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Li Y, Meng S, Dong N, Wei Y, Wang Y, Li X, Liu D, You T. Space-Confined Electrochemical Aptasensing with Conductive Hydrogels for Enhanced Applicability to Aflatoxin B1 Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14806-14813. [PMID: 37751371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination has received considerable attention for the serious harm it causes and its wide distribution. Hence, its efficient monitoring is of great importance. Herein, a space-confined electrochemical aptasensor for AFB1 detection is developed using a conductive hydrogel. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and methylene blue-embedded double-stranded DNA (MB-dsDNA) were integrated into the conductive Au-hydrogel by ultraviolet (UV) polymerization. Specific recognition of AFB1 by the aptamer released MB from MB-dsDNA in the matrix. The free DNA migrated to the outer layer due to electrostatic repulsion during the Au-hydrogel formation. The electrochemical aptasensor based on this Au-hydrogel offered a twofold enlarged oxidation current of MB (IMB) compared with that recorded in the homogeneous solution for AFB1 detection. Upon light illumination, this IMB was further enlarged by the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the AuNPs. Ultimately, the Au-hydrogel-based electrochemical aptasensor provided a detection limit of 0.0008 ng mL-1 and a linear range of 0.001-1000 ng mL-1 under illumination for AFB1 detection. The Au-hydrogel allowed for space-confined aptasensing, favorable conductivity, and LSPR enhancement for better sensitivity. It significantly enhanced the applicability of the electrochemical aptasensor by avoiding complicated electrode fabrication and signal loss in a bulk homogeneous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shuyun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Na Dong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ya Wei
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Tianyan You
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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Mandrycky C, Wang Z, Kim K, Kim DH. 3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:422-434. [PMID: 26724184 PMCID: PMC4879088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 869] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a 3D fabrication technology used to precisely dispense cell-laden biomaterials for the construction of complex 3D functional living tissues or artificial organs. While still in its early stages, bioprinting strategies have demonstrated their potential use in regenerative medicine to generate a variety of transplantable tissues, including skin, cartilage, and bone. However, current bioprinting approaches still have technical challenges in terms of high-resolution cell deposition, controlled cell distributions, vascularization, and innervation within complex 3D tissues. While no one-size-fits-all approach to bioprinting has emerged, it remains an on-demand, versatile fabrication technique that may address the growing organ shortage as well as provide a high-throughput method for cell patterning at the micrometer scale for broad biomedical engineering applications. In this review, we introduce the basic principles, materials, integration strategies and applications of bioprinting. We also discuss the recent developments, current challenges and future prospects of 3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues. Combined with recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell technologies, 3D-bioprinted tissue models could serve as an enabling platform for high-throughput predictive drug screening and more effective regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mandrycky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zongjie Wang
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Keekyoung Kim
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
This review focusses on polyanhydrides, a fascinating class of degradable polymers that have been used in and investigated for many bio-related applications because of their degradability and capacity to undergo surface erosion. This latter phenomenon is driven by hydrolysis of the anhydride moieties at the surface and high hydrophobicity of the polymer such that degradation and mass loss (erosion) occur before water can penetrate deep within the bulk of the polymer. As such, when surface-eroding polymers are used as therapeutic delivery vehicles, the rate of delivery is often controlled by the rate of polymer erosion, providing predictable and controlled release rates that are often zero-order. These desirable attributes are heavily influenced by polymer composition and morphology, and therefore also monomer structure and polymerization method. This review examines approaches for polyanhydride synthesis, discusses their general thermomechanical properties, surveys their hydrolysis and degradation processes along with their biocompatibility, and looks at recent developments and uses of polyanhydrides in drug delivery, stimuli-responsive materials, and novel nanotechnologies.
