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Fang Y, Lin G, Liu Y, Zhang J. Advanced treatment of antibiotic-polluted wastewater by a consortium composed of bacteria and mixed cyanobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123293. [PMID: 38184153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
This study constructed a cyanobacteria-bacteria consortium using a mixture of non-toxic cyanobacteria (Synechococcus sp. and Chroococcus sp.) immobilized in calcium alginate and native bacteria in wastewater. The consortium was used for the advanced treatment of sulfamethoxazole-polluted wastewater and the production of cyanobacterial lipid. Mixed cyanobacteria increased the abundances of denitrifying bacteria and phosphorus-accumulating bacteria as well as stimulated various functional enzymes in the wastewater bacterial community, which efficiently removed 70.01-71.86% of TN, 91.45-97.04% of TP and 70.72-76.85% of COD from the wastewater. The removal efficiency of 55.29-69.90% for sulfamethoxazole was mainly attributed to the upregulation of genes encoding oxidases, reductases, oxidoreductases and transferases in two cyanobacterial species as well as the increased abundances of Stenotrophomonas, Sediminibacterium, Arenimonas, Novosphingobium, Flavobacterium and Hydrogenophaga in wastewater bacterial community. Transcriptomic responses proved that mixed cyanobacteria presented an elevated lipid productivity of 33.90 mg/L/day as an adaptive stress response to sulfamethoxazole. Sediminibacterium, Flavobacterium and Exiguobacterium in the wastewater bacterial community may also promote cyanobacterial lipid synthesis through symbiosis. Results of this study proved that the mixed cyanobacteria-bacteria consortium was a promising approach for advanced wastewater treatment coupled to cyanobacterial lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshuai Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Guannan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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2
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Rozman V, Mohar Lorbeg P, Treven P, Accetto T, Janežič S, Rupnik M, Bogovič Matijašić B. Genomic insights into antibiotic resistance and mobilome of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201637. [PMID: 36781180 PMCID: PMC9930590 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bifidobacterium sp. (bifidobacteria) can carry antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), yet data on resistance mechanisms in these bacteria are limited. The aim of our study was to identify the underlying genetic mechanisms of phenotypic resistance in 103 LAB and bifidobacteria using whole-genome sequencing. Sequencing data not only confirmed the presence of 36 acquired ARGs in genomes of 18 strains, but also revealed wide dissemination of intrinsic ARGs. The presence of acquired ARGs on known and novel mobile genetic elements raises the possibility of their horizontal spread. In addition, our data suggest that mutations may be a common mechanism of resistance. Several novel candidate resistance mechanisms were uncovered, providing a basis for further in vitro studies. Overall, 1,314 minimum inhibitory concentrations matched with genotypes in 92.4% of the cases; however, prediction of phenotype based on genotypic data was only partially efficient, especially with respect to aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol. Our study sheds light on resistance mechanisms and their transferability potential in LAB and bifidobacteria, which will be useful for risk assessment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Rozman
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Petra Mohar Lorbeg
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Primož Treven
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Accetto
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Chair of Microbial Diversity, Microbiomics and Biotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Janežič
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Rupnik
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Maribor, Slovenia
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Bogovič Matijašić
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, Domžale, Slovenia
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3
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Rosalia Rani, Simarani K, Alias Z. Functional Role of Beta Class Glutathione Transferases and Its Biotechnological Potential (Review). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235902214014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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Bryukhanov AL, Klimko AI, Netrusov AI. Antioxidant Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722601439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Al-Mohaimeed AM, Abbasi AM, Ali MA, Dhas DSD. Reduction of multiple antibiotics from the waste water using coated glutathione S-transferase producing biocatalyst. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112262. [PMID: 34695426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline is widely used in veterinary and human medicine. It has been detected in wastewater from pharmaceuticals, hospitals and domestic wastewater. In recent years, much more attention has been directed towards glutathione transferases (GSTs) because of their bio-transforming ability of antibiotics. In this study, 19 Lactobacillus strains were initially screened for the production of GSTs and five strains were selected for biotransformation of oxytetracycline. Among the strains, L. fermentum LA6 improved oxytetracyline degradation than other strains. It was subjected to optimize GST production and optimum growth was achieved after 24 h incubation at 32 ± 2 °C and 200 mg/L initial oxytetracycline concentration. The biocatalyst was immobilized and antibiotic degradation efficiency was analyzed. The immobilized culture of L. fermentum LA6 improved biodegradation of oxytetracycline in the wastewater. At 50 mg/L initial antibiotic concentration, 53.2 ± 2.8% oxytetracycline degradation was achieved, however, it improved at 200 mg/L antibiotic concentration in the culture medium (89.1 ± 4.3%) after 24 h. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater decreased significantly after treatment. At 200 mg/L oxytetracycline concentration, COD removal was considerably high (93.6 ± 5.3 mg/L) than 150 mg/L oxytetracycline concentration in the medium. Antibiotic removal efficiency in immobilized form revealed that this method is highly suitable for the removal of antibiotics from the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M Al-Mohaimeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Mehmood Abbasi
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, 12042, Pollenzo, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - M Ajmal Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - D S Deepa Dhas
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India.
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6
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Murdoch RW, Chen G, Kara Murdoch F, Mack EE, Villalobos Solis MI, Hettich RL, Löffler FE. Identification and widespread environmental distribution of a gene cassette implicated in anaerobic dichloromethane degradation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2396-2412. [PMID: 34967079 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and natural processes release dichloromethane (DCM, methylene chloride), a toxic chemical with substantial ozone-depleting capacity. Specialized anaerobic bacteria metabolize DCM; however, the genetic basis for this process has remained elusive. Comparative genomics of the three known anaerobic DCM-degrading bacterial species revealed a homologous gene cluster, designated the methylene chloride catabolism (mec) gene cassette, comprising 8-10 genes encoding proteins with 79.6%-99.7% amino acid identities. Functional annotation identified genes encoding a corrinoid-dependent methyltransferase system, and shotgun proteomics applied to two DCM-catabolizing cultures revealed high expression of proteins encoded on the mec gene cluster during anaerobic growth with DCM. In a DCM-contaminated groundwater plume, the abundance of mec genes strongly correlated with DCM concentrations (R2 = 0.71-0.85) indicating their potential value as process-specific bioremediation biomarkers. mec gene clusters were identified in metagenomes representing peat bogs, the deep subsurface, and marine ecosystems including oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), suggesting a capacity for DCM degradation in diverse habitats. The broad distribution of anaerobic DCM catabolic potential infers a role for DCM as an energy source in various environmental systems, and implies that the global DCM flux (i.e., the rate of formation minus the rate of consumption) might be greater than emission measurements suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Murdoch
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gao Chen
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fadime Kara Murdoch
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - E Erin Mack
- Corteva Environmental Remediation, Corteva Agriscience, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Robert L Hettich
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Frank E Löffler
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Wang B, Gao J, Xu J, Fu X, Han H, Li Z, Wang L, Zhang F, Tian Y, Peng R, Yao Q. Optimization and reconstruction of two new complete degradation pathways for 3-chlorocatechol and 4-chlorocatechol in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126428. [PMID: 34171665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated aromatic compounds are a serious environmental concern because of their widespread occurrence throughout the environment. Although several microorganisms have evolved to gain the ability to degrade chlorinated aromatic compounds and use them as carbon sources, they still cannot meet the diverse needs of pollution remediation. In this study, the degradation pathways for 3-chlorocatechol (3CC) and 4-chlorocatechol (4CC) were successfully reconstructed by the optimization, synthesis, and assembly of functional genes from different strains. The addition of a 13C-labeled substrate and functional analysis of different metabolic modules confirmed that the genetically engineered strains can metabolize chlorocatechol similar to naturally degrading strains. The strain containing either of these artificial pathways can degrade catechol, 3CC, and 4CC completely, although differences in the degradation efficiency may be noted. Proteomic analysis and scanning electron microscopy observation showed that 3CC and 4CC have toxic effects on Escherichia coli, but the engineered bacteria can significantly eliminate these inhibitory effects. As core metabolic pathways for the degradation of chloroaromatics, the two chlorocatechol degradation pathways constructed in this study can be used to construct pollution remediation-engineered bacteria, and the related technologies may be applied to construct complete degradation pathways for complex organic hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianjie Gao
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Han
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fujian Zhang
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Tian
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Rihe Peng
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Quanhong Yao
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Lienkamp AC, Burnik J, Heine T, Hofmann E, Tischler D. Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferases Involved in Styrene Degradation in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0047421. [PMID: 34319142 PMCID: PMC8552685 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00474-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases carried on the plasmid for the styrene-specific degradation pathway in the Actinobacterium Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Both enzymes were purified via affinity chromatography and subjected to activity investigations. StyI and StyJ displayed activity toward the commonly used glutathione S-transferase model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) with Km values of 0.0682 ± 0.0074 and 2.0281 ± 0.1301 mM and Vmax values of 0.0158 ± 0.0002 and 0.348 ± 0.008 U mg-1 for StyI and StyJ, respectively. The conversion of the natural substrate styrene oxide to the intermediate (1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione was detected for StyI with 48.3 ± 2.9 U mg-1. This elucidates one more step in the not yet fully resolved styrene-specific degradation pathway of Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. A characterization of both purified enzymes adds more insight into the scarce research field of actinobacterial glutathione S-transferases. Moreover, a sequence and phylogenetic analysis puts both enzymes into a physiological and evolutionary context. IMPORTANCE Styrene is a toxic compound that is used at a large scale by industry for plastic production. Bacterial degradation of styrene is a possibility for bioremediation and pollution prevention. Intermediates of styrene derivatives degraded in the styrene-specific pathways are precursors for valuable chemical compounds. The pathway in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 has proven to accept a broader substrate range than other bacterial styrene degraders. The enzymes characterized in this study, distinguish CWB2s pathway from other known styrene degradation routes and thus might be the main key for its ability to produce ibuprofen from the respective styrene derivative. A biotechnological utilization of this cascade could lead to efficient and sustainable production of drugs, flavors, and fragrances. Moreover, research on glutathione metabolism in Actinobacteria is rare. Here, a characterization of two glutathione S-transferases of actinobacterial origin is presented, and the utilization of glutathione in the metabolism of an Actinobacterium is proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Lienkamp
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Burnik
- X-Ray Structure Analysis of Proteins, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- X-Ray Structure Analysis of Proteins, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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9
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Federici L, Masulli M, Allocati N. An Overview of Biosensors Based on Glutathione Transferases and for the Detection of Glutathione. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Federici
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry University “G. d' Annunzio” Chieti Italy
- CAST (Center for Advanced Studies and Technology) University “G. d' Annunzio” Chieti Italy
- UniCamillus – Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences Rome Italy
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry University “G. d' Annunzio” Chieti Italy
| | - Nerino Allocati
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry University “G. d' Annunzio” Chieti Italy
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10
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Moosmann B, Schindeldecker M, Hajieva P. Cysteine, glutathione and a new genetic code: biochemical adaptations of the primordial cells that spread into open water and survived biospheric oxygenation. Biol Chem 2021; 401:213-231. [PMID: 31318686 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Life most likely developed under hyperthermic and anaerobic conditions in close vicinity to a stable geochemical source of energy. Epitomizing this conception, the first cells may have arisen in submarine hydrothermal vents in the middle of a gradient established by the hot and alkaline hydrothermal fluid and the cooler and more acidic water of the ocean. To enable their escape from this energy-providing gradient layer, the early cells must have overcome a whole series of obstacles. Beyond the loss of their energy source, the early cells had to adapt to a loss of external iron-sulfur catalysis as well as to a formidable temperature drop. The developed solutions to these two problems seem to have followed the principle of maximum parsimony: Cysteine was introduced into the genetic code to anchor iron-sulfur clusters, and fatty acid unsaturation was installed to maintain lipid bilayer viscosity. Unfortunately, both solutions turned out to be detrimental when the biosphere became more oxidizing after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. To render cysteine thiol groups and fatty acid unsaturation compatible with life under oxygen, numerous counter-adaptations were required including the advent of glutathione and the addition of the four latest amino acids (methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, selenocysteine) to the genetic code. In view of the continued diversification of derived antioxidant mechanisms, it appears that modern life still struggles with the initially developed strategies to escape from its hydrothermal birthplace. Only archaea may have found a more durable solution by entirely exchanging their lipid bilayer components and rigorously restricting cysteine usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Moosmann
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Schindeldecker
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Parvana Hajieva
- Cellular Adaptation Group, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Mfeka MS, Martínez-Oyanedel J, Chen W, Achilonu I, Syed K, Khoza T. Comparative analyses and structural insights of new class glutathione transferases in Cryptosporidium species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20370. [PMID: 33230237 PMCID: PMC7683740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium, is estimated to rank as a leading cause in the global burden of neglected zoonotic parasitic diseases. This diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Based on the C. parvum transcriptome data, glutathione transferase (GST) has been suggested as a drug target against this pathogen. GSTs are diverse multifunctional proteins involved in cellular defense and detoxification in organisms and help pathogens to alleviate chemical and environmental stress. In this study, we performed genome-wide data mining, identification, classification and in silico structural analysis of GSTs in fifteen Cryptosporidium species. The study revealed the presence three GSTs in each of the Cryptosporidium species analyzed in the study. Based on the percentage identity and comprehensive comparative phylogenetic analysis, we assigned Cryptosporidium species GSTs to three new GST classes, named Vega (ϑ), Gamma (γ) and Psi (ψ). The study also revealed an atypical thioredoxin-like fold in the C. parvum GST1 of the Vega class, whereas C. parvum GST2 of the Gamma class and C. melagridis GST3 of the Psi class has a typical thioredoxin-like fold in the N-terminal region. This study reports the first comparative analysis of GSTs in Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbalenhle Sizamile Mfeka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, 3209, South Africa
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Casilla 160_C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Wanping Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, 1 Main Road Vulindlela, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
| | - Thandeka Khoza
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, 3209, South Africa.
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12
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Hilario E, De Keyser S, Fan L. Structural and biochemical characterization of a glutathione transferase from the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:778-789. [PMID: 32744260 PMCID: PMC7397488 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320009274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Xanthomonas comprises several cosmopolitan plant-pathogenic bacteria that affect more than 400 plant species, most of which are of economic interest. Citrus canker is a bacterial disease that affects citrus species, reducing fruit yield and quality, and is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac). The Xac3819 gene, which has previously been reported to be important for citrus canker infection, encodes an uncharacterized glutathione S-transferase (GST) of 207 amino-acid residues in length (XacGST). Bacterial GSTs are implicated in a variety of metabolic processes such as protection against chemical and oxidative stresses. XacGST shares high sequence identity (45%) with the GstB dehalogenase from Escherichia coli O6:H1 strain CFT073 (EcGstB). Here, XacGST is reported to be able to conjugate glutathione (GSH) with bromoacetate with a Km of 6.67 ± 0.77 mM, a kcat of 42.69 ± 0.32 s-1 and a kcat/Km of 6.40 ± 0.72 mM-1 s-1 under a saturated GSH concentration (3.6 mM). These values are comparable to those previously reported for EcGstB. In addition, crystal structures of XacGST were determined in the apo form (PDB entry 6nxv) and in a GSH-bound complex (PDB entry 6nv6). XacGST has a canonical GST-like fold with a conserved serine residue (Ser12) at the GSH-binding site near the N-terminus, indicating XacGST to be a serine-type GST that probably belongs to the theta-class GSTs. GSH binding stabilizes a loop of about 20 residues containing a helix that is disordered in the apo XacGST structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Hilario
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Sawyer De Keyser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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13
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Dobritzsch D, Grancharov K, Hermsen C, Krauss GJ, Schaumlöffel D. Inhibitory effect of metals on animal and plant glutathione transferases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 57:48-56. [PMID: 31561169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a widespread enzyme superfamily in eukaryotes and prokaryotes catalyzing different reactions with endogenous and xenobiotic substrates such as organic pollutants. The latter are often found together with metal contamination in the environment. Besides performing of essential functions, GSTs protect cells by conjugation of glutathione with various reactive electrophiles. The interference of toxic metals with this functionality of GSTs may have unpredictable toxicological consequences for the organisms. In this review results from the recent literature are summarized and discussed describing the ability of metals to inhibit intracellular detoxification processes in animals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dobritzsch
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Ökologische und Pflanzen-Biochemie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Konstantin Grancharov
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Dept. Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Corinna Hermsen
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Ökologische und Pflanzen-Biochemie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd-Joachim Krauss
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Ökologische und Pflanzen-Biochemie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- CNRS / Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour / E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
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14
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Lienkamp AC, Heine T, Tischler D. Glutathione: A powerful but rare cofactor among Actinobacteria. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 110:181-217. [PMID: 32386605 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine, GSH) is a powerful cellular redox agent. In nature only the l,l-form is common among the tree of life. It serves as antioxidant or redox buffer system, protein regeneration and activation by interaction with thiol groups, unspecific reagent for conjugation during detoxification, marker for amino acid or peptide transport even through membranes, activation or solubilization of compounds during degradative pathways or just as redox shuttle. However, the role of GSH production and utilization in bacteria is more complex and especially little is known for the Actinobacteria. Some recent reports on GSH use in degradative pathways came across and this is described herein. GSH is used by transferases to activate and solubilize epoxides. It allows funneling epoxides as isoprene oxide or styrene oxide into central metabolism. Thus, the distribution of GSH synthesis, recycling and application among bacteria and especially Actinobacteria are highlighted including the pathways and contributing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Lienkamp
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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15
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Liu W, Tian J, Hou N, Yu N, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Identification, genomic organization and expression pattern of glutathione transferase in Pardosa pseudoannulata. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 32:100626. [PMID: 31669773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, is one of the dominant natural enemies in farmlands and plays important roles in controlling a range of insect pests. The spider is less sensitive to many insecticides than the target pests such as the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. The different sensitivity to a certain insecticide between species is mostly attributed to the differences in both molecular targets and detoxification enzymes. As one of the most important detoxification enzymes, glutathione transferases (GSTs) play a key role as phase II enzyme in the enzymic detoxification in organisms. Until now, there are few studies on spiders' GSTs, limiting the understanding of insecticide selectivity between insect pests and natural enemy spiders. In this study, based on the transcriptome and genome sequencing of P. pseudoannulata, thirteen full-length transcripts encoding GSTs were identified and analyzed. Interestingly, Delta family, which is thought to be specific to the Insecta, was identified in P. pseudoannulata. Further, vertebrate/mammalian-specific Mu family was also identified in P. pseudoannulata. The mRNA expression levels of cytosolic GSTs in different tissues were determined, and most GST genes were abundant in the gut and the fat body. To investigate GST candidates involving in insecticide detoxification, the mRNA levels of cytosolic GSTs were tested after spiders' exposure to either imidacloprid or deltamethrin. The results showed that PpGSTD3 and PpGSTT1 responded to at least one of these two insecticides. The present study helped understand the function of GSTs in P. pseudoannulata and enriched the genetic information of natural enemy spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nannan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Romero-Silva R, Sánchez-Reyes A, Díaz-Rodríguez Y, Batista-García RA, Hernández-Hernández D, Tabullo de Robles J. Bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum solid wastes and drill cuttings by Pleurotus sp. under different treatment scales. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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17
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Di Matteo A, Federici L, Masulli M, Carletti E, Santorelli D, Cassidy J, Paradisi F, Di Ilio C, Allocati N. Structural Characterization of the Xi Class Glutathione Transferase From the Haloalkaliphilic Archaeon Natrialba magadii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:9. [PMID: 30713525 PMCID: PMC6345682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xi class glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a recently identified group, within this large superfamily of enzymes, specifically endowed with glutathione-dependent reductase activity on glutathionyl-hydroquinone. Enzymes belonging to this group are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, and plants but not in higher eukaryotes. Xi class GSTs are also frequently found in archaea and here we focus on the enzyme produced by the extreme haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natrialba magadii (NmGHR). We investigated its function and stability and determined its 3D structure in the apo form by X-ray crystallography. NmGHR displays the same fold of its mesophilic counterparts, is enriched in negatively charged residues, which are evenly distributed along the surface of the protein, and is characterized by a peculiar distribution of hydrophobic residues. A distinctive feature of haloalkaliphilic archaea is their preference for γ-glutamyl-cysteine over glutathione as a reducing thiol. Indeed we found that the N. magadii genome lacks a gene coding for glutathione synthase. Analysis of NmGHR structure suggests that the thiol binding site (G-site) of the enzyme is well suited for hosting γ-glutamyl-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Di Matteo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,CeSI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erminia Carletti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,CeSI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele Santorelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,CeSI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Jennifer Cassidy
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nerino Allocati
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Gullner G, Komives T, Király L, Schröder P. Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1836. [PMID: 30622544 PMCID: PMC6308375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families. A characteristic feature of GST genes is their high inducibility by a wide range of stress conditions including biotic stress. Early studies on the role of GSTs in plant biotic stress showed that certain GST genes are specifically up-regulated by microbial infections. Later numerous transcriptome-wide investigations proved that distinct groups of GSTs are markedly induced in the early phase of bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Proteomic investigations also confirmed the accumulation of multiple GST proteins in infected plants. Furthermore, functional studies revealed that overexpression or silencing of specific GSTs can markedly modify disease symptoms and also pathogen multiplication rates. However, very limited information is available about the exact metabolic functions of disease-induced GST isoenzymes and about their endogenous substrates. The already recognized roles of GSTs are the detoxification of toxic substances by their conjugation with glutathione, the attenuation of oxidative stress and the participation in hormone transport. Some GSTs display glutathione peroxidase activity and these GSTs can detoxify toxic lipid hydroperoxides that accumulate during infections. GSTs can also possess ligandin functions and participate in the intracellular transport of auxins. Notably, the expression of multiple GSTs is massively activated by salicylic acid and some GST enzymes were demonstrated to be receptor proteins of salicylic acid. Furthermore, induction of GST genes or elevated GST activities have often been observed in plants treated with beneficial microbes (bacteria and fungi) that induce a systemic resistance response (ISR) to subsequent pathogen infections. Further research is needed to reveal the exact metabolic functions of GST isoenzymes in infected plants and to understand their contribution to disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Komives
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Király
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analyses, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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19
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Genome-wide analysis of the Tetrahymena thermophila glutathione S-transferase gene superfamily. Genomics 2018; 111:534-548. [PMID: 30572113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila has a rapid response to detoxify xenobiotics, which presents opportunity to study the diversification of Glutathione S-Transferase superfamily. In-silico identification of putative GST genes were resulted with 70 GST genes; 49 TtGSTmu, 7 TtGSTomega, 5 TtGSTtheta, 2 TtGSTzeta, 4 TtMAPEG and 3 TtEF1G. TtGST superfamily has short intron carrying or intronless genes. The most expressed mRNAs of TtGST are limited to 4 members at all life stages. TtGST genes are widely distributed to all five micronuclear chromosomes with the highest diversified members from different classes in chromosome 4. The clustering and the orientation of some TtGSTs in the T. thermophila genome give clues about the recent gene duplication. Analysis of GSH affinity-purified GST proteins with Western blot and activity assay showed GST activity carrying purified TtGST populations. In conclusion, the enhanced genome capacity of TtGST superfamily may have evolved through improved GST enzymatic activity.
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20
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Heine T, Zimmerling J, Ballmann A, Kleeberg SB, Rückert C, Busche T, Winkler A, Kalinowski J, Poetsch A, Scholtissek A, Oelschlägel M, Schmidt G, Tischler D. On the Enigma of Glutathione-Dependent Styrene Degradation in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00154-18. [PMID: 29475871 PMCID: PMC5930330 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00154-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among bacteria, only a single styrene-specific degradation pathway has been reported so far. It comprises the activity of styrene monooxygenase, styrene oxide isomerase, and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase, yielding phenylacetic acid as the central metabolite. The alternative route comprises ring-hydroxylating enzymes and yields vinyl catechol as central metabolite, which undergoes meta-cleavage. This was reported to be unspecific and also allows the degradation of benzene derivatives. However, some bacteria had been described to degrade styrene but do not employ one of those routes or only parts of them. Here, we describe a novel "hybrid" degradation pathway for styrene located on a plasmid of foreign origin. As putatively also unspecific, it allows metabolizing chemically analogous compounds (e.g., halogenated and/or alkylated styrene derivatives). Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 was isolated with styrene as the sole source of carbon and energy. It employs an assembled route of the styrene side-chain degradation and isoprene degradation pathways that also funnels into phenylacetic acid as the central metabolite. Metabolites, enzyme activity, genome, transcriptome, and proteome data reinforce this observation and allow us to understand this biotechnologically relevant pathway, which can be used for the production of ibuprofen.IMPORTANCE The degradation of xenobiotics by bacteria is not only important for bioremediation but also because the involved enzymes are potential catalysts in biotechnological applications. This study reveals a novel degradation pathway for the hazardous organic compound styrene in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. This study provides an impressive illustration of horizontal gene transfer, which enables novel metabolic capabilities. This study presents glutathione-dependent styrene metabolization in an (actino-)bacterium. Further, the genomic background of the ability of strain CWB2 to produce ibuprofen is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heine
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Anne Ballmann
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Rückert
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anika Scholtissek
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Gert Schmidt
- Institut für Keramik, Glas- und Baustofftechnik, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Allocati N, Masulli M, Di Ilio C, Federici L. Glutathione transferases: substrates, inihibitors and pro-drugs in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:8. [PMID: 29362397 PMCID: PMC5833873 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione transferase classical GSH conjugation activity plays a critical role in cellular detoxification against xenobiotics and noxious compounds as well as against oxidative stress. However, this feature is also exploited by cancer cells to acquire drug resistance and improve their survival. As a result, various members of the family were found overexpressed in a number of different cancers. Moreover several GST polymorphisms, ranging from null phenotypes to point mutations, were detected in members of the family and found to correlate with the onset of neuro-degenerative diseases. In the last decades, a great deal of research aimed at clarifying the role played by GSTs in drug resistance, at developing inhibitors to counteract this activity but also at exploiting GSTs for prodrugs specific activation in cancer cells. Here we summarize some of the most important achievements reached in this lively area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.,CESI-MET, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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22
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Draft Genome Sequences of Three Terrestrial Isoprene-Degrading Rhodococcus Strains. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/45/e01256-17. [PMID: 29122877 PMCID: PMC5679810 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01256-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is produced in abundance by plants and constitutes a carbon source for microbes. The genomes of three isoprene degraders isolated from tree leaves or soil from the campus of the University of East Anglia were sequenced. These high-GC-content isolates are actinobacteria belonging to the genus Rhodococcus.
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23
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Pophaly SD, Poonam S, Pophaly SD, Kapila S, Nanda DK, Tomar SK, Singh R. Glutathione biosynthesis and activity of dependent enzymes in food-grade lactic acid bacteria harbouring multidomain bifunctional fusion gene (gshF). J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:194-203. [PMID: 28403558 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis ability and activity of dependent enzymes in food-grade lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and correlating with genomic information on GSH system in LAB. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole-genome sequences of 26 food-grade LAB were screened for the presence/absence of a set of genes involved in de novo GSH system. Multiple strains of Streptococcus thermophilus (37), Lactobacillus casei (37), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (4), Lactobacillus paracasei (8) Lactobacillus plantarum (23) and Lactobacillus fermentum (22) were screened for biochemical evidence of the GSH system. Multiple sequence analysis of GshF sequences was carried out for comparing the genomic signatures between GSH-producing and nonproducing species. CONCLUSIONS Streptococcus thermophilus was found to have de novo GSH biosynthesis as well as import ability. Lactobacillus sp. were negative for GSH synthesis but could import it from the medium. All the species exhibited prolific GSH reductase and peroxidase activity. Sequence analysis revealed the absence of key amino acid residues as well as a truncated N-terminal region in lactobacilli. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides a comprehensive view on the status of an important antioxidative system (the GSH system) in LAB and is expected to serve as a primer for future work on the mechanistic role of GSH in the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Pophaly
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.,Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - S Poonam
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S D Pophaly
- Section of Population Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - S Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - D K Nanda
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S K Tomar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - R Singh
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.,Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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24
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Crystal Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ECM4, a Xi-Class Glutathione Transferase that Reacts with Glutathionyl-(hydro)quinones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164678. [PMID: 27736955 PMCID: PMC5063366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathionyl-hydroquinone reductases (GHRs) belong to the recently characterized Xi-class of glutathione transferases (GSTXs) according to unique structural properties and are present in all but animal kingdoms. The GHR ScECM4 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied since 1997 when it was found to be potentially involved in cell-wall biosynthesis. Up to now and in spite of biological studies made on this enzyme, its physiological role remains challenging. The work here reports its crystallographic study. In addition to exhibiting the general GSTX structural features, ScECM4 shows extensions including a huge loop which contributes to the quaternary assembly. These structural extensions are probably specific to Saccharomycetaceae. Soaking of ScECM4 crystals with GS-menadione results in a structure where glutathione forms a mixed disulfide bond with the cysteine 46. Solution studies confirm that ScECM4 has reductase activity for GS-menadione in presence of glutathione. Moreover, the high resolution structures allowed us to propose new roles of conserved residues of the active site to assist the cysteine 46 during the catalytic act.
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25
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Crombie AT, Khawand ME, Rhodius VA, Fengler KA, Miller MC, Whited GM, McGenity TJ, Murrell JC. Regulation of plasmid-encoded isoprene metabolism in Rhodococcus, a representative of an important link in the global isoprene cycle. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3314-29. [PMID: 25727256 PMCID: PMC4676930 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) form an important part of the global carbon cycle, comprising a significant proportion of net ecosystem productivity. They impact atmospheric chemistry and contribute directly and indirectly to greenhouse gases. Isoprene, emitted largely from plants, comprises one third of total VOCs, yet in contrast to methane, which is released in similar quantities, we know little of its biodegradation. Here, we report the genome of an isoprene degrading isolate, Rhodococcus sp. AD45, and, using mutagenesis shows that a plasmid-encoded soluble di-iron centre isoprene monooxygenase (IsoMO) is essential for isoprene metabolism. Using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to analyse cells exposed to isoprene or epoxyisoprene in a substrate-switch time-course experiment, we show that transcripts from 22 contiguous genes, including those encoding IsoMO, were highly upregulated, becoming among the most abundant in the cell and comprising over 25% of the entire transcriptome. Analysis of gene transcription in the wild type and an IsoMO-disrupted mutant strain showed that epoxyisoprene, or a subsequent product of isoprene metabolism, rather than isoprene itself, was the inducing molecule. We provide a foundation of molecular data for future research on the environmental biological consumption of this important, climate-active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Virgil A Rhodius
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | | | - Michael C Miller
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Gregg M Whited
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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26
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Structural and enzymatic insights into Lambda glutathione transferases from Populus trichocarpa, monomeric enzymes constituting an early divergent class specific to terrestrial plants. Biochem J 2014; 462:39-52. [PMID: 24825169 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GSTs represent a superfamily of multifunctional proteins which play crucial roles in detoxification processes and secondary metabolism. Instead of promoting the conjugation of glutathione to acceptor molecules as do most GSTs, members of the Lambda class (GSTLs) catalyse deglutathionylation reactions via a catalytic cysteine residue. Three GSTL genes (Pt-GSTL1, Pt-GSTL2 and Pt-GSTL3) are present in Populus trichocarpa, but two transcripts, differing in their 5' extremities, were identified for Pt-GSTL3. Transcripts for these genes were primarily found in flowers, fruits, petioles and buds, but not in leaves and roots, suggesting roles associated with secondary metabolism in these organs. The expression of GFP-fusion proteins in tobacco showed that Pt-GSTL1 is localized in plastids, whereas Pt-GSTL2 and Pt-GSTL3A and Pt-GSTL3B are found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The resolution of Pt-GSTL1 and Pt-GSTL3 structures by X-ray crystallography indicated that, although these proteins adopt a canonical GST fold quite similar to that found in dimeric Omega GSTs, their non-plant counterparts, they are strictly monomeric. This might explain some differences in the enzymatic properties of both enzyme types. Finally, from competition experiments between aromatic substrates and a fluorescent probe, we determined that the recognition of glutathionylated substrates is favoured over non-glutathionylated forms.
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27
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Perera VR, Newton GL, Parnell JM, Komives EA, Pogliano K. Purification and characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus bacillithiol transferase BstA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1840:2851-61. [PMID: 24821014 PMCID: PMC4802972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes synthesize the low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol rather than glutathione or mycothiol. The bacillithiol transferase YfiT from Bacillus subtilis was identified as a new member of the recently discovered DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily. Based on structural similarity using the Superfamily program, we have determined 30 of 31 Staphylococcus aureus strains encode a single bacillithiol transferase from the DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily, while the remaining strain encodes two proteins. METHODS We have cloned, purified, and confirmed the activity of a recombinant bacillithiol transferase (henceforth called BstA) encoded by the S. aureus Newman ORF NWMN_2591. Moreover, we have studied the saturation kinetics and substrate specificity of this enzyme using in vitro biochemical assays. RESULTS BstA was found to be active with the co-substrate bacillithiol, but not with other low molecular weight thiols tested. BstA catalyzed bacillithiol conjugation to the model substrates monochlorobimane, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and the antibiotic cerulenin. Several other molecules, including the antibiotic rifamycin S, were found to react directly with bacillithiol, but the addition of BstA did not enhance the rate of reaction. Furthermore, cells growing in nutrient rich medium exhibited low BstA activity. CONCLUSIONS BstA is a bacillithiol transferase from S. aureus that catalyzes the detoxification of cerulenin. Additionally, we have determined that bacillithiol itself might be capable of directly detoxifying electrophilic molecules. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE BstA is an active bacillithiol transferase from S. aureus Newman and is the first DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily member identified from this organism. Interestingly, BstA is highly divergent from B. subtilis YfiT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varahenage R Perera
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377
| | - Gerald L Newton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377
| | - Jonathan M Parnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0378
| | - Elizabeth A Komives
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0378
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377.
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Oztetik E, Cakir A. New food for an old mouth: new enzyme for an ancient archaea. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 55:58-64. [PMID: 24411446 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As a multifunctional group of enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are capable of inactivation, degradation or excretion of wide range of compounds catalytically or non-catalytically. However, to date, no study has been addresses the presence of GSTs in archaea based on their enzymatic functions. In this study, beside glutathione (GSH) amount measurement, the determination of GST activity in halophilic archaeon called Haloarcula hispanica ATCC 33960 were aimed. According to the results, specific activity was determined as 19.68 nmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ protein and GSH content were found to be as 194 μg g⁻¹ K(m) and V(max) values for CDNB and GSH calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plot were 0.46 mM and 27.93 nmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹, 0.13 mM and 22.03 nmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹, respectively. Hanes-Woolf and Eadie-Hofstee plots for CDNB and GSH were also found to be in co-relation with the results obtained from Lineweaver-Burk plot. To the best of our knowledge, GST enzymes have not been identified in archaea yet, at least based on their catalytic activities. Therefore, it is the first report on this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Oztetik
- Anadolu University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Cakir
- Anadolu University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Lira-Silva E, Santiago-Martínez MG, García-Contreras R, Zepeda-Rodríguez A, Marín-Hernández A, Moreno-Sánchez R, Jasso-Chávez R. Cd2+ resistance mechanisms in Methanosarcina acetivorans involve the increase in the coenzyme M content and induction of biofilm synthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 5:799-808. [PMID: 24249288 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess what defence mechanisms are triggered by Cd(2+) stress in Methanosarcina acetivorans, cells were cultured at different cadmium concentrations. In the presence of 100 μM CdCl2, the intracellular contents of cysteine, sulfide and coenzyme M increased, respectively, 8, 27 and 7 times versus control. Cells incubated for 24 h in medium with less cysteine and sulfide removed up to 80% of Cd(2+) added, whereas their cysteine and coenzyme M contents increased 160 and 84 times respectively. Cadmium accumulation (5.2 μmol/10-15 mg protein) resulted in an increase in methane synthesis of 4.5 times in cells grown on acetate. Total phosphate also increased under high (0.5 mM) Cd(2+) stress. On the other hand, cells preadapted to 54 μM CdCl2 and further exposed to > 0.63 mM CdCl2 developed the formation of a biofilm with an extracellular matrix constituted by carbohydrates, DNA and proteins. Biofilm cells were able to synthesize methane. The data suggested that increased intracellular contents of thiol molecules and total phosphate, and biofilm formation, are all involved in the cadmium resistance mechanisms in this marine archaeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lira-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
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30
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Heinemann J, Hamerly T, Maaty WS, Movahed N, Steffens JD, Reeves BD, Hilmer JK, Therien J, Grieco PA, Peters JW, Bothner B. Expanding the paradigm of thiol redox in the thermophilic root of life. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:80-5. [PMID: 23962628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current paradigm of intracellular redox chemistry maintains that cells establish a reducing environment maintained by a pool of small molecule and protein thiol to protect against oxidative damage. This strategy is conserved in mesophilic organisms from all domains of life, but has been confounded in thermophilic organisms where evidence suggests that intracellular proteins have abundant disulfides. METHODS Chemical labeling and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis were used to capture disulfide bonding in the proteome of the model thermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus. The redox poise of the metabolome was characterized using both chemical labeling and untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Gene annotation was undertaken using support vector machine based pattern recognition. RESULTS Proteomic analysis indicated the intracellular protein thiol of S. solfataricus was primarily in the disulfide form. Metabolic characterization revealed a lack of reduced small molecule thiol. Glutathione was found primarily in the oxidized state (GSSG), at relatively low concentration. Combined with genetic analysis, this evidence shows that pathways for synthesis of glutathione do exist in the archaeal domain. CONCLUSIONS In observed thermophilic organisms, thiol abundance and redox poise suggest that this system is not directly utilized for protection against oxidative damage. Instead, a more oxidized intracellular environment promotes disulfide bonding, a critical adaptation for protein thermostability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Based on the placement of thermophilic archaea close to the last universal common ancestor in rRNA phylogenies, we hypothesize that thiol-based redox systems are derived from metabolic pathways originally tasked with promoting protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Heinemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Puglisi I, Lo Cicero L, Lo Piero AR. The glutathione S-transferase gene superfamily: an in silico approach to study the post translational regulation. Biodegradation 2013; 24:471-85. [PMID: 23229743 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of plants to reclaim contaminated soils and groundwater, known as phytoremediation, is a promising biotechnological strategy which has gained a lot of attention in the last few years. Plants have evolved sophisticated detoxification systems against the toxin chemicals: following the uptake, the compounds are activated so that certain functional groups can conjugate hydrophilic molecules, such as thiols. The resulting conjugates are recognized by the tonoplast transporters and sequestered into the vacuoles. The xenobiotic conjugation with glutathione is mediated by enzymes which belong to the superfamily of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) catalyzing the nucleophylic attack of the sulphur of glutathione on the electrophilic groups of the cytotoxic substrates therefore playing a crucial role in their degradation. This study was designed to identify the putative correlation between structural and functional characteristics of plant GST classes belonging to different plant species. Consequently, the protein sequences of the expressed GSTs have been retrieved from UniGene, classified and then analyzed in order to assess the evolutionary trend and to predict secondary structure. Moreover, the fingerprint analysis was performed with SCAN Prosite in the attempt to correlate meaningful signature profile and biological information. The results evidenced that all the soluble GSTs have a tendency to assume the α-helix secondary structure followed by random coil and β-sheet. The fingerprint analysis revealed that specific signature profiles related mainly to protein phosphorylation are in the GST classes of all considered species thus suggesting that they might be subjected to reversible activation by phosphorylation-mediated regulation. This approach provides the knowledge of the relationship between presence of conserved signature profile and biological function in the view of future selection of GSTs which might be employed in either mutagenesis or genetic engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari (DISPA), Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 98, Catania, Italy
