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Prediction of regioselectivity and preferred order of metabolisms on CYP1A2-mediated reactions. Part 2: Solving substrate interactions of CYP1A2 with non-PAH substrates on the template system. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:229-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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2
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Tyrkkö E, Andersson M, Kronstrand R. The Toxicology of New Psychoactive Substances: Synthetic Cathinones and Phenylethylamines. Ther Drug Monit 2016; 38:190-216. [PMID: 26587869 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are substitutes for classical drugs of abuse and there are now compounds available from all groups of classical drugs of abuse. During 2014, the number of synthetic cathinones increased dramatically and, together with phenylethylamines, they dominate the NPS markets in the European Union. In total, 31 cathinones and 9 phenylethylamines were encountered in 2014. The aim of this article was to summarize the existing knowledge about the basic pharmacology, metabolism, and human toxicology of relevant synthetic cathinones and phenylethylamines. Compared with existing reviews, we have also compiled the existing case reports from both fatal and nonfatal intoxications. METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search using bibliographic databases PubMed and Web of Science, complemented with Google Scholar. The focus of the literature search was on original articles, case reports, and previously published review articles published in 2014 or earlier. RESULTS The rapid increase of NPSs is a growing concern and sets new challenges not only for societies in drug prevention and legislation but also in clinical and forensic toxicology. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the pharmacodynamic profile of cathinones is similar to that of other psychomotor stimulants. Metabolism studies show that cathinones and phenylethylamines are extensively metabolized; however, the parent compound is usually detectable in human urine. In vitro studies have shown that many cathinones and phenylethylamines are metabolized by CYP2D6 enzymes. This indicates that these drugs may have many possible drug-drug interactions and that genetic polymorphism may influence their toxicity. However, the clinical and toxicological relevance of CYP2D6 in adverse effects of cathinones and phenylethylamines is questionable, because these compounds are metabolized by other enzymes as well. The toxidromes commonly encountered after ingestion of cathinones and phenylethylamines are mainly of sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic character with a risk of excited delirium and life-threatening cardiovascular effects. CONCLUSIONS The acute and chronic toxicity of many NPSs is unknown or very sparsely investigated. There is a need for evidence-based-treatment recommendations for acute intoxications and a demand for new strategies to analyze these compounds in clinical and forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Tyrkkö
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
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3
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Mukherjee G, Lal Gupta P, Jayaram B. Predicting the binding modes and sites of metabolism of xenobiotics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:1914-24. [PMID: 25913019 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00118h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism studies are an essential integral part of ADMET profiling of drug candidates to evaluate their safety and efficacy. Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) metabolizes a wide variety of xenobiotics/drugs. The binding modes of these compounds with CYP and their intrinsic reactivities decide the metabolic products. We report here a novel computational protocol, which comprises docking of ligands to heme-containing CYPs and prediction of binding energies through a newly developed scoring function, followed by analyses of the docked structures and molecular orbitals of the ligand molecules, for predicting the sites of metabolism (SOM) of ligands. The calculated binding free energies of 121 heme-containing protein-ligand docked complexes yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.84 against experiment. Molecular orbital analyses of the resultant top three unique poses of the docked complexes provided a success rate of 87% in identifying the experimentally known sites of metabolism of the xenobiotics. The SOM prediction methodology is freely accessible at .
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
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Lai FY, Erratico C, Kinyua J, Mueller JF, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening in vitro drug metabolites in humans: investigation on seven phenethylamine-based designer drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:355-75. [PMID: 26112925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phenethylamine-based designer drugs are prevalent within the new psychoactive substance market. Characterisation of their metabolites is important in order to identify suitable biomarkers which can be used for better monitoring their consumption. Careful design of in vitro metabolism experiments using subcellular liver fractions will assist in obtaining reliable outcomes for such purposes. The objective of this study was to stepwise investigate the in vitro human metabolism of seven phenethylamine-based designer drugs using individual families of enzymes. This included para-methoxyamphetamine, para-methoxymethamphetamine, 4-methylthioamphetamine, N-methyl-benzodioxolylbutanamine, benzodioxolylbutanamine, 5-(2-aminopropyl) benzofuran and 6-(2-aminopropyl) benzofuran. Identification and structural elucidation of the metabolites was performed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The targeted drugs were mainly metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes via O-dealkylation as the major pathway, followed by N-dealkylation, oxidation of unsubstituted C atoms and deamination (to a small extent). These drugs were largely free from Phase II metabolism. Only a limited number of metabolites were found which was consistent with the existing literature for other phenethylamine-based drugs. Also, the metabolism of most of the targeted drugs progressed at slow rate. The reproducibility of the identified metabolites was assessed through examining formation patterns using different incubation times, substrate and enzyme concentrations. Completion of the work has led to a set of metabolites which are representative for specific detection of these drugs in intoxicated individuals and also for meaningful evaluation of their use in communities by wastewater-based drug epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Claudio Erratico
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Welter J, Kavanagh P, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Benzofuran analogues of amphetamine and methamphetamine: studies on the metabolism and toxicological analysis of 5-APB and 5-MAPB in urine and plasma using GC-MS and LC-(HR)-MSn techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1371-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Meyer MR, Lindauer C, Maurer HH. Dimethocaine, a synthetic cocaine derivative: Studies on its in vitro metabolism catalyzed by P450s and NAT2. Toxicol Lett 2014; 225:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Escuder-Gilabert L, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández M. In-line capillary electrophoretic evaluation of the enantioselective metabolism of verapamil by cytochrome P3A4. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hartman JH, Cothren SD, Park SH, Yun CH, Darsey JA, Miller GP. Predicting CYP2C19 catalytic parameters for enantioselective oxidations using artificial neural networks and a chirality code. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3749-59. [PMID: 23673224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP for isoforms) play a central role in biological processes especially metabolism of chiral molecules; thus, development of computational methods to predict parameters for chiral reactions is important for advancing this field. In this study, we identified the most optimal artificial neural networks using conformation-independent chirality codes to predict CYP2C19 catalytic parameters for enantioselective reactions. Optimization of the neural networks required identifying the most suitable representation of structure among a diverse array of training substrates, normalizing distribution of the corresponding catalytic parameters (k(cat), K(m), and k(cat)/K(m)), and determining the best topology for networks to make predictions. Among different structural descriptors, the use of partial atomic charges according to the CHelpG scheme and inclusion of hydrogens yielded the most optimal artificial neural networks. Their training also required resolution of poorly distributed output catalytic parameters using a Box-Cox transformation. End point leave-one-out cross correlations of the best neural networks revealed that predictions for individual catalytic parameters (k(cat) and K(m)) were more consistent with experimental values than those for catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)). Lastly, neural networks predicted correctly enantioselectivity and comparable catalytic parameters measured in this study for previously uncharacterized CYP2C19 substrates, R- and S-propranolol. Taken together, these seminal computational studies for CYP2C19 are the first to predict all catalytic parameters for enantioselective reactions using artificial neural networks and thus provide a foundation for expanding the prediction of cytochrome P450 reactions to chiral drugs, pollutants, and other biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 516, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Jeon J, Kurth D, Hollender J. Biotransformation Pathways of Biocides and Pharmaceuticals in Freshwater Crustaceans Based on Structure Elucidation of Metabolites Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:313-24. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300457f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junho Jeon
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf,
Switzerland
| | - Denise Kurth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf,
Switzerland
- Institute of
Biogeochemistry
and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf,
Switzerland
- Institute of
Biogeochemistry
and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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Schwaninger AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Chiral drug analysis using mass spectrometric detection relevant to research and practice in clinical and forensic toxicology. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:122-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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de la Torre R, Yubero-Lahoz S, Pardo-Lozano R, Farré M. MDMA, methamphetamine, and CYP2D6 pharmacogenetics: what is clinically relevant? Front Genet 2012; 3:235. [PMID: 23162568 PMCID: PMC3495276 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro human studies show that the metabolism of most amphetamine-like psychostimulants is regulated by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP2D6. Two compounds, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), were selected as archetypes to discuss the translation and clinical significance of in vitro to in vivo findings. Both compounds were chosen based on their differential interaction with CYP2D6 and their high abuse prevalence in society. Methamphetamine behaves as both a weak substrate and competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6, while MDMA acts as a high affinity substrate and potent mechanism-based inhibitor (MBI) of the enzyme. The MBI behavior of MDMA on CYP2D6 implies that subjects, irrespective of their genotype/phenotype, are phenocopied to the poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype. The fraction of metabolic clearance regulated by CYP2D6 for both drugs is substantially lower than expected from in vitro studies. Other isoenzymes of cytochrome P450 and a relevant contribution of renal excretion play a part in their clearance. These facts tune down the potential contribution of CYP2D6 polymorphism in the clinical outcomes of both substances. Globally, the clinical relevance of CYP2D6 polymorphism is lower than that predicted by in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de la Torre
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
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Meyer MR, Vollmar C, Schwaninger AE, Wolf E, Maurer HH. New cathinone-derived designer drugs 3-bromomethcathinone and 3-fluoromethcathinone: studies on their metabolism in rat urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS and their detectability in urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:253-262. [PMID: 22359337 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
3-Bromomethcathinone (3-BMC) and 3-Fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC) are two new designer drugs, which were seized in Israel during 2009 and had also appeared on the illicit drug market in Germany. These two compounds were sold via the Internet as so-called "bath salts" or "plant feeders." The aim of the present study was to identify for the first time the 3-BMC and 3-FMC Phase I and II metabolites in rat urine and human liver microsomes using GC-MS and LC-high-resolution MS (HR-MS) and to test for their detectability by established urine screening approaches using GC-MS or LC-MS. Furthermore, the human cytochrome-P450 (CYP) isoenzymes responsible for the main metabolic steps were studied to highlight possible risks of consumption due to drug-drug interaction or genetic variations. For the first aim, rat urine samples were extracted after and without enzymatic cleavage of conjugates. The metabolites were separated and identified by GC-MS and by LC-HR-MS. The main metabolic steps were N-demethylation, reduction of the keto group to the corresponding alcohol, hydroxylation of the aromatic system and combinations of these steps. The elemental composition of the metabolites identified by GC-MS could be confirmed by LC-HR-MS. Furthermore, corresponding Phase II metabolites were identified using the LC-HR-MS approach. For both compounds, detection in rat urine was possible within the authors' systematic toxicological analysis using both GC-MS and LC-MS(n) after a suspected recreational users dose. Following CYP enzyme kinetic studies, CYP2B6 was the most relevant enzyme for both the N-demethylation of 3-BMC and 3-FMC after in vitro-in vivo extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany.
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13
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Current status of hyphenated mass spectrometry in studies of the metabolism of drugs of abuse, including doping agents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Peters FT, Meyer MR. In vitro approaches to studying the metabolism of new psychoactive compounds. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:483-95. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
In recent years, besides the classic designer drugs of the amphetamine type, a series of new drug classes appeared on the illicit drugs market. The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, metabolism, and toxicokinetics is discussed of 2,5-dimethoxy amphetamines, 2,5-dimethoxy phenethylamines, beta-keto-amphetamines, phencyclidine derivatives as well as of herbal drugs, ie, Kratom. They have gained popularity and notoriety as rave drugs. The metabolic pathways, the involvement of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes in the main pathways, and their roles in hepatic clearance are also summarized.
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CYP1A2-mediated biotransformation of cardioactive 2-thienylidene-3,4-methylenedioxybenzoylhydrazine (LASSBio-294) by rat liver microsomes and human recombinant CYP enzymes. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:349-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hao H, Lai L, Zheng C, Wang Q, Yu G, Zhou X, Wu L, Gong P, Wang G. Microsomal cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides: metabolite profile, reaction phenotyping, and structure-metabolism relationship. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1731-9. [PMID: 20639434 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the biotransformation of ginsenosides in the gastrointestinal tract has been extensively studied, much less is known about hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450)-catalyzed metabolism. The major aims of this study were to clarify the metabolic pathway and P450 isoforms involved and to explore the structure-metabolism relationship of protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides in hepatic microsomes. Efficient depletion of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg2, Rf, and PPT was found, whereas the elimination of Re and Rg1, characterized by a glucose substitution at the C20 hydroxy group, was negligible in microsomal incubation systems. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis, the oxygenation metabolism on the C20 aliphatic branch chain was identified as the predominant metabolic pathway of PPT ginsenosides in both human and rat hepatic microsomes. By a comparison with authentic standards, the C24-25 double bond was identified as one of the oxygenation sites to produce the metabolites of C20-24 epoxide (ocotillol-type ginsenosides). Both chemical inhibition and human recombinant P450 isoform assays indicated that CYP3A4 was the predominant isozyme responsible for the oxygenation metabolism of PPT ginsenosides. Enzyme kinetic evaluations in rat and human hepatic microsomes and human recombinant CYP3A4 isozyme incubation systems showed generally consistent results in that the intrinsic clearance ranked as Rf ≤ Rg2 < Rh1 < PPT, closely correlating with logP values and the number of glycosyl substitutions. Results obtained from this study suggest that CYP3A4-catalyzed oxygenation metabolism plays an important role in the hepatic disposition of ginsenosides and that glycosyl substitution, especially at the C20 hydroxy group, determines their intrinsic clearances by CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Hao
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, China
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Zhou SF, Wang B, Yang LP, Liu JP. Structure, function, regulation and polymorphism and the clinical significance of human cytochrome P450 1A2. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:268-354. [PMID: 19961320 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903286476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human CYP1A2 is one of the major CYPs in human liver and metabolizes a number of clinical drugs (e.g., clozapine, tacrine, tizanidine, and theophylline; n > 110), a number of procarcinogens (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene and aromatic amines), and several important endogenous compounds (e.g., steroids). CYP1A2 is subject to reversible and/or irreversible inhibition by a number of drugs, natural substances, and other compounds. The CYP1A gene cluster has been mapped on to chromosome 15q24.1, with close link between CYP1A1 and 1A2 sharing a common 5'-flanking region. The human CYP1A2 gene spans almost 7.8 kb comprising seven exons and six introns and codes a 515-residue protein with a molecular mass of 58,294 Da. The recently resolved CYP1A2 structure has a relatively compact, planar active site cavity that is highly adapted for the size and shape of its substrates. The architecture of the active site of 1A2 is characterized by multiple residues on helices F and I that constitutes two parallel substrate binding platforms on either side of the cavity. A large interindividual variability in the expression and activity of CYP1A2 has been observed, which is largely caused by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (e.g., smoking). CYP1A2 is primarily regulated by the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and CYP1A2 is induced through AhR-mediated transactivation following ligand binding and nuclear translocation. Induction or inhibition of CYP1A2 may provide partial explanation for some clinical drug interactions. To date, more than 15 variant alleles and a series of subvariants of the CYP1A2 gene have been identified and some of them have been associated with altered drug clearance and response and disease susceptibility. Further studies are warranted to explore the clinical and toxicological significance of altered CYP1A2 expression and activity caused by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- Discpline of Chinese Medicine, School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Bai X, Xie Y, Liu J, Qu J, Kano Y, Yuan D. Isolation and Identification of Urinary Metabolites of Kakkalide in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:281-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Meyer MR, Peters FT, Maurer HH. Investigations on the human hepatic cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in the metabolism of 3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDA) and benzodioxolyl-butanamine (BDB) enantiomers. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Enantioselectivity in the Methylation of the Catecholic Phase I Metabolites of Methylenedioxy Designer Drugs and Their Capability To Inhibit Catechol-O-methyltransferase-Catalyzed Dopamine 3-Methylation. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1205-11. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus R. Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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