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Alim E, Stone L, Sharma N, McMahon S, Allen Z, Aceto P, Victor P, Mitchell LF, Raulerson A, Schepke C, Grabowski J, Valera R, Kalia K, Fernandez M, Kouba K, Shannon M, Johnson V, Forestal C, Pongo I, Ospina S, Fontanez N, Rosenberg M, Levin M, Martinez D, Betancourt YP, Rhodes LV, Lee KJ. Single Live Cell Imaging of Multidrug Resistance Using Silver Ultrasmall Nanoparticles as Biosensing Probes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4672-4681. [PMID: 37844294 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Silver ultrasmall nanoparticles (Ag UNPs) (size < 5 nm) were used as biosensing probes to analyze the efflux kinetics contributing to multidrug resistance (MDR) in single live triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by using dark-field optical microscopy to follow their size-dependent localized surface plasmon resonance. TNBC cells lack expression of estrogen (ER-), progesterone (PR-), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2-) receptors and are more likely to acquire resistance to anticancer drugs due to their ability to transport harmful substances outside the cell. The TNBC cells displayed greater nuclear and cytoplasmic efflux, resulting in less toxicity of Ag UNPs in a concentration-independent manner. In contrast, more Ag UNPs and an increase in cytotoxic effects were observed in the receptor-positive breast cancer cells that have receptors for ER+, PR+, and HER2+ and are known to better respond to anticancer therapies. Ag UNPs accumulated in receptor-positive breast cancer cells in a time-and concentration-dependent mode and caused decreased cellular growth, whereas the TNBC cells due to the efflux were able to continue to grow. The TNBC cells demonstrated a marked increase in survival due to their ability to have MDR determined by efflux of Ag UNPs outside the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cells. Further evaluation of the nuclear efflux kinetics of TNBC cells with Ag UNPs as biosensing probes is critical to gain a better understanding of MDR and potential for enhancement of cancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Alim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Logan Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Naina Sharma
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Shane McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Zachary Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Peter Aceto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Paige Victor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Luisa F Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Arial Raulerson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Connor Schepke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Jamie Grabowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Rebecca Valera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Karishma Kalia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Mirtha Fernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Kalli Kouba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Matthew Shannon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Victoria Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Christopher Forestal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Immanuelle Pongo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Sebastian Ospina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Neysha Fontanez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Madison Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Madison Levin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Danna Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Yanel Pena Betancourt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Lyndsay V Rhodes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
| | - Kerry J Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida 33965, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
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Kumar U, Castellanos-Uribe M, May ST, Yagüe E. Adaptive resistance is not responsible for long-term drug resistance in a cellular model of triple negative breast cancer. Gene 2023; 850:146930. [PMID: 36195266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to cancer therapeutics represents a leading cause of mortality and is particularly important in cancers, such as triple negative breast cancer, for which no targeted therapy is available, as these are only treated with traditional chemotherapeutics. Cancer, as well as bacterial, drug resistance can be intrinsic, acquired or adaptive. Adaptive cancer drug resistance is gaining attention as a mechanism for the generation of long-term drug resistance as is the case with bacterial antibiotic resistance. We have used a cellular model of triple negative breast cancer (CAL51) and its drug resistance derivative (CALDOX) to gain insight into genome-wide expression changes associated with long-term doxorubicin (a widely used anthracycline for cancer treatment) resistance and doxorubicin-induced stress. Previous work indicates that both naïve and resistance cells have a functional p53-p21 axis controlling cell cycle at G1, although this is not a driver for drug resistance, but down-regulation of TOP2A (topoisomerase IIα). As expected, CALDOX cells have a signature characterized, in addition to down-regulation of TOP2A, by genes and pathways associated with drug resistance, metastasis and stemness. Both CAL51 and CALDOX stress signatures share 12 common genes (TRIM22, FAS, SPATA18, SULF2, CDKN1A, GDF15, MYO6, CXCL5, CROT, EPPK1, ZMAT3 and CD44), with roles in the above-mentioned pathways, indicating that these cells have similar functional responses to doxorubicin relaying on the p53 control of apoptosis. Eight genes are shared by both drug stress signatures (in CAL51 and CALDOX cells) and CALDOX resistant cells (FAS, SULF2, CDKN1A, CXCL5, CD44, SPATA18, TRIM22 and CROT), many of them targets of p53. This corroborates experimental data indicating that CALDOX cells, even in the absence of drug, have activated, at least partially, the p53-p21 axis and DNA damage response. Although this eight-gene signature might be an indicator of adaptive resistance, as this transient phenomenon due to short-term stress may not revert to its original state upon withdrawal of the stressor, previous experimental data indicates that the p53-p21 axis is not responsible for doxorubicin resistance. Importantly, TOP2A is not responsive to doxorubicin treatment and thus absent in both drug stress signatures. This indicates that during the generation of doxorubicin resistance, cells acquire genetic changes likely to be random, leading to down regulation of TOP2A, but selected during the generation of cells due to the presence of drug in the culture medium. This poses a considerable constraint for the development of strategies aimed at avoiding the emergence of drug resistance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttom Kumar
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Castellanos-Uribe
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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3