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Deponte M. Glutathione catalysis and the reaction mechanisms of glutathione-dependent enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3217-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Zhang Y, Li Y. Engineering the antioxidative properties of lactic acid bacteria for improving its robustness. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:142-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fahey RC. Glutathione analogs in prokaryotes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3182-98. [PMID: 23075826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen is both essential and toxic to all forms of aerobic life and the chemical versatility and reactivity of thiols play a key role in both aspects. Cysteine thiol groups have key catalytic functions in enzymes but are readily damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Low-molecular-weight thiols provide protective buffers against the hazards of ROS toxicity. Glutathione is the small protective thiol in nearly all eukaryotes but in prokaryotes the situation is far more complex. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides an introduction to the diversity of low-molecular-weight thiol protective systems in bacteria. The topics covered include the limitations of cysteine as a protector, the multiple origins and distribution of glutathione biosynthesis, mycothiol biosynthesis and function in Actinobacteria, recent discoveries involving bacillithiol found in Firmicutes, new insights on the biosynthesis and distribution of ergothioneine, and the potential protective roles played by coenzyme A and other thiols. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Bacteria have evolved a diverse collection of low-molecular-weight protective thiols to deal with oxygen toxicity and environmental challenges. Our understanding of how many of these thiols are produced and utilized is still at an early stage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Extensive diversity existed among prokaryotes prior to evolution of the cyanobacteria and the development of an oxidizing atmosphere. Bacteria that managed to adapt to life under oxygen evolved, or acquired, the ability to produce a variety of small thiols for protection against the hazards of aerobic metabolism. Many pathogenic prokaryotes depend upon novel thiol protection systems that may provide targets for new antibacterial agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Fahey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Pophaly SD, Singh R, Pophaly SD, Kaushik JK, Tomar SK. Current status and emerging role of glutathione in food grade lactic acid bacteria. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:114. [PMID: 22920585 PMCID: PMC3462692 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have taken centre stage in perspectives of modern fermented food industry and probiotic based therapeutics. These bacteria encounter various stress conditions during industrial processing or in the gastrointestinal environment. Such conditions are overcome by complex molecular assemblies capable of synthesizing and/or metabolizing molecules that play a specific role in stress adaptation. Thiols are important class of molecules which contribute towards stress management in cell. Glutathione, a low molecular weight thiol antioxidant distributed widely in eukaryotes and Gram negative organisms, is present sporadically in Gram positive bacteria. However, new insights on its occurrence and role in the latter group are coming to light. Some LAB and closely related Gram positive organisms are proposed to possess glutathione synthesis and/or utilization machinery. Also, supplementation of glutathione in food grade LAB is gaining attention for its role in stress protection and as a nutrient and sulfur source. Owing to the immense benefits of glutathione, its release by probiotic bacteria could also find important applications in health improvement. This review presents our current understanding about the status of glutathione and its role as an exogenously added molecule in food grade LAB and closely related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarang Dilip Pophaly
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
| | - Rameshwar Singh
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
| | | | - Jai K Kaushik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
| | - Sudhir Kumar Tomar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, 132001
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Xie X, Liang J, Pu T, Xu F, Yao F, Yang Y, Zhao YL, You D, Zhou X, Deng Z, Wang Z. Phosphorothioate DNA as an antioxidant in bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9115-24. [PMID: 22772986 PMCID: PMC3467049 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse bacteria contain DNA with sulfur incorporated stereo-specifically into their DNA backbone at specific sequences (phosphorothioation). We found that in vitro oxidation of phosphorothioate (PT) DNA by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or peracetic acid has two possible outcomes: DNA backbone cleavage or sulfur removal resulting in restoration of normal DNA backbone. The physiological relevance of this redox reaction was investigated by challenging PT DNA hosting Salmonella enterica cells using H(2)O(2). DNA phosphorothioation was found to correlate with increasing resistance to the growth inhibition by H(2)O(2). Resistance to H(2)O(2) was abolished when each of the three dnd genes, required for phosphorothioation, was inactivated. In vivo, PT DNA is more resistant to the double-strand break damage caused by H(2)O(2) than PT-free DNA. Furthermore, sulfur on the modified DNA was consumed and the DNA was converted to PT-free state when the bacteria were incubated with H(2)O(2). These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that phosphorothioation modification endows DNA with reducing chemical property, which protects the hosting bacteria against peroxide, explaining why this modification is maintained by diverse bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
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