circPGAM1 enhances autophagy signaling during laryngocarcinoma drug resistance by regulating miR-376a

Circular RNAs in laryngeal cancer

Laryngeal cancer remains a significant global health concern, with poor prognosis for advanced-stage disease highlighting the need for novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of covalently closed non-coding RNAs, have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and cellular processes in various cancers, including laryngeal cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of circRNAs in laryngeal cancer, covering their biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and potential clinical applications. We explore the diverse functions of circRNAs, including their roles as miRNA sponges, protein interactors, and direct mRNA regulators, and their influence on key cellular processes such as proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The review highlights promising circRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets. We also outline current strategies for circRNA modulation, including suppression techniques like RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas systems, and overexpression methods using vectors and synthetic circRNAs.

Role of hydrogen sulfide-microRNA crosstalk in health and disease

The mutual regulation between hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and microRNA (miRNA) is involved in the development of many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, and high-risk pregnancy. Abnormal expressions of endogenous H2S-producing enzyme and miRNA in tissues and cells often indicate the occurrence of diseases, so the maintenance of their normal levels in the body can mitigate damages caused by various factors. Many studies have found that H2S can promote the migration, invasion, and proliferation of cancer cells by regulating the expression of miRNA, while many H2S donors can inhibit cancer progression by interfering with the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, metastasis, and angiogenesis of cancer cells. Furthermore, the mutual regulation between H2S and miRNA can also prevent cell injury in cardiovascular disease and inflammatory disease through anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and pro-autophagy. In addition, H2S can promote angiogenesis and relieve vasoconstriction by regulating the expression of miRNA, thereby improving fetal growth in high-risk pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of mutual regulation between H2S and miRNA in various diseases, which may provide reliable therapeutic targets for these diseases.

CircRNA PGAM1 Promotes the Migration and Invasion of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells by Activating the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a lethal malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Circular RNA, an endogenous noncoding RNA, is considered a new regulatory molecule in tumorigenesis and development. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of circPGAM1 in PAAD. The PAAD cell line HPAC was transfected with OE-circPGAM1 to overexpress circPGAM1 and treated with AZD5363 to inhibit the AKT/mTOR pathway. Simultaneously, another PAAD cell line BxPC-3 was transfected with sh-circPGAM1 to silence circPGAM1. The GEPIA database was used to determine the expression of circPGAM1 in PAAD and its association with overall and disease-free survival. CircPGAM1 expression levels were determined in cell lines using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The cell counting kit-8, wound healing, and transwell assays were performed to determine cell migration and invasion. The protein expression levels of phosphorylated AKT and mTOR were determined using western blotting. CircPGAM1 was overexpressed in PAAD and related to poor prognosis. Silencing circPGAM1 inhibited migration and invasion of BxPC-3 cells, and overexpression of circPGAM1 showed the opposite effects. Overall, circPGAM1 promoted the migration and invasion of PAAD cells through the AKT/mTOR axis.

Examining the evidence for mutual modulation between m6A modification and circular RNAs: current knowledge and future prospects

The resistance of cancer cells to treatment significantly impedes the success of therapy, leading to the recurrence of various types of cancers. Understanding the specific mechanisms of therapy resistance may offer novel approaches for alleviating drug resistance in cancer. Recent research has shown a reciprocal relationship between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, and their interaction can affect the resistance and sensitivity of cancer therapy. This review aims to summarize the latest developments in the m6A modification of circRNAs and their importance in regulating therapy resistance in cancer. Furthermore, we explore their mutual interaction and exact mechanisms and provide insights into potential future approaches for reversing cancer resistance.

Deciphering the impact of circRNA-mediated autophagy on tumor therapeutic resistance: a novel perspective

Cancer therapeutic resistance remains a significant challenge in the pursuit of effective treatment strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have recently emerged as key regulators of various biological processes, including cancer progression and drug resistance. This review highlights the emerging role of circRNAs-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance, a cellular process that plays a dual role in cancer by promoting both cell survival and death. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs can modulate autophagy pathways, thereby influencing the response of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. In this context, the intricate interplay between circRNAs, autophagy, and therapeutic resistance is explored. Various mechanisms are discussed through which circRNAs can impact autophagy, including direct interactions with autophagy-related genes, modulation of signaling pathways, and cross-talk with other non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, the review delves into specific examples of how circRNA-mediated autophagy regulation can contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Understanding these intricate molecular interactions provides valuable insights into potential strategies for overcoming therapeutic resistance in cancer. Exploiting circRNAs as therapeutic targets or utilizing them as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers opens new avenues for developing personalized treatment approaches. In summary, this review underscores the importance of circRNA-mediated autophagy in cancer therapeutic resistance and proposes future directions for research in this exciting and rapidly evolving field.

Autophagy-driven regulation of cisplatin response in human cancers: Exploring molecular and cell death dynamics

Despite the challenges posed by drug resistance and side effects, chemotherapy remains a pivotal strategy in cancer treatment. A key issue in this context is macroautophagy (commonly known as autophagy), a dysregulated cell death mechanism often observed during chemotherapy. Autophagy plays a cytoprotective role by maintaining cellular homeostasis and recycling organelles, and emerging evidence points to its significant role in promoting cancer progression. Cisplatin, a DNA-intercalating agent known for inducing cell death and cell cycle arrest, often encounters resistance in chemotherapy treatments. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can contribute to cisplatin resistance or insensitivity in tumor cells through various mechanisms. This resistance can be mediated by protective autophagy, which suppresses apoptosis. Additionally, autophagy-related changes in tumor cell metastasis, particularly the induction of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), can also lead to cisplatin resistance. Nevertheless, pharmacological strategies targeting the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis offer promising avenues to enhance cisplatin sensitivity in cancer therapy. Notably, numerous non-coding RNAs have been identified as regulators of autophagy in the context of cisplatin chemotherapy. Thus, therapeutic targeting of autophagy or its associated pathways holds potential for restoring cisplatin sensitivity, highlighting an important direction for future clinical research.

Regulatory miRNAs in cancer cell recovery from therapy exposure and its implications as a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing disease recurrence

The desired outcome of cancer therapies is the eradication of disease. This can be achieved when therapy exposure leads to therapy-induced cancer cell death as the dominant outcome. Theoretically, a permanent therapy-induced growth arrest could also contribute to a complete response, which has the potential to lead to remission. However, preclinical models have shown that therapy-induced growth arrest is not always durable, as recovering cancer cell populations can contribute to the recurrence of cancer. Significant research efforts have been expended to develop strategies focusing on the prevention of recurrence. Recovery of cells from therapy exposure can occur as a result of several cell stress adaptations. These include cytoprotective autophagy, cellular quiescence, a reversable form of senescence, and the suppression of apoptosis and necroptosis. It is well documented that microRNAs regulate the response of cancer cells to anti-cancer therapies, making targeting microRNAs therapeutically a viable strategy to sensitization and the prevention of recovery. We propose that the use of microRNA-targeting therapies in prolonged sequence, that is, a significant period after initial therapy exposure, could reduce toxicity from the standard combination strategy, and could exploit new epigenetic states essential for cancer cells to recover from therapy exposure. In a step toward supporting this strategy, we survey the available scientific literature to identify microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence to eliminate residual cancer cell populations that were arrested as a result of therapy exposure. It is our hope that by successfully identifying microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence we can prevent disease recurrence.

MicroRNAs as the pivotal regulators of cisplatin resistance in head and neck cancers

Although, there is a high rate of good prognosis in early stage head and neck tumors, about half of these tumors are detected in advanced stages with poor prognosis. A combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery is the treatment option in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Although, cisplatin (CDDP) as the first-line drug has a significant role in the treatment of HNC patients, CDDP resistance can be observed in a large number of these patients. Therefore, identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in CDDP resistance can help to reduce the side effects and also provides a better therapeutic management. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as the post-transcriptional regulators play an important role in drug resistance. Therefore, in the present review we investigated the role of miRNAs in CDDP response of head and neck tumors. It has been reported that the miRNAs exerted their roles in CDDP response by regulation of signaling pathways such as WNT, NOTCH, PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and NF-kB as well as apoptosis, autophagy, and EMT process. The present review paves the way to suggest a non-invasive miRNA based panel marker for the prediction of CDDP response among HNC patients. Therefore, such diagnostic miRNA based panel marker reduces the CDDP side effects and improves the clinical outcomes of these patients following an efficient therapeutic management.

MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of autophagy-mediated cisplatin response in tumor cells

Chemotherapy is one of the most common therapeutic methods in advanced and metastatic tumors. Cisplatin (CDDP) is considered as one of the main first-line chemotherapy drugs in solid tumors. However, there is a high rate of CDDP resistance in cancer patients. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) as one of the main therapeutic challenges in cancer patients is associated with various cellular processes such as drug efflux, DNA repair, and autophagy. Autophagy is a cellular mechanism that protects the tumor cells toward the chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, autophagy regulatory factors can increase or decrease the chemotherapy response in tumor cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a pivotal role in regulation of autophagy in normal and tumor cells. Therefore, in the present review, we discussed the role of miRNAs in CDDP response through the regulation of autophagy. It has been reported that miRNAs mainly increased the CDDP sensitivity in tumor cells by inhibition of autophagy. PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and autophagy-related genes (ATGs) were the main targets of miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy-mediated CDDP response in tumor cells. This review can be an effective step to introduce the miRNAs as efficient therapeutic options to increase autophagy-mediated CDDP sensitivity in tumor cells.

Autophagy orchestrates resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Treatment resistance is one of the major barriers for therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many studies have indicated that chemotherapy and radiotherapy induce autophagy machinery (cell protective autophagy) in HCC cells. In addition, many experiments report a remarkable crosstalk between treatment resistance and autophagy pathways. Thus, autophagy could be one of the key factors enabling tumor cells to hinder induced cell death after medical interventions. Therefore, extensive research on the molecular pathways involved in resistance induction and autophagy have been conducted to achieve the desired therapeutic response. The key molecular pathways related to the therapy resistance are TGF-β, MAPK, NRF2, NF-κB, and non-coding RNAs. In addition, EMT, drug transports, apoptosis evasion, DNA repair, cancer stem cells, and hypoxia could have considerable impact on the hepatoma cell's response to therapies. These mechanisms protect tumor cells against various treatments and many studies have shown that each of them is connected to the molecular pathways of autophagy induction in HCC. Hence, autophagy inhibition may be an effective strategy to improve therapeutic outcome in HCC patients. In this review, we further highlight how autophagy leads to poor response during treatment through a complex molecular network and how it enhances resistance in primary liver cancer. We propose that combinational regimens of approved HCC therapeutic protocols plus autophagy inhibitors may overcome drug resistance in HCC therapy.

The critical role of circular RNAs in drug resistance in gastrointestinal cancers

Nowadays, drug resistance (DR) in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, as the main reason for cancer-related mortality worldwide, has become a serious problem in the management of patients. Several mechanisms have been proposed for resistance to anticancer drugs, including altered transport and metabolism of drugs, mutation of drug targets, altered DNA repair system, inhibited apoptosis and autophagy, cancer stem cells, tumor heterogeneity, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Compelling evidence has revealed that genetic and epigenetic factors are strongly linked to DR. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) interferences are the most crucial epigenetic alterations explored so far, and among these ncRNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are the most emerging members known to have unique properties. Due to the absence of 5' and 3' ends in these novel RNAs, the two ends are covalently bonded together and are generated from pre-mRNA in a process known as back-splicing, which makes them more stable than other RNAs. As far as the unique structure and function of circRNAs is concerned, they are implicated in proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and DR. A clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for circRNAs-mediated DR in the GI cancers will open a new window to the management of GI cancers. Hence, in the present review, we will describe briefly the biogenesis, multiple features, and different biological functions of circRNAs. Then, we will summarize current mechanisms of DR, and finally, discuss molecular mechanisms through which circRNAs regulate DR development in esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

MiRNA-106a-5p Promotes Laryngeal Carcinoma Proliferation and Migration Through PI3K/AKT/m-TOR Pathway by AKTIP

Background

Laryngeal cancer (LC) remains one of the most common tumors of the respiratory tract, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. MiRNA-106a-5p is aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers and plays a pro- or anti-cancer role, but is indistinct in LC.

Objectives

Showing the role of miRNA-106a-5p in the development of LC.

Materials and Methods

Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used for miR-106a-5p measurement in clinical samples and LC cell lines (AMC-HN8 and TU212), first. The expression of miR-106a-5p was inhibited by inhibitor, then followed clonogenic and flow cytometric assays for cell proliferation; wood healing, and Transwell assays for cell migration. Dual luciferase reporter assay was performed for interaction verification, and the activation of the signal pathway was detected by western blots.

Results

MiR-106a-5p was significantly over-expressed in LC tissues and cell lines. The proliferation ability of the LC cells was significantly reduced after miR-106a-5p inhibition, and most LC cells were stagnated in the G1 phase. The migration and invasion ability of the LC cells was decreased after the miR-106a-5p knockdown. Further, we found that miR-106-5a is bound with 3'-UTR of AKT interacting protein (AKTIP) mRNA specifically, and then activate PI3K/AKT/m-TOR pathway in LC cells.

Conclusions

A new mechanism was uncovered that miR-106a-5p promotes LC development via AKTIP/PI3K/AKT/m-TOR axis, which guides clinical management and drug discovery.

Circ-PGAM1 Enhances Matrine Resistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via the miR-326/CXCR5 Axis

Background: Circular RNAs (circ-RNAs) have been demonstrated to influence initiation, drug resistance, and metastasis of tumors. However, the effects of circular-phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (circ-PGAM1) on matrine resistance in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unknown. Materials and Methods: The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine gene expression. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and cell colony formation assays were used to evaluate NSCLC apoptosis and cell proliferation after indicated treatments, respectively. Results: circ-PGAM1 was upregulated in human NSCLC cell lines (H1299 and A549) compared with the human normal lung epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. circ-PGAM1 overexpression reversed the matrine treatment-induced inhibition on proliferation of NSCLC cells (A549 and H1299) and rescued the matrine treatment-stimulated apoptosis of these cells. miR-326 was demonstrated to interact with circ-PGAM1. circ-PGAM1 knockdown enhanced the antitumor effect of matrine on NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis, which was reversed by miR-326 inhibition. The authors also identified CXCR5 as a key downstream target of miR-326 in A549 cells. Conclusions: circ-PGAM1 enhances matrine resistance of NSCLC cells through the miR-326/CXCR5 axis. The authors' findings provide new insights into NSCLC-targeted therapy.

Mutual regulation between N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and circular RNAs in cancer: impacts on therapeutic resistance

The resistance of tumor cells to therapy severely impairs the efficacy of treatment, leading to recurrence and metastasis of various cancers. Clarifying the underlying mechanisms of therapeutic resistance may provide new strategies for overcoming cancer resistance. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent RNA modification in eukaryotes, and is involved in the regulation of RNA splicing, translation, transport, degradation, stability and processing, thus affecting several physiological processes and cancer progression. As a novel type of multifunctional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been demonstrated to play vital roles in anticancer therapy. Currently, accumulating studies have revealed the mutual regulation of m6A modification and circRNAs, and their interaction can further influence the sensitivity of cancer treatment. In this review, we mainly summarized the recent advances of m6A modification and circRNAs in the modulation of cancer therapeutic resistance, as well as their interplay and potential mechanisms, providing promising insights and future directions in reversal of therapeutic resistance in cancer.

Circular RNA circ-ABCB10 Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis of Laryngeal Carcinoma by Inhibiting KLF6

Objective

To explore the effect of circular RNA circ-ABCB10 on the proliferation and apoptosis of laryngeal carcinoma via inhibiting KLF6.

Methods

RT-qPCR assay was adopted to detect the expression of circ-ABCB10 and KFL6 in laryngeal carcinoma tissues and cell lines. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and clone formation assay were employed to detect laryngeal cancer cell viability and proliferation when circ-ABCB10 was silenced or upregulated. In this study, the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry and the protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Wound healing and cross-hole invasion were used to study the migration and invasion of laryngeal cancer cells when circ-ABCB10 was silenced or upregulated.

Results

The results of RT-qPCR detection indicated that the expression of circ-ABCB10 in all three laryngeal carcinoma cells was downregulated by 3.2 times compared with that of HaCat cells. There is low expression of circ-ABCB10 in most laryngeal carcinoma tissues, the diagnostic cutoff value of circ-ABCB10 is 0.0008, the area under the curve is 0.718, the sensitivity is 0.981, and the specificity is 0.556. The expression level of KLF6 in laryngeal carcinoma is on the rise, which is significantly higher compared to healthy tissues (P < 0.05); 48 hours after transfection, RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the transfection efficiency, and upregulation of circ-ABCB10 could significantly promote cell proliferation. Compared with the control group, silencing circ-MTCL1 could inhibit cell proliferation, overexpression of circ-ABCB10 promoted cell migration, and downregulation of circ-ABCB10 significantly inhibited cell movement (P < 0.001). Upregulation of circ-ABCB10 significantly enhanced the invasiveness and motility of laryngeal cancer cells, while downregulation of circ-ABCB10 was the opposite. Compared with the KLF6 NC group, KLF6 level increased significantly in the KLF6 group, while cell viability, colony formation, scratch healing rate, invasive cell number, and Bcl-2 expression level decreased significantly in the KLF6 group, while apoptosis rate and Bax expression level increased significantly (P < 0.05). KLF6 level in the si-circ-ABCB10+anti-KLF6 group was significantly lower than that in the si-circ-ABCB10+anti-KLF6-NC group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the cell activity, colony formation number, cell scratch healing rate, number of invaded cells, and Bcl-2 all indicated an upward trend, while the cell apoptosis rate and Bax expression indicated a downward trend (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The expression of circ-ABCB10 in laryngeal carcinoma was significantly higher compared to that in paracancerous tissues. Silencing circ-ABCB10 could significantly inhibit the growth and proliferation of laryngeal adenocarcinoma cells, while overexpression of circ-ABCB10 could significantly promote the growth of laryngeal adenocarcinoma cells, probably by inhibiting KLF6 to enhance the proliferation of laryngeal carcinoma and inhibit apoptosis.

Allicin Inhibits Osteosarcoma Growth by Promoting Oxidative Stress and Autophagy via the Inactivation of the lncRNA MALAT1-miR-376a-Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Allicin, an organic sulfur compound extracted from the bulb of Allium sativum, can potentially prevent various tumors. Our previous study found that allicin can effectively suppress the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms have not been illustrated. In this study, Saos-2 and U2OS osteosarcoma cells were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. A series of experiments were carried out to authenticate the anticancer property of allicin. Knockdown of lncRNA MALAT1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration and promoted apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. Knockdown of miR-376a increased the proliferation, invasion, and migration and dropped apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, knockdown of miR-376a reversed the influences of MALAT1 silencing in osteosarcoma cells. Based on our data, MALAT1 could downregulate the expression of miR-376a, subsequently accelerating osteosarcoma. Moreover, oxidative stress and autophagy were identified as the potential key pathway of allicin. Allicin inhibited osteosarcoma growth and promoted oxidative stress and autophagy via MALATI-miR-376a. We also found that allicin promotes oxidative stress and autophagy to inhibit osteosarcoma growth by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vivo and in vitro. All data showed that allicin promotes oxidative stress and autophagy of osteosarcoma via the MALATI-miR-376a-Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Advances in the Study of CircRNAs in Tumor Drug Resistance

Recent studies have revealed that circRNAs can affect tumor DNA damage and repair, apoptosis, proliferation, and invasion and influence the transport of intratumor substances by acting as miRNA sponges and transcriptional regulators and binding to proteins in a variety of ways. However, research on the role of circRNAs in cancer radiotherapy and chemoresistance is still in its early stages. Chemotherapy is a common approach to oncology treatment, but the development of tumor resistance limits the overall clinical efficacy of chemotherapy for cancer patients. The current study suggests that circRNAs have a facilitative or inhibitory effect on the development of resistance to conventional chemotherapy in a variety of tumors, suggesting that circRNAs may serve as a new direction for the study of antitumor drug resistance. In this review, we will briefly discuss the biological features of circRNAs and summarize the recent progression of the involvement of circRNAs in the development and pathogenesis of cancer chemoresistance.

Research Progress on the Functions and Mechanism of circRNA in Cisplatin Resistance in Tumors

Cisplatin is a common chemotherapeutic drug that has been used to treat of numerous tumors, including testicular, lung, bladder, ovarian, liver and head and neck cancers. Although clinical chemotherapy based on cisplatin has shown a remarkable therapeutic effect, the resistance to cisplatin becomes increasingly obvious as a patient uses it for a prolonged period. It not only affects the prognosis of these tumors, but also causes the recurrence of cancer and decreases the overall survival rate. The development of cisplatin resistance involves several mechanisms, including DNA damage repair, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, autophagy, cancer stem cells (CSCs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and other related signaling pathways. Interestingly, these mechanisms have been found to be influenced by circular RNAs (circRNAs) to regulate tumor proliferation, invasion, chemosensitivity, and other biological behaviors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, circRNAs in cisplatin resistance in tumors, especially lung cancer and gastric cancer, have gradually drawn peoples' attention. This review summarizes recent studies on the functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in cisplatin resistance. We emphasize that circRNA can be used as a promising target gene to improve drug resistance and therapeutic efficacy.