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Vitamin A: A Key Inhibitor of Adipocyte Differentiation. PPAR Res 2023; 2023:7405954. [PMID: 36776154 PMCID: PMC9908342 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7405954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, the conversion of preadipocytes to mature functional adipocytes, might represent a new approach to treating obesity and related metabolic disorders. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α are two master coregulators controlling adipogenesis both in culture and in vivo. Many recent studies have confirmed the relationship between retinoic acid (RA) and the conversion of embryonic stem cells into adipocytes; however, these studies have shown that RA potently blocks the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Nevertheless, the functional role of RA in early tissue development and stem cell differentiation, including in adipose tissue, remains unclear. This study highlights transcription factors that block adipocyte differentiation and maintain preadipocyte status, focusing on those controlled by RA. However, some of these novel adipogenesis inhibitors have not been validated in vivo, and their mechanisms of action require further clarification.
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Inhibitory Effect of Bacterial Lysates Extracted from Pediococcus acidilactici on the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911614. [PMID: 36232912 PMCID: PMC9570163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics, including bacterial lysates, are considered alternatives to probiotics. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of bacterial lysates (BLs) extracted from Pediococcus acidilactici K10 (K10 BL) and P. acidilactici HW01 (HW01 BL) on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Both K10 and HW01 BLs significantly reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and the amounts of cellular glycerides in 3T3-L1 cells (p < 0.05). However, another postbiotic molecule, peptidoglycan of P. acidilactici K10 and P. acidilactici HW01, moderately inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets, whereas heat-killed P. acidilactici did not effectively inhibit the lipid accumulation. The mRNA and protein levels of the transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, responsible for the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, were significantly inhibited by K10 BL and HW01 BL (p < 0.05). Both K10 and HW01 BLs decreased adipocyte-related molecules, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein and lipoprotein lipase, at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, both K10 and HW01 BLs also downregulated the mRNA expression of leptin, but not resistin. Taken together, these results suggest that P. acidilactici BLs mediate anti-adipogenic effects by inhibiting adipogenic-related transcription factors and their target molecules.
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Kim DH, Ahn J, Suh Y, Ziouzenkova O, Lee JW, Lee K. Retinol Binding Protein 7 Promotes Adipogenesis in vitro and Regulates Expression of Genes Involved in Retinol Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:876031. [PMID: 35493071 PMCID: PMC9047791 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.876031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol is an essential nutrient in animals. Its metabolites, specifically retinoic acid (RA), are crucial for cell differentiation, including adipogenesis. Retinol binding protein 7 (Rbp7) is under the control of PPARγ, the master regulator of adipogenesis. However, the role of RBP7 in adipogenesis is unclear. Our study showed that Rbp7 was abundantly expressed in white and brown mouse adipose tissues and had a higher expression in adipocytes than in stromal vascular fraction. Rbp7 overexpression promoted 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation with increased triglyceride accumulation and up-regulation of Pparγ, Fabp4, C/ebpα, and AdipoQ. Rbp7 deficient adipocytes had opposite effects of the overexpression, which were rescued by RA supplementation. Indirect assessment of relative nuclear RA levels using RAR response element (RARE)-Luc reporter assay demonstrated that Rbp7 overexpression significantly increased RARE-Luc reporter activity. Rbp7 overexpression significantly increased expression of Raldh1, responsible for RA production, and up-regulation of Lrat and Cyp26a1, involved in retinol storage and RA catabolism, respectively, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Rbp7 deficient adipocytes had opposite effects of the overexpression of those genes involved in retinol metabolism. These data suggest that RBP7 increases transcriptional activity of RARE that may induce negative feedback responses via regulation of the gene expression for retinol homeostasis. Our data indicate critical RBP7 functions in adipocytes: regulation of transcriptional activity of RARE and adipocytes differentiation, potentially providing a new target for obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jeong-Woong Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong-Woong Lee, ; Kichoon Lee,
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeong-Woong Lee, ; Kichoon Lee,
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Kim DH, Lee J, Kim S, Lillehoj HS, Lee K. Hypertrophy of Adipose Tissues in Quail Embryos by in ovo Injection of All- Trans Retinoic Acid. Front Physiol 2021; 12:681562. [PMID: 34093239 PMCID: PMC8176229 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.681562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive adipose accretion causes health issues in humans and decreases feed efficiency in poultry. Although vitamin A has been known to be involved in adipogenesis, effects of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), as a metabolite of vitamin A, on embryonic adipose development have not been studied yet. Avian embryos are developing in confined egg environments, which can be directly modified to study effects of nutrients on embryonic adipogenesis. With the use of quail embryos, different concentrations of atRA (0 M to 10 μM) were injected in ovo at embryonic day (E) 9, and adipose tissues were sampled at E14. Percentages of fat pad weights in embryo weights were significantly increased in the group injected with 300 nM of atRA. Also, among three injection time points, E5, E7, or E9, E7 showed the most significant increase in weight and percentage of inguinal fat at E14. Injection of atRA at E7 increased fat cell size in E14 embryos with up-regulation of pro-adipogenic marker genes (Pparγ and Fabp4) and down-regulation of a preadipocyte marker gene (Dlk1) in adipose tissues. These data demonstrate that atRA promotes hypertrophic fat accretion in quail embryos, implying important roles of atRA in embryonic development of adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Kim DH, Lee J, Suh Y, Cressman M, Lee K. Research Note: All-trans retinoic acids induce adipogenic differentiation of chicken embryonic fibroblasts and preadipocytes. Poult Sci 2020; 99:7142-7146. [PMID: 33248631 PMCID: PMC7704976 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes store excess energy in the form of lipids, whereas fat accretion contributes to feed efficiency, meat quality, and female reproduction in poultry. As a metabolite of vitamin A, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) has been shown to have influence over metabolic functions such as lipid and energy homeostasis, as well as adipogenesis. Although atRA has been known to function as a regulating factor in mammalian adipogenesis, the effects of atRA on adipogenesis has not been studied in chickens. In this study, chicken preadipocytes isolated from leg fat tissues at embryonic day (E) 14 and chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) harvested at E5 were cultured. The preadipocytes and CEF in culture with 10% chicken serum were treated with various concentrations (0 μmol, 100 μmol, or 150 μmol) of supplemented atRA for 48 h. In these cells, cytoplasmic lipid droplet accumulation and mRNA expression for adipogenic genes were analyzed by Oil-Red-O staining and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Analysis of the relative amount of Oil-Red-O staining (lipid accumulation) revealed that all 3 variables increased in a dose-dependent manner, in response to increasing atRA supplementation. Genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, fatty acid transport, and triacylglycerol synthesis in both E14 preadipocytes and E5 CEF were upregulated by supplementation of atRA. These data demonstrated that atRA alone promoted adipogenesis of embryonic preadipocytes and fibroblasts in vitro, suggesting that atRA has an influential role in multiple stages of adipogenesis in chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Cressman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Abstract
The advent of image-activated cell sorting and imaging-based cell picking has advanced our knowledge and exploitation of biological systems in the last decade. Unfortunately, they generally rely on fluorescent labeling for cellular phenotyping, an indirect measure of the molecular landscape in the cell, which has critical limitations. Here we demonstrate Raman image-activated cell sorting by directly probing chemically specific intracellular molecular vibrations via ultrafast multicolor stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy for cellular phenotyping. Specifically, the technology enables real-time SRS-image-based sorting of single live cells with a throughput of up to ~100 events per second without the need for fluorescent labeling. To show the broad utility of the technology, we show its applicability to diverse cell types and sizes. The technology is highly versatile and holds promise for numerous applications that are previously difficult or undesirable with fluorescence-based technologies. Most current cell sorting methods are based on fluorescence detection with no imaging capability. Here the authors generate and use Raman image-activated cell sorting with a throughput of around 100 events per second, providing molecular images with no need for labeling.
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Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, regulates a vast spectrum of biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and morphogenesis. microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) which leads to mRNA degradation and/or translational repression. Like RA, miRNAs regulate multiple biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, neurogenesis, tumorigenesis, and immunity. In fact, RA regulates the expression of many miRNAs to exert its biological functions. miRNA and RA regulatory networks have been studied in recent years. In this manuscript, we summarize literature that highlights the impact of miRNAs in RA-regulated molecular networks included in the PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Atharva Piyush Rohatgi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.
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Kim DH, Lee JW, Lee K. Supplementation of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Below Cytotoxic Levels Promotes Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells. Lipids 2019; 54:99-107. [PMID: 30723897 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A, referred to as retinol, is an essential nutrient that affects the cell growth and differentiation including adipogenesis. Although previous studies using supraphysiological doses (over 1 μM) of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) demonstrated antiadipogenic activity, effects of atRA at various levels on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes have not been extensively investigated. Our study showed that the amount of cellular triacylglycerol (TAG) and intensities of Oil-Red-O staining were decreased by supplementing atRA (1 and 10 μM) but increased by low concentrations of atRA (0.01 to 100 nM) compared with the control. Also PPARγ and FABP4 were gradually overexpressed by atRA up to 1 nM but decreased at over 1 nM concentrations. Moreover, mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) and consequential growth-arrest were analyzed as important steps in adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. The 1 nM group showed more cell proliferation and thereafter a higher ratio of the G0/G1 phase on Day 2. Protein levels of S/G2-phase factors were dose dependently increased by atRA up to 1 nM on Day 1, but the factors were highly expressed in higher doses on Day 2. G0/G1 markers were higher at the higher doses of atRA on Day 1; whereas, they were highly expressed in mild or medium doses on Day 2. These data indicate that atRA controls adipogenesis with accompanied changes in cell proliferation and follow-up growth-arrest. These results indicate that atRA can function both as a negative and positive regulator of adipogenesis depending on dosages, providing a strategy for achieving proper nutritional balance for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwan Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125, Gwakhak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125, Gwakhak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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