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Poetz KL, Mohammed HS, Shipp DA. Surface Eroding, Semicrystalline Polyanhydrides via Thiol–Ene “Click” Photopolymerization. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1650-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Poetz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science and ‡Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
| | - Halimatu S. Mohammed
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science and ‡Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science and ‡Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
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Safranski DL, Weiss D, Clark JB, Taylor WR, Gall K. Semi-degradable poly(β-amino ester) networks with temporally controlled enhancement of mechanical properties. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3475-83. [PMID: 24769113 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers are clinically used in numerous biomedical applications, and classically show a loss of mechanical properties within weeks of implantation. This work demonstrates a new class of semi-degradable polymers that show an increase in mechanical properties through degradation via a controlled shift in a thermal transition. Semi-degradable polymer networks, poly(β-amino ester)-co-methyl methacrylate, were formed from a low glass transition temperature crosslinker, poly(β-amino ester), and high glass transition temperature monomer, methyl methacrylate, which degraded in a manner dependent upon the crosslinker chemical structure. In vitro and in vivo degradation revealed changes in mechanical behavior due to the degradation of the crosslinker from the polymer network. This novel polymer system demonstrates a strategy to temporally control the mechanical behavior of polymers and to enhance the initial performance of smart biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Safranski
- MedShape, Inc., 1575 Northside Drive NW Suite 440, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Daiana Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - J Brian Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ken Gall
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Novel thermosensitive hydrogels based on methoxy polyethylene glycol-co-poly(lactic acid-co-aromatic anhydride) for cefazolin delivery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:553-60. [PMID: 24096031 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thermosensitive micelles composed of a copolymer of methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG), polylactic acid (PLA), and 1,6-bis (p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane (CPH), namely methoxy polyethylene glycol-co-polylactic acid-co-aromatic anhydride (mPEG-PLCPHA), were fabricated for application as a promising hydrophilic drug carrier. The copolymer can self-assemble into micelles in PBS by hydrophobic interaction. The diameters of these micelles increased as the environmental temperature increased. An increase in viscosity with sol-to-gel transition occurred as temperature increased from room temperature to body temperature. During the in vitro degradation process, hydrogels demonstrated a more stable degradation rate. Both in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity results showed that the materials had excellent biocompatibility due to less acidic products formation. In vitro cefazolin release profiles showed a stable release for 30 days. The hydrogel encapsulated cefazolin exhibited a good antibacterial effect. Based on these results, mPEG-PLCPHA can serve as an injectable depot gel for drug delivery. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, thermosensitive hydrogel encapsulated cefazolin was found to exhibit good antibacterial effects with sustained levels for up to 30 days, enabling the development of an injectable depot gel for long-term drug delivery.
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Enhanced mechanical properties and degradability of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(lactic acid) blends. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-013-0124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Paclitaxel Release from Polyether-Anhydrides Prepared with UV-Curing Process. INT J POLYM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/916571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyanhydrides have been used as drug delivery systems to achieve a long-term delivery due to its hydrophobicity and surface erosion degradation behavior. In order to develop a simple, economical, and rapid approach to synthesize polyanhydrides, we prepared a series of polyether-anhydride membranes composed of different mass fractions of sebacic acid, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and poly(tetramethylene oxide) dimethacrylate by ultraviolet curing process. The chemical structure and thermal properties of target polyanhydrides were characterized, while the paclitaxel releases from the polymer matrix were evaluated by HPLC. The results demonstrated that the UV-curing process is a good method to synthesize the target polymers in a short time, and the paclitaxel release procedure can be controlled by changing the component in the copolymers.
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Mathematical modeling of polymer erosion: Consequences for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:104-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ulery BD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART B, POLYMER PHYSICS 2011; 49:832-864. [PMID: 21769165 PMCID: PMC3136871 DOI: 10.1002/polb.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1185] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of polymers as biomaterials has greatly impacted the advancement of modern medicine. Specifically, polymeric biomaterials that are biodegradable provide the significant advantage of being able to be broken down and removed after they have served their function. Applications are wide ranging with degradable polymers being used clinically as surgical sutures and implants. In order to fit functional demand, materials with desired physical, chemical, biological, biomechanical and degradation properties must be selected. Fortunately, a wide range of natural and synthetic degradable polymers has been investigated for biomedical applications with novel materials constantly being developed to meet new challenges. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field over the past 4 years, specifically highlighting new and interesting discoveries in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D. Ulery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
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Hong DW, Liu TH, Chu IM. Encapsulation of curcumin by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol-b-aromatic anhydride) micelles. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Why Are So Few Degradable Polymeric Biomaterials Currently Established in Clinical Applications? Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:71-5. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.2011.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang H, Wang L, