were more cytotoxic than other fibrils. Our findings indicate that the structural differences between G51D α-synuclein monomer fibrils and other fibrils are critically responsible for its severe neurotoxicity in familial Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Murata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Naoya Tochio
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoko Utsunomiya-Tate
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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9
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Ma L, Hagerman PJ. Autofluorescence-based analyses of intranuclear inclusions of Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Biotechniques 2020; 69:414-420. [PMID: 32486839 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranuclear inclusions present in the brains of patients with Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) have historically been difficult to study due to their location and scarcity. The recent finding that these particles autofluoresce has complicated the use of immunofluorescence techniques, but also offers new opportunities for purification. We have ascertained the features of the autofluorescence, including its excitation/emission spectrum, similarities and differences compared with lipofuscin autofluorescence, and its presence/absence under various fixation, mounting and UV light exposure conditions. Immunofluorescence at various wavelengths was conducted to determine which conditions are ideal for minimizing autofluorescence confounds. We also present a technique for autofluorescence-based sorting of FXTAS inclusions using flow cytometry, which will allow researchers in the field to purify inclusions more successfully for unbiased analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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10
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Sorrentino ZA, Giasson BI. The emerging role of α-synuclein truncation in aggregation and disease. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10224-10244. [PMID: 32424039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αsyn) is an abundant brain neuronal protein that can misfold and polymerize to form toxic fibrils coalescing into pathologic inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. These fibrils may induce further αsyn misfolding and propagation of pathologic fibrils in a prion-like process. It is unclear why αsyn initially misfolds, but a growing body of literature suggests a critical role of partial proteolytic processing resulting in various truncations of the highly charged and flexible carboxyl-terminal region. This review aims to 1) summarize recent evidence that disease-specific proteolytic truncations of αsyn occur in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy and animal disease models; 2) provide mechanistic insights on how truncation of the amino and carboxyl regions of αsyn may modulate the propensity of αsyn to pathologically misfold; 3) compare experiments evaluating the prion-like properties of truncated forms of αsyn in various models with implications for disease progression; 4) assess uniquely toxic properties imparted to αsyn upon truncation; and 5) discuss pathways through which truncated αsyn forms and therapies targeted to interrupt them. Cumulatively, it is evident that truncation of αsyn, particularly carboxyl truncation that can be augmented by dysfunctional proteostasis, dramatically potentiates the propensity of αsyn to pathologically misfold into uniquely toxic fibrils with modulated prion-like seeding activity. Therapeutic strategies and experimental paradigms should operate under the assumption that truncation of αsyn is likely occurring in both initial and progressive disease stages, and preventing truncation may be an effective preventative strategy against pathologic inclusion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Sorrentino
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA .,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Yoshinaga S, Yamanaka T, Miyazaki H, Okuzumi A, Hiyama A, Murayama S, Nukina N. Preserved proteinase K-resistant core after amplification of alpha-synuclein aggregates: Implication to disease-related structural study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:655-661. [PMID: 31785806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many pathological proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases are misfolded, aggregating to form amyloid fibrils during pathogenesis. One of the pathological proteins, alpha-synuclein (α-syn), accumulates in the brains of Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are designated as synucleinopathies. Recently, structural properties of abnormal accumulated proteins are suggested to determine the disease phenotype. However, the biochemical and structural characteristics of those accumulated proteins are still poorly understood. We previously reported the sequence and seed-structure-dependent polymorphic fibrils of α-syn and the polymorphism was identified by proteinase K-resistant cores determined by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. In this study, we applied this method to analyze α-syn aggregates of MSA and DLB. To perform MS analysis on proteinase K-resistant cores, we first performed amplification of α-syn aggregates by seeding reaction and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) to obtain a sufficient amount of aggregates. Using SDS insoluble fraction of the disease brain, we successfully amplified enough α-syn aggregates for MS analysis. We differentiated between mouse and human α-syn aggregates by MS analysis on proteinase K-resistant cores of the aggregates before and after amplification. The results suggest that structural properties of amplified α-syn fibrils are preserved after PMCA and these methods can be applicable in the study of pathological proteins of the neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yoshinaga
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Miyakodanitatara, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Miyakodanitatara, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Haruko Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Miyakodanitatara, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Ayami Okuzumi
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Miyakodanitatara, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akiko Hiyama
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Miyakodanitatara, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (the Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, 35-2, Sakae-chou, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nukina
- Laboratory of Structural Neuropathology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Miyakodanitatara, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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12
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Tian Y, Meng L, Zhang Z. What is strain in neurodegenerative diseases? Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:665-676. [PMID: 31531680 PMCID: PMC11105091 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are characterized by the aggregation of misfolded proteins, including Aβ, tau and α-synuclein. It is well recognized that these misfolded proteins are able to self-propagate and spread throughout the nervous system and cause neuronal injury in a way that resembles prion disease. These disease-specific misfolded proteins demonstrate unique features, including the seeding barrier, the conformational memory effect, strain selection and strain evolution, based on the presence of various strains. However, the accurate definition of the term strain remains to be clarified. Here, a clear interpretation is proposed by a retrospective of its history in prion research and the recent progress in neurodegeneration research. Furthermore, the causes contributing to the genesis of various strains are also summarized. Deeper insight into strains helps us to understand the phenomena we observe in this field and it also enlightens us on the elusive mechanisms and management of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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13
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Ma L, Herren AW, Espinal G, Randol J, McLaughlin B, Martinez-Cerdeño V, Pessah IN, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Composition of the Intranuclear Inclusions of Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31481131 PMCID: PMC6720097 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a premutation repeat expansion (55-200 CGG repeats) in the 5' noncoding region of the FMR1 gene. Solitary intranuclear inclusions within FXTAS neurons and astrocytes constitute a hallmark of the disorder, yet our understanding of how and why these bodies form is limited. Here, we have discovered that FXTAS inclusions emit a distinct autofluorescence spectrum, which forms the basis of a novel, unbiased method for isolating FXTAS inclusions by preparative fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Using a combination of autofluorescence-based FACS and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomics, we have identified more than two hundred proteins that are enriched within the inclusions relative to FXTAS whole nuclei. Whereas no single protein species dominates inclusion composition, highly enriched levels of conjugated small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (SUMO 2) protein and p62/sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) protein were found within the inclusions. Many additional proteins involved with RNA binding, protein turnover, and DNA damage repair were enriched within inclusions relative to total nuclear protein. The current analysis has also allowed the first direct detection, through peptide sequencing, of endogenous FMRpolyG peptide, the product of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation of the FMR1 mRNA. However, this peptide was found only at extremely low levels and not within whole FXTAS nuclear preparations, raising the question whether endogenous RAN products exist at quantities sufficient to contribute to FXTAS pathogenesis. The abundance of the inclusion-associated ubiquitin- and SUMO-based modifiers supports a model for inclusion formation as the result of increased protein loads and elevated oxidative stress leading to maladaptive autophagy. These results highlight the need to further investigate FXTAS pathogenesis in the context of endogenous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenda Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Randol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bridget McLaughlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital of Northern California, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA.
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Sequence- and seed-structure-dependent polymorphic fibrils of alpha-synuclein. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1410-1420. [PMID: 30790619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies comprise a diverse group of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. These share a common pathological feature, the deposition of alpha-synuclein (a-syn) in neurons or oligodendroglia. A-syn is highly conserved in vertebrates, but the primary sequence of mouse a-syn differs from that of human at seven positions. However, structural differences of their aggregates remain to be fully characterized. In this study, we found that human and mouse a-syn aggregated in vitro formed morphologically distinct amyloid fibrils exhibiting twisted and straight structures, respectively. Furthermore, we identified different protease-resistant core regions, long and short, in human and mouse a-syn aggregates. Interestingly, among the seven unconserved amino acids, only A53T substitution, one of the familial PD mutations, was responsible for structural conversion to the straight-type. Finally, we checked whether the structural differences are transmissible by seeding and found that human a-syn seeded with A53T aggregates formed straight-type fibrils with short protease-resistant cores. These results suggest that a-syn aggregates form sequence-dependent polymorphic fibrils upon spontaneous aggregation but become seed structure-dependent upon seeding.
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