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Saeed RF, Awan UA, Saeed S, Mumtaz S, Akhtar N, Aslam S. Targeted Therapy and Personalized Medicine. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 185:177-205. [PMID: 37306910 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27156-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy and personalized medicine are novel emerging disciplines of cancer research intended for treatment and prevention. One of the most significant advancements in modern oncology is the shift from an organ-centric strategy to a personalized strategy guided by deep molecular analysis. This shift in view, which focuses on the tumour's precise molecular changes, has paved the way for individualized treatment. Researchers and clinicians are using targeted therapies to select the best treatment available based on the molecular characterization of malignant cancer. In the treatment of a cancer, personalized medicine entails the use of genetic, immunological, and proteomic profiling to provide therapeutic alternatives as well as prognostic information about cancer. In this book, targeted therapies and personalized medicine have been covered for specific malignancies, including latest FDA-approved targeted therapies and it also sheds light on effective anti-cancer regimens and drug resistance. This will help to enhance our ability to conduct individualized health planning, make early diagnoses, and choose optimal medications for each cancer patient with predictable side effects and outcomes in a quickly evolving era. Various applications and tools' capacity have been improved for early diagnosis of cancer and the growing number of clinical trials that choose specific molecular targets reflects this predicament. Nevertheless, there are several limitations that must need to be addressed. Hence, in this chapter, we will discuss recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities in personalized medicine for various cancers, with a specific emphasis on target therapies in diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Fatima Saeed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Uzma Azeem Awan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sara Mumtaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Aslam
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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An integrated multi-omics analysis of topoisomerase family in pan-cancer: Friend or foe? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274546. [PMID: 36288358 PMCID: PMC9604985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that get to the bottom of topological troubles related with DNA all through a range of genetic procedures. More and more studies have shown that topoisomerase-mediated DNA cleavage plays crucial roles in tumor cell death and carcinogenesis. There is however still a lack of comprehensive multi-omics studies related to topoisomerase family genes from a pan-cancer perspective. METHODS In this study, a multiomics pan-cancer analysis of topoisomerase family genes was conducted by integrating over 10,000 multi-dimensional cancer genomic data across 33 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), 481 small molecule drug response data from cancer therapeutics response portal (CTRP) as well as normal tissue data from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). Finally, overall activity-level analyses of topoisomerase in pan-cancers were performed by gene set variation analysis (GSVA), together with differential expression, clinical relevancy, immune cell infiltration and regulation of cancer-related pathways. RESULTS Dysregulated gene expression of topoisomerase family were related to genomic changes and abnormal epigenetic modifications. The expression levels of topoisomerase family genes could significantly impact cancer progression, intratumoral heterogeneity, alterations in the immunological condition and regulation of the cancer marker-related pathways, which in turn caused the differences in potential drugs sensitivity and the distinct prognosis of patients. CONCLUSION It was anticipated that topoisomerase family genes would become novel prognostic biomarkers for cancer patients and provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
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5
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Nicoletto RE, Ofner CM. Cytotoxic mechanisms of doxorubicin at clinically relevant concentrations in breast cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:285-311. [PMID: 35150291 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent frequently used for the treatment of a variety of tumor types, such as breast cancer. Despite the long history of DOX, the mechanistic details of its cytotoxic action remain controversial. Rather than one key mechanism of cytotoxic action, DOX is characterized by multiple mechanisms, such as (1) DNA intercalation and adduct formation, (2) topoisomerase II (TopII) poisoning, (3) the generation of free radicals and oxidative stress, and (4) membrane damage through altered sphingolipid metabolism. Many past reviews of DOX cytotoxicity are based on supraclinical concentrations, and several have addressed the concentration dependence of these mechanisms. In addition, most reviews lack a focus on the time dependence of these processes. We aim to update the concentration and time-dependent trends of DOX mechanisms at representative clinical concentrations. Furthermore, attention is placed on DOX behavior in breast cancer cells due to the frequent use of DOX to treat this disease. This review provides insight into the mechanistic pathway(s) of DOX at levels found within patients and establishes the magnitude of effect for each mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Nicoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19101-4495, USA
| | - Clyde M Ofner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19101-4495, USA.
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6
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Molecular targets and therapeutics in chemoresistance of triple-negative breast cancer. Med Oncol 2021; 39:14. [PMID: 34812991 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific subtype of breast cancer (BC), which shows immunohistochemically negative expression of hormone receptor i.e., Estrogen receptor and Progesterone receptor along with the absence of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2/neu). In Indian scenario the prevalence of BC is 26.3%, whereas, in West Bengal the cases are of 18.4%. But the rate of TNBC has increased up to 31% and shows 27% of total BC. Conventional chemotherapy is effective only in the initial stages but with progression of the disease the effectivity gets reduced and shown almost no effect in later or advanced stages of TNBC. Thus, TNBC patients frequently develop resistance and metastasis, due to its peculiar triple-negative nature most of the hormonal therapies also fails. Development of chemoresistance may involve various factors, such as, TNBC heterogeneity, cancer stem cells (CSCs), signaling pathway deregulation, DNA repair mechanism, hypoxia, and other molecular factors. To overcome the challenges to treat TNBC various targets and molecules have been exploited including CSCs modulator, drug efflux transporters, hypoxic factors, apoptotic proteins, and regulatory signaling pathways. Moreover, to improve the targets and efficacy of treatments researchers are emphasizing on targeted therapy for TNBC. In this review, an effort has been made to focus on phenotypic and molecular variations in TNBC along with the role of conventional as well as newly identified pathways and strategies to overcome challenge of chemoresistance.
