1
|
Biosynthetic process and strain improvement approaches for industrial penicillin production. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:179-192. [PMID: 35000028 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Penicillins and cephalosporins are the most important class of beta (β) lactam antibiotics, accounting for 65% total antibiotic market. Penicillins are produced by Penicillium rubens (popularly known as P. chrysogenum) were used to synthesize the active pharmaceutical intermediate (API), 6-aminopenicillinic acid (6-APA) employed in semisynthetic antibiotic production. The wild strains produce a negligible amount of penicillin (Pen). High antibiotic titre-producing P. chrysogenum strains are necessitating for industrial Pen production to meet global demand at lower prices. Classical strain improvement (CSI) approaches such as random mutagenesis, medium engineering, and fermentation are the cornerstones for high-titer Pen production. Since, Sir Alexander Fleming Discovery of Pen, great efforts are expanded to develop at a commercial scale antibiotics producing strains. Breakthroughs in genetic engineering, heterologous expression and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tools opened a new window for Pen production at a commercial scale to assure health crisis. The current state of knowledge, limitations of CSI and genetic engineering approaches to Pen production are discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
2
|
Iacovelli R, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM. Nonribosomal peptide synthetases and their biotechnological potential in Penicillium rubens. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6324005. [PMID: 34279620 PMCID: PMC8788816 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) are large multimodular enzymes that synthesize a diverse variety of peptides. Many of these are currently used as pharmaceuticals, thanks to their activity as antimicrobials (penicillin, vancomycin, daptomycin, echinocandin), immunosuppressant (cyclosporin) and anticancer compounds (bleomycin). Because of their biotechnological potential, NRPSs have been extensively studied in the past decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the main structural and functional features of these enzymes, and we consider the challenges and prospects of engineering NRPSs for the synthesis of novel compounds. Furthermore, we discuss secondary metabolism and NRP synthesis in the filamentous fungus Penicillium rubens and examine its potential for the production of novel and modified β-lactam antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Iacovelli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A L Bovenberg
- Synthetic Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,DSM Biotechnology Centre, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iacovelli R, Mózsik L, Bovenberg RA, Driessen AJ. Identification of a conserved N-terminal domain in the first module of ACV synthetases. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1145. [PMID: 33449449 PMCID: PMC7884236 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The l-δ-(α-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (ACVS) is a trimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) that provides the peptide precursor for the synthesis of β-lactams. The enzyme has been extensively characterized in terms of tripeptide formation and substrate specificity. The first module is highly specific and is the only NRPS unit known to recruit and activate the substrate l-α-aminoadipic acid, which is coupled to the α-amino group of l-cysteine through an unusual peptide bond, involving its δ-carboxyl group. Here we carried out an in-depth investigation on the architecture of the first module of the ACVS enzymes from the fungus Penicillium rubens and the bacterium Nocardia lactamdurans. Bioinformatic analyses revealed the presence of a previously unidentified domain at the N-terminus which is structurally related to condensation domains, but smaller in size. Deletion variants of both enzymes were generated to investigate the potential impact on penicillin biosynthesis in vivo and in vitro. The data indicate that the N-terminal domain is important for catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Iacovelli
- Molecular MicrobiologyGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - László Mózsik
- Molecular MicrobiologyGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roel A.L. Bovenberg
- Synthetic Biology and Cell EngineeringGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- DSM Biotechnology CentreDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Arnold J.M. Driessen
- Molecular MicrobiologyGroningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Niu X, Thaochan N, Hu Q. Diversity of Linear Non-Ribosomal Peptide in Biocontrol Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E61. [PMID: 32408496 PMCID: PMC7345191 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol fungi (BFs) play a key role in regulation of pest populations. BFs produce multiple non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) and other secondary metabolites that interact with pests, plants and microorganisms. NRPs-including linear and cyclic peptides (L-NRPs and C-NRPs)-are small peptides frequently containing special amino acids and other organic acids. They are biosynthesized in fungi through non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs). Compared with C-NRPs, L-NRPs have simpler structures, with only a linear chain and biosynthesis without cyclization. BFs mainly include entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, that are used to control insect pests and phytopathogens in fields, respectively. NRPs play an important role of in the interactions of BFs with insects or phytopathogens. On the other hand, the residues of NRPs may contaminate food through BFs activities in the environment. In recent decades, C-NRPs in BFs have been thoroughly reviewed. However, L-NRPs are rarely investigated. In order to better understand the species and potential problems of L-NRPs in BFs, this review lists the L-NRPs from entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, summarizes their sources, structures, activities and biosynthesis, and details risks and utilization prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Narit Thaochan
- Pest Management Biotechnology and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peschke M, Brieke C, Heimes M, Cryle MJ. The Thioesterase Domain in Glycopeptide Antibiotic Biosynthesis Is Selective for Cross-Linked Aglycones. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:110-120. [PMID: 29192758 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs)-which include teicoplanin and vancomycin-is a complex enzymatic process relying on the interplay of nonribosomal peptide synthesis and a cytochrome P450-mediated cyclization cascade. This unique cyclization cascade generates the highly cross-linked state of these nonribosomal peptides, which is crucial for their antimicrobial activity. Given that these essential oxidative transformations occur while the peptide remains bound to the terminal module of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) machinery, it is important to assess the selectivity of the terminal thioesterase (TE) domain and how this domain contributes to the maintenance of an efficient biosynthetic pathway while at the same time ensuring GPA maturation is completed. In this study, we report the in vitro characterization of the thioesterase domain from teicoplanin biosynthesis, the first GPA thioesterase to be characterized. Our results show that the activity of this TE domain relies on the presence of an unusual extended N-terminal linker region that appears to be unique to the NRPS machineries found in GPA biosynthesis. In addition, we show that the activity of this domain against carrier protein bound substrates is dramatically enhanced for mature GPA aglycones as opposed to linear peptides and partially cyclized intermediates. These results demonstrate how the interplay between NRPS and P450s during late stage GPA biosynthesis is not only maintained but also leads to the efficient production of mature GPA aglycones. Thus, GPA TE domains represent another impressive example of the ability of TE domains to act as logic gates during NRPS biosynthesis, ensuring that essential late-stage peptide modifications are completed before catalyzing the release of the mature, bioactive peptide product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Peschke
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clara Brieke
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Heimes
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max J. Cryle
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (ACVS): discovery and perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:517-524. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (ACV) tripeptide is the first dedicated intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the penicillin and cephalosporin classes of β-lactam natural products in bacteria and fungi. It is synthesized nonribosomally by the ACV synthetase (ACVS) enzyme, which has been purified and partially characterized from many sources. Due to its large size and instability, many details regarding the reaction mechanism of ACVS are still not fully understood. In this review we discuss the chronology and associated methodology that led to the discovery of ACVS, some of the main findings regarding its activities, and some recent/current studies being conducted on the enzyme. In addition, we conclude with perspectives on what can be done to increase our understating of this very important protein in the future.
Collapse
|
7
|
Suring W, Mariën J, Broekman R, van Straalen NM, Roelofs D. Biochemical pathways supporting beta-lactam biosynthesis in the springtail Folsomia candida. Biol Open 2016; 5:1784-1789. [PMID: 27793835 PMCID: PMC5200902 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, an active set of beta-lactam biosynthesis genes was reported in the genome of the arthropod springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola). Evidence was provided that these genes were acquired through horizontal gene transfer. However, successful integration of fungal- or bacterial-derived beta-lactam biosynthesis into the metabolism of an animal requires the beta-lactam precursor L-α-aminoadipic acid and a phosphopantetheinyl transferase for activation of the first enzyme of the pathway, δ-(L-α-aminoadipoyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase (ACVS). In this study, we characterized these supporting pathways and their transcriptional regulation in F. candida. We identified one phosphopantetheinyl transferase and three pathways for L-α-aminoadipic acid production, distinct from the pathways utilized by microorganisms. We found that after heat shock, the phosphopantetheinyl transferase was co-regulated with ACVS, confirming its role in activating ACVS. Two of the three L-α-aminoadipic acid production pathways were downregulated, while PIPOX, an enzyme participating in the pipecolate pathway, was slightly co-regulated with ACVS. This indicates that L-α-aminoadipic acid may not be a limiting factor in beta-lactam biosynthesis in F. candida, in contrast to microorganisms. In conclusion, we show that all components for L-α-aminoadipic acid synthesis are present and transcriptionally active in F. candida. This demonstrates how springtails could have recruited native enzymes to integrate a beta-lactam biosynthesis pathway into their metabolism after horizontal gene transfer. Summary: Analysis of phosphopantetheinyl transferases and metabolic pathways for L-α-aminoadipic acid that are required for beta-lactam biosynthesis in the arthropod Folsomia candida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Suring
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Mariën
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rhody Broekman
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Nico M van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Ollivaux C, Soyez D, Toullec JY. Biogenesis of d
-amino acid containing peptides/proteins: where, when and how? J Pept Sci 2014; 20:595-612. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ollivaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227; Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
- CNRS, UMR 8227; Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Daniel Soyez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ER3; Biogenèse des signaux peptidiques; 7 Quai Saint Bernard F-75251 Paris cedex 05 France
- CNRS, ER3; Biogenèse des signaux peptidiques; 7 Quai Saint Bernard F-75251 Paris cedex 05 France
| | - Jean-Yves Toullec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144; Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
- CNRS, UMR 7144; Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
|
12
|
Fazius F, Zaehle C, Brock M. Lysine biosynthesis in microbes: relevance as drug target and prospects for β-lactam antibiotics production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:3763-72. [PMID: 23504110 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plants as well as pro- and eukaryotic microorganisms are able to synthesise lysine via de novo synthesis. While plants and bacteria, with some exceptions, rely on variations of the meso-diaminopimelate pathway for lysine biosynthesis, fungi exclusively use the α-aminoadipate pathway. Although bacteria and fungi are, in principle, both suitable as lysine producers, current industrial fermentations rely on the use of bacteria. In contrast, fungi are important producers of β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins or cephalosporins. The synthesis of these antibiotics strictly depends on α-aminoadipate deriving from lysine biosynthesis. Interestingly, despite the resulting industrial importance of the fungal α-aminoadipate pathway, biochemical reactions leading to α-aminoadipate formation have only been studied on a limited number of fungal species. In this respect, just recently an essential isomerisation reaction required for the formation of α-aminoadipate has been elucidated in detail. This review summarises biochemical pathways leading to lysine production, discusses the suitability of interrupting lysine biosynthesis as target for new antibacterial and antifungal compounds and emphasises on biochemical reactions involved in the formation of α-aminoadipate in fungi as an essential intermediate for both, lysine and β-lactam antibiotics production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Fazius
- Microbial Biochemistry and Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Recent advances in the biosynthesis of penicillins, cephalosporins and clavams and its regulation. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:287-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Hamed RB, Gomez-Castellanos JR, Henry L, Ducho C, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. The enzymes of β-lactam biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:21-107. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|