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Wu Q, Siddharth S, Sharma D. Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Mountain Yet to Be Scaled Despite the Triumphs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3697. [PMID: 34359598 PMCID: PMC8345029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic progression and tumor recurrence pertaining to TNBC are certainly the leading cause of breast cancer-related mortality; however, the mechanisms underlying TNBC chemoresistance, metastasis, and tumor relapse remain somewhat ambiguous. TNBCs show 77% of the overall 4-year survival rate compared to other breast cancer subtypes (82.7 to 92.5%). TNBC is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, with chemotherapy being the major approved treatment strategy. Activation of ABC transporters and DNA damage response genes alongside an enrichment of cancer stem cells and metabolic reprogramming upon chemotherapy contribute to the selection of chemoresistant cells, majorly responsible for the failure of anti-chemotherapeutic regime. These selected chemoresistant cells further lead to distant metastasis and tumor relapse. The present review discusses the approved standard of care and targetable molecular mechanisms in chemoresistance and provides a comprehensive update regarding the recent advances in TNBC management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA;
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Kumar U, Hu Y, Masrour N, Castellanos-Uribe M, Harrod A, May ST, Ali S, Speirs V, Coombes RC, Yagüe E. MicroRNA-495/TGF-β/FOXC1 axis regulates multidrug resistance in metaplastic breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114692. [PMID: 34298004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) poses a significant treatment challenge due to lack of targeted therapies and chemotherapy resistance. We isolated a novel MBC cell line, BAS, which showed a molecular and phenotypic profile different from the only other metaplastic cell model, HS578T cells. To gain insight behind chemotherapeutic resistance, we generated doxorubicin (HS-DOX, BAS-DOX) and paclitaxel (HS-TX, BAS-TX) resistant derivatives of both cell lines. Drug sensitivity assays indicated a truly multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype. Both BAS-DOX and BAS-TX showed up-regulation of FOXC1 and its experimental down-regulation re-sensitized cells to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Experimental modulation of FOXC1 expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells corroborated its role in MDR. Genome-wide expression analyses identified gene expression signatures characterized by up-regulation of TGFB2, which encodes cytokine TGF-β2, in both BAS-DOX and BAS-TX cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the TGF-β pathway with galunisertib led to down-regulation of FOXC1 and increase in drug sensitivity in both BAS-DOX and BAS-TX cells. MicroRNA (miR) expression analyses identified high endogenous miR-495-3p levels in BAS cells that were downregulated in both BAS MDR cells. Transient expression of miR-495-3p mimic in BAS-DOX and BAS-TX cells caused downregulation of TGFB2 and FOXC1 and re-sensitized cells to doxorubicin and paclitaxel, whereas miR-495-3p inhibition in BAS cells led to increase in resistance to both drugs and up-regulation of TGFB2 and FOXC1. Together, these data suggest interplay between miR-495-3p, TGF-β2 and FOXC1 regulating MDR in MBC and open the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttom Kumar
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yunhui Hu
- The 3(rd) Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huan Hu Xi Road, Ti Yuan Bei, He Xi District, Tianjin 300060, PR China; GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Ting Jiang Road, Bei Chen District, Tianjin, 300410, PR China
| | - Nahal Masrour
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcos Castellanos-Uribe
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Alison Harrod
- Epigenetics and Genome Stability Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sean T May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2XD, UK
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Kumar U, Ardasheva A, Mahmud Z, Coombes RC, Yagüe E. FOXA1 is a determinant of drug resistance in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:317-326. [PMID: 33417085 PMCID: PMC7990828 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women. Five subtypes of breast cancer differ in their genetic expression profiles and carry different prognostic values, with no treatments available for some types, such as triple-negative, due to the absence of genetic signatures that could otherwise be targeted by molecular therapies. Although endocrine treatments are largely successful for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cancers, a significant proportion of patients with metastatic tumors fail to respond and acquire resistance to therapy. FOXA1 overexpression mediates endocrine therapy resistance in ER-positive breast cancer, although the regulation of chemotherapy response by FOXA1 has not been addressed previously. FOXA1, together with EP300 and RUNX1, regulates the expression of E-cadherin, and is expressed in luminal, but absent in triple-negative and basal-like breast cancers. We have previously determined that EP300 regulates drug resistance and tumor initiation capabilities in breast cancer cells. METHODS Here we describe the generation of breast cancer cell models in which FOXA1 expression has been modulated either by expression of hairpins targeting FOXA1 mRNA or overexpression plasmids. RESULTS Upon FOXA1 knockdown in luminal MCF-7 and T47D cells, we found an increase in doxorubicin and paclitaxel sensitivity as well as a decrease in anchorage independence. Conversely, upregulation of FOXA1 in basal-like MDA-MB-231 cells led to an increase in drug resistance and anchorage independence. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that FOXA1 plays a role in making tumors more aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttom Kumar
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anastasia Ardasheva
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zimam Mahmud
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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10
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Huang R, Liao X, Wang X, Li Q. Comprehensive investigation of the clinical significance of long non-coding RNA HOXA-AS2 in acute myeloid leukemia using genome-wide RNA sequencing dataset. J Cancer 2021; 12:2151-2164. [PMID: 33754013 PMCID: PMC7974522 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to determine the prognostic value of HOXA cluster antisense RNA2 (HOXA-AS2) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to explore its potential molecular mechanisms. We also screening of potential drugs targeting HOXA-AS2 in AML. Methods: The level 3 raw genome-wide RNA sequencing dataset of AML was download from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Data Portal, and the potential molecular mechanisms and drugs prediction of HOXA-AS2 in AML were explored using multiple bioinformatics analysis approaches. Results: TCGA AML cohort dataset indicated that HOXA-AS2 was significantly up-regulated in AML bone marrow tissues, and high HOXA-AS2 expression was related to poor overall survival (log-rank P=0.0284, hazard ratio 1.640, 95% confidence interval 1.046-2.573). Functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that the difference in prognosis between AML patients with high- and low-HOXA-AS2 expression may be due to differences in biological processes and pathways, including cell adhesion, angiogenesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase, cell differentiation, and other biological processes, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B and Wnt signaling pathways. We also screened out three potential HOXA-AS2-targeted therapeutic drugs for AML, megestrol, carmustine, and cefoxitin, based on these DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis of HOXA-AS2-co-expressed genes revealed that HOXA-AS2 may act a part in AML by regulating nuclear factor-κB transcription factor activity, DNA methylation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell migration, Toll-like receptor 4, and Wnt signaling pathways. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HOXA-AS2 is up-regulated in the bone marrow in patients with AML, and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaochuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
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11
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Bai X, Ni J, Beretov J, Graham P, Li Y. Triple-negative breast cancer therapeutic resistance: Where is the Achilles' heel? Cancer Lett 2020; 497:100-111. [PMID: 33069769 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) shows a higher response rate to systemic therapy compared with other breast cancer subtypes. However, the tumor differentiation of TNBC is poorer, with an early tendency to metastasis and a higher recurrence rate. Relapsed and metastatic TNBCs usually progress more rapidly, showing strong resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the lack of combinatorial targeted drugs, alternative treatments fail to improve these patient's prognosis and the quality of life. Finding the Achilles' heel of TNBC is critical for patients with advanced TNBC. Here, we summarize the latest advances in the mechanisms underlying TNBC therapeutic resistance, consider how these mechanisms may affect the development and utilization of TNBC targeted drugs, and discuss the rationale of relevant signals as therapeutic targets. Also, we review the clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrial.gov for TNBC patients, which comprehensively reveals current research and development of novel TNBC targeted drugs and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Bai
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Julia Beretov
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia; Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450001, China.
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12
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Efferth T, Saeed ME, Kadioglu O, Seo EJ, Shirooie S, Mbaveng AT, Nabavi SM, Kuete V. Collateral sensitivity of natural products in drug-resistant cancer cells. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 38:107342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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13
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Ruenraroengsak P, Kiryushko D, Theodorou IG, Klosowski MM, Taylor ER, Niriella T, Palmieri C, Yagüe E, Ryan MP, Coombes RC, Xie F, Porter AE. Frizzled-7-targeted delivery of zinc oxide nanoparticles to drug-resistant breast cancer cells. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12858-12870. [PMID: 31157349 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for novel strategies to treat aggressive breast cancer subtypes and overcome drug resistance. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have potential in cancer therapy due to their ability to potently and selectively induce cancer cell apoptosis. Here, we tested the in vitro chemotherapeutic efficacy of ZnONPs loaded via a mesoporous silica nanolayer (MSN) towards drug-sensitive breast cancer cells (MCF-7: estrogen receptor-positive, CAL51: triple-negative) and their drug-resistant counterparts (MCF-7TX, CALDOX). ZnO-MSNs were coated on to gold nanostars (AuNSs) for future imaging capabilities in the NIR-II range. Electron and confocal microscopy showed that MSN-ZnO-AuNSs accumulated close to the plasma membrane and were internalized by cells. High-resolution electron microscopy showed that MSN coating degraded outside the cells, releasing ZnONPs that interacted with cell membranes. MSN-ZnO-AuNSs efficiently reduced the viability of all cell lines, and CAL51/CALDOX cells were more susceptible than MCF7/MCF-7-TX cells. MSN-ZnO-AuNSs were then conjugated with the antibody to Frizzled-7 (FZD-7), the receptor upregulated by several breast cancer cells. We used the disulphide (S-S) linker that could be cleaved with a high concentration of glutathione normally observed within cancer cells, releasing Zn2+ into the cytoplasm. FZD-7 targeting resulted in approximately three-fold amplified toxicity of MSN-ZnO-AuNSs towards the MCF-7TX drug-resistant cell line with the highest FZD-7 expression. This study shows that ZnO-MSs are promising tools to treat triple-negative and drug-resistant breast cancers and highlights the potential clinical utility of FZD-7 for delivery of nanomedicines and imaging probes specifically to these cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK. and Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Darya Kiryushko
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Ioannis G Theodorou
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Michał M Klosowski
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Erik R Taylor
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Thisa Niriella
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Carlo Palmieri
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L693BX, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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14
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Mahmud Z, Asaduzzaman M, Kumar U, Masrour N, Jugov R, Coombes RC, Shousha S, Hu Y, Lam EWF, Yagüe E. Oncogenic EP300 can be targeted with inhibitors of aldo-keto reductases. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:391-403. [PMID: 30862505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin transcriptional activator EP300 is down-regulated in metaplastic breast carcinoma, a rare form of triple negative and E-cadherin-negative aggressive breast cancer with a poor clinical outcome. In order to shed light on the regulation of E-cadherin by EP300 in breast cancer we analyzed by immunohistochemistry 41 cases of invasive breast cancer with both E-cadherinhigh and E-cadherinlow expression levels, together with 20 non-malignant breast tissues. EP300 and E-cadherin showed a positive correlation in both non-malignant and cancer cases and both markers together were better predictors of lymph node metastasis than E-cadherin alone. These data support a metastasis suppressor role for EP300 in breast cancer. However, some reports suggest an oncogenic role for EP300. We generated a breast cancer cell model to study E-cadherin-independent effects of EP300 by over-expression of EP300 in HS578T cells which have E-cadherin promoter hypermethylated. In this cell system, EP300 led to up-regulation of mesenchymal (vimentin, Snail, Slug, Zeb1) and stemness (ALDH+ and CD44high/CD24low) markers, increases in migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth and drug resistance. Genome-wide expression profiling identified aldo-keto reductases AKR1C1-3 as effectors of stemness and drug resistance, since their pharmacological inhibition with flufenamic acid restored both doxorubicin and paclitaxel sensitivity and diminished mammosphere formation. Thus, in cells with a permissive E-cadherin promoter, EP300 acts as a tumour/metastasis supressor by up-regulating E-cadherin expression, maintenance of the epithelial phenotype and avoidance of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In cells in which the E-cadherin promoter is hypermethylated, EP300 functions as an oncogene via up-regulation of aldo-keto reductases. This offers the rationale of using current aldo-keto reductase inhibitors in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimam Mahmud
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Uttom Kumar
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nahal Masrour
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Jugov
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Shousha
- Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Rd, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom
| | - Yunhui Hu
- Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Huan Hu Xi Road, Ti Yuan Bei, He xi District, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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15
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Hsu SH, Chen SH, Kuo CC, Chang JY. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B regulates the ubiquitination of O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and BCNU sensitivity in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:327-338. [PMID: 30449727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair enzyme that removes the alkyl groups from the O6 position of guanine and is then degraded via ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Previous studies indicated that 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) facilitates the ubiquitination and degradation of MGMT in several types of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism of MGMT ubiquitination remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B (UBE2B) is a novel regulator of MGMT ubiquitination mediated by BCNU in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18, a partner of UBE2B, is also involved in BCNU-mediated MGMT ubiquitination. Overexpression/knockdown of UBE2B enhanced/reduced BCNU-mediated MGMT ubiquitination. Surprisingly, UBE2B knockdown significantly increased BCNU cytotoxicity in NPC cells. Therefore, loss of UBE2B seems to disrupt ubiquitin-mediated degradation of alkylated MGMT. We found that UBE2B knockdown reduced MGMT activity, suggesting that loss of UBE2B leads to the accumulation of deactivated MGMT and suppresses MGMT protein turnover in BCNU-treated cells. These findings indicate that UBE2B modulates sensitivity to BCNU in NPC cells by regulating MGMT ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Han Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hung Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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16
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Chai Y, Tan F, Ye S, Liu F, Fan Q. Identification of core genes and prediction of miRNAs associated with osteoporosis using a bioinformatics approach. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:468-481. [PMID: 30655789 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is an age-related disease, and osteoporotic fracture is one of the major causes of disability and mortality in elderly patients (>70 years old). As the pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of OP remain unclear, the identification of disease biomarkers is important for guiding research and providing therapeutic targets. In the present study, core genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with OP were identified. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between human mesenchymal stem cell specimens from normal osseous tissues and OP tissues were detected using the GEO2R tool of the Gene Expression Omnibus database and Morpheus. Network topological parameters were determined using NetworkAnalyzer. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, and ClueGO. Cytoscape with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Molecular Complex Detection plug-in was used to visualize protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Additionally, miRNA-gene regulatory modules were predicted using CyTargetLinker in order to guide future research. In total, 915 DEGs were identified, including 774 upregulated and 141 downregulated genes. Enriched GO terms and pathways were determined, including 'nervous system development', 'regulation of molecular function', 'glutamatergic synapse pathway' and 'pathways in cancer'. The node degrees of DEGs followed power-law distributions. A PPI network with 541 nodes and 1,431 edges was obtained. Overall, 3 important modules were identified from the PPI network. The following 10 genes were identified as core genes based on high degrees of connectivity: Albumin, PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2), DNA topoisomerase 2-α, kininogen 1 (KNG1), interleukin 2 (IL2), leucine-rich repeats and guanylate kinase domain containing, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit γ (PIK3CG), leptin, transferrin and RNA polymerase II subunit A (POLR2A). Additionally, 15 miRNA-target interactions were obtained using CyTargetLinker. Overall, 7 miRNAs co-regulated IL2, 3 regulated PHLPP2, 3 regulated KNG1, 1 regulated PIK3CG and 1 modulated POLR2A. These results indicate potential biomarkers in the pathogenesis of OP and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chai
- Department of Formulaology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Formulaology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Sumin Ye
- Department of Formulaology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Feixiang Liu
- Department of Formulaology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoling Fan
- Department of Formulaology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, P.R. China
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17
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Hu Y, Yagüe E, Zhao J, Wang L, Bai J, Yang Q, Pan T, Zhao H, Liu J, Zhang J. Sabutoclax, pan-active BCL-2 protein family antagonist, overcomes drug resistance and eliminates cancer stem cells in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 423:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Liu H, Liao Y, Tang M, Wu T, Tan D, Zhang S, Wang H. Trps1 is associated with the multidrug resistance of lung cancer cell by regulating MGMT gene expression. Cancer Med 2018; 7:1921-1932. [PMID: 29601666 PMCID: PMC5943538 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) often leads to chemotherapy failure of lung cancer and has been linking to the cellular expression of several DNA transcription- and repair-related genes such as Trps1 and MGMT. However, their roles in the formation of MDR are largely unknown. In this study, overexpression/knockdown, luciferase assay and ChIP assay were performed to study the relationship between Trps1 and MGMT, as well as their roles in MDR formation. Our results demonstrated that Trps1 and MGMT expression both increased in drug-resistant lung cancer cell line (H446/CDDP). Silencing of Trps1 resulted in downregulation of MGMT expression and decrease in the multidrug sensitivity of H446/CDDP cells, while Trps1 overexpression exhibited the opposite effects in H446 cells. Ectopic expression of MGMT had no effect on Trps1 expression, but enhanced the IC50 values of H446 cells or rescued the IC50 values of Trps1-silenced H446/CDDP cells in treatment of multidrug. Our data further showed that, mechanistically, Trps1 acted as a transcription activator that directly induced MGMT transcription by binding to the MGMT promoter. Taken together, we consider that upregulation of Trps1 induces MGMT transcription contributing to the formation of MDR in lung cancer cells. Our findings proved potential targets for reversing MDR in clinical chemotherapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Liu
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Deli Tan
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shixin Zhang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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19
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Asaduzzaman M, Constantinou S, Min H, Gallon J, Lin ML, Singh P, Raguz S, Ali S, Shousha S, Coombes RC, Lam EWF, Hu Y, Yagüe E. Tumour suppressor EP300, a modulator of paclitaxel resistance and stemness, is downregulated in metaplastic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 163:461-474. [PMID: 28341962 PMCID: PMC5427146 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously described a novel pathway controlling drug resistance, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness in breast cancer cells. Upstream in the pathway, three miRs (miR-106b, miR-93 and miR-25) target EP300, a transcriptional activator of E-cadherin. Upregulation of these miRs leads to the downregulation of EP300 and E-cadherin with initiation of an EMT. However, miRs regulate the expression of many genes, and the contribution to EMT by miR targets other than EP300 cannot be ruled out. METHODS We used lentiviruses expressing EP300-targeting shRNA to downregulate its expression in MCF-7 cells as well as an EP300-knocked-out colon carcinoma cell line. An EP300-expression plasmid was used to upregulate its expression in basal-like CAL51 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Drug resistance was determined by short-term proliferation and long-term colony formation assays. Stemness was determined by tumour sphere formation in both soft agar and liquid cultures as well as by the expression of CD44/CD24/ALDH markers. Gene expression microarray analysis was performed in MCF-7 cells lacking EP300. EP300 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in 17 samples of metaplastic breast cancer. RESULTS Cells lacking EP300 became more resistant to paclitaxel whereas EP300 overexpression increased their sensitivity to the drug. Expression of cancer stem cell markers, as well as tumour sphere formation, was also increased in EP300-depleted cells, and was diminished in EP300-overexpressing cells. The EP300-regulated gene signature highlighted genes associated with adhesion (CEACAM5), cytoskeletal remodelling (CAPN9), stemness (ABCG2), apoptosis (BCL2) and metastasis (TGFB2). Some genes in this signature were also validated in a previously generated EP300-depleted model of breast cancer using minimally transformed mammary epithelial cells. Importantly, two key genes in apoptosis and stemness, BCL2 and ABCG2, were also upregulated in EP300-knockout colon carcinoma cells and their paclitaxel-resistant derivatives. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that EP300 expression was low in metaplastic breast cancer, a rare, but aggressive form of the disease with poor prognosis that is characterized by morphological and physiological features of EMT. CONCLUSIONS EP300 plays a major role in the reprogramming events, leading to a more malignant phenotype with the acquisition of drug resistance and cell plasticity, a characteristic of metaplastic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asaduzzaman
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Stephanie Constantinou
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Haoxiang Min
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - John Gallon
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Meng-Lay Lin
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Poonam Singh
- Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Rd, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Selina Raguz
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sami Shousha
- Centre for Pathology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Rd, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yunhui Hu
- The 3rd Department of Breast Cancer, China Tianjin Breast Cancer Prevention, Treatment and Research Center, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huan Hu Xi Road, Ti Yuan Bei, He xi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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20
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Moiseenko F, Volkov N, Bogdanov A, Dubina M, Moiseyenko V. Resistance mechanisms to drug therapy in breast cancer and other solid tumors: An opinion. F1000Res 2017; 6:288. [PMID: 28751966 PMCID: PMC5506585 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10992.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an important contributor to mortality worldwide. Breast cancer is the most common solid tumor in women. Despite numerous drug combinations and regimens, all patients with advanced breast cancer, similarly to other solid tumors, inevitably develop resistance to treatment. Identified mechanisms of resistance could be classified into intra- and extracellular mechanisms. Intracellular mechanisms include drug metabolism and efflux, target modulations and damage restoration. Extracellular mechanisms might be attributed to the crosstalk between tumor cells and environmental factors. However, current knowledge concerning resistance mechanisms cannot completely explain the phenomenon of multi-drug resistance, which occurs in the vast majority of patients treated with chemotherapy. In this opinion article, we investigate the role of these factors in the development of drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Moiseenko
- St Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.,St. Petersburg Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncologic), St. Petersburg, 197758, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita Volkov
- St. Petersburg Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncologic), St. Petersburg, 197758, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Bogdanov
- St Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.,St. Petersburg Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncologic), St. Petersburg, 197758, Russian Federation.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation.,The Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, 88300, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Dubina
- St Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation.,St. Petersburg Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncologic), St. Petersburg, 197758, Russian Federation.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Moiseyenko
- St. Petersburg Clinical Research and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncologic), St. Petersburg, 197758, Russian Federation
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21
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miRNA-205 targets VEGFA and FGF2 and regulates resistance to chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2291. [PMID: 27362808 PMCID: PMC5108343 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have critical roles in regulating cancer cell survival, proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapy. The potential application of using miRNAs to predict chemotherapeutic response to cancer treatment is highly promising. However, the underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy response control by miRNAs remain to be fully identified and their prognostic value has not been fully evaluated. Here we show a strong correlation between miR-205 expression and chemosensitivtiy to TAC (docetaxol, doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide), a widely-used neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) regimen, for breast cancer patients. High level of miR-205 predicted better response to TAC regimen NAC in breast cancer patients. We found miR-205 downregulated in both MCF-7/A02 and CALDOX cells, two drug-resistant derivatives of MCF-7 and Cal51 cells, and its ectopic expression led to an increase in apoptosis resensitization of both drug-resistant cell lines to doxorubicin and taxol. We further show that miR-205 directly binds VEGFA and FGF2 mRNA 3′-UTRs and confirm that miR-205 levels are negatively correlated with VEGFA and FGF2 mRNA expression in breast cancer patients. Adding VEGFA and FGF2 exogenously to chemosensitive breast cancer cells and chemoresistant cells with miR-205 overexpression led to drug resistance. Consistently, low VEGFA and FGF2 expression correlated with better response to NAC in breast cancer patients. In addition, inhibition of tumor growth and resensitization to doxorubicin were also observed in mouse tumor xenografts from cells overexpressing miR-205. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-205 enhances chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to TAC chemotherapy by suppressing both VEGFA and FGF2, leading to evasion of apoptosis. MiR-205 may serve as a predictive biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment.
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22
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Effects of PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 on overcoming drug resistance and eliminating cancer stem cells in human breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2020. [PMID: 26673665 PMCID: PMC4720896 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype often accompanies activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, which renders a survival signal to withstand cytotoxic anticancer drugs and enhances cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics. As a result, PI3K/AKT-blocking approaches have been proposed as antineoplastic strategies, and inhibitors of PI3K/AKT are currently being trailed clinically in breast cancer patients. However, the effects of PI3K inhibitors on MDR breast cancers have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, the tumorigenic properties of three MDR breast cancer cell lines to a selective inhibitor of PI3K, NVP-BKM120 (BKM120), were assessed. We found that BKM120 showed a significant cytotoxic activity on MDR breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. When doxorubicin (DOX) was combined with BKM120, strong synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed. BKM120 activity induced the blockage of PI3K/AKT signaling and NF-κB expression, which in turn led to activate caspase-3/7 and caspase-9 and changed the expression of several apoptosis-related gene expression. Furthermore, BKM120 effectively eliminated CSC subpopulation and reduced sphere formation of these drug-resistant cells. Our findings indicate that BKM120 partially overcomes the MDR phenotype in chemoresistant breast cancer through cell apoptosis induction and CSC abolishing, which appears to be mediated by the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis. This offers a strong rationale to explore the therapeutic strategy of using BKM120 alone or in combination for chemotherapy-nonresponsive breast cancer patients.
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HU YUNHUI, LI KAIYONG, ASADUZZAMAN MUHAMMAD, CUELLA RAQUEL, SHI HUI, RAGUZ SELINA, COOMBES RAOULCHARLES, ZHOU YUAN, YAGÜE ERNESTO. miR-106b~25 cluster regulates multidrug resistance in an ABC transporter-independent manner via downregulation of EP300. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1170-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Stojković S, Podolski-Renić A, Dinić J, Stanković T, Banković J, Hadžić S, Paunović V, Isaković A, Tanić N, Pešić M. Development of resistance to antiglioma agents in rat C6 cells caused collateral sensitivity to doxorubicin. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:248-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Adams C, Cazzanelli G, Rasul S, Hitchinson B, Hu Y, Coombes RC, Raguz S, Yagüe E. Apoptosis inhibitor TRIAP1 is a novel effector of drug resistance. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:415-22. [PMID: 25998939 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (TRIAP1) is a novel apoptosis inhibitor that binds HSP70 in the cytoplasm and blocks the formation of the apoptosome and caspase-9 activation. TRIAP1 has been shown to be upregulated in many types of cancers; however, its role remains elusive. We determined the TRIAP1 mRNA levels in a panel of human tissues and found its expression to be ubiquitous. Normal breast, as well as non-tumorigenic breast cells, exhibited lower TRIAP1 mRNA levels than breast cancer cells or their drug-resistant derivatives. TRIAP1 is a small, evolutionarily conserved protein that is 76 amino acids long. We found that yeast cells, in which the TRIAP1 homologue was knocked out, had increased sensitivity to doxorubicin. Equally, RNA interference in breast cancer drug-resistant cells demonstrated that downregulation of TRIAP1 impaired cell growth in the presence of doxorubicin. As expected, caspase-9 activation was diminished after overexpression of TRIAP1 in drug-resistant cells. Importantly, stable transfections of a TRIAP1 expression plasmid in CAL51 cells led to a marked increase in the number of doxorubicin-resistant clones, that was abolished when cells expressed hairpins targeting TRIAP1. In addition, we showed that TRIAP1 expression was also triggered by estrogen deprivation in MCF-7 cells. Although both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies generated for the present study failed to robustly detect TRIAP1, we demonstrated that TRIAP1 represents a novel marker for drug resistance in breast cancer cells and it may be used in the stratification of breast cancer patients once a suitable antibody has been developed. Equally, these studies open potential drug development strategies for blocking TRIAP1 activity and avoiding drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Adams
- Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giulia Cazzanelli
- Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sabeena Rasul
- Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Hitchinson
- Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Yunhui Hu
- Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - R Charles Coombes
- Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Selina Raguz
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
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miR-218 targets survivin and regulates resistance to chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:269-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kristiansen S, Nielsen D, Sölétormos G. Methylated DNA for monitoring tumor growth and regression: how do we get there? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:149-59. [PMID: 24611610 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.893279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of protein cancer biomarkers is currently recommended in international guidelines for monitoring the growth and regression of solid tumors. However, a number of these markers are also present in low concentrations in blood obtained from healthy individuals and from patients with benign diseases. In contrast, evidence has accumulated that suggests that modified methylated DNA is strongly related to the cancer phenotype. The modifications found in modified methylated DNA include a global loss of methylation in the genomes of the tumor cells as well as focal hypermethylation of gene promoters. Because tumor cells naturally secrete DNA and upon cell death leak DNA, modified methylated DNA can be detected in blood, urine, sputum and other body fluids. At present international guidelines do not include recommendations for monitoring modified methylated DNA. The low level of evidence can partly be explained by incomplete collection of serial blood samples, by analytical challenges, and by lack of knowledge of how monitoring studies should be designed and how serial marker data obtained from individual patients should be interpreted. Here, we review the clinical validity and utility of methylated DNA for monitoring the activity of malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Kristiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North Zealand Hospital - Hillerød, University of Copenhagen , Hillerød , Denmark and
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Fumagalli C, Della Pasqua S, Bagnardi V, Cardillo A, Sporchia A, Colleoni M, Viale G, Barberis M, Pruneri G. Prevalence and clinicopathologic correlates of O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase methylation status in patients with triple-negative breast cancer treated preoperatively by alkylating drugs. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 14:285-90. [PMID: 24709436 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive factors of benefit from specific chemotherapy regimens are not currently available in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). MGMT (O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) controls DNA repair pathways, and its epigenetic silencing is used for predicting the response to the alkylating drug temozolomide in patients with glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population was composed of 84 patients with TNBC treated with alkylating agents and evaluated for clinicopathologic parameters (tumor shrinkage and pathologic complete response [pCR]). MGMT methylation status was assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor specimens by pyrosequencing. The samples were categorized as methylated (mean methylation value > 5%), indeterminate (4%-5%), and unmethylated (≤ 3%). RESULTS MGMT methylation status was successfully evaluated in all the cases: 58.3% were methylated; 27.4%, unmethylated; and 14.3%, indeterminate. MGMT methylation was observed in 80%, 62%, and 29% of patients showing a 100%, 99% to 30%, and < 30% tumor reduction, respectively, a trend not achieving statistical significance (P = .23). There was no association between MGMT methylation status and pCR. CONCLUSION The present study provided evidence that pyrosequencing performs well for the evaluation of MGMT methylation even in small bioptic samples, suggesting that it could be reliably used in translational studies of preoperative clinical trials. Although there was an association trend between high methylation levels and clinical response to therapy, no statistically significant association with the pCR was found. Further studies in larger series of patients are warranted for ascertaining the putative clinical role of MGMT in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cardillo
- Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Sporchia
- Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Colleoni
- Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Barberis
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy; University of Milan School of Medicine; Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Martin HL, Smith L, Tomlinson DC. Multidrug-resistant breast cancer: current perspectives. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2014; 6:1-13. [PMID: 24648765 PMCID: PMC3929252 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s37638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and resistance to the current therapeutics, often concurrently, is an increasing clinical challenge. By understanding the molecular mechanisms behind multidrug-resistant breast cancer, new treatments may be developed. Here we review the recent advances in this understanding, emphasizing the common mechanisms underlying resistance to both targeted therapies, notably tamoxifen and trastuzumab, and traditional chemotherapies. We focus primarily on three molecular mechanisms, the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, the role of microRNAs in gene silencing, and epigenetic alterations affecting gene expression, and discuss how these mechanisms can interact in multidrug resistance. The development of therapeutics targeting these mechanisms is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Martin
- BioScreening Technology Group, Leeds Institutes of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Laura Smith
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- BioScreening Technology Group, Leeds Institutes of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Julsing JR, Peters GJ. Methylation of DNA repair genes and the efficacy of DNA targeted anticancer treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2052-6199-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The miR-106b~25 cluster promotes bypass of doxorubicin-induced senescence and increase in motility and invasion by targeting the E-cadherin transcriptional activator EP300. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:462-74. [PMID: 24270410 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutic treatment, which is indirectly responsible for many cancer deaths, is normally associated with an aggressive phenotype including increased cell motility and acquisition of invasive properties. Here we describe how breast cancer cells overcome doxorubicin-induced senescence and become drug resistant by overexpression of the microRNA (miR)-106b~25 cluster. Although all three miRs in the cluster contribute to the generation of doxorubicin resistance, miR-25 is the major contributor to this phenotype. All three miRs in this cluster target EP300, a transcriptional activator of E-cadherin, resulting in cells acquiring a phenotype characteristic of cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including an increase in both cell motility and invasion, as well as the ability to proliferate after treatment with doxorubicin. These findings provide a novel drug resistance/EMT regulatory pathway controlled by the miR-106b~25 cluster by targeting a transcriptional activator of E-cadherin.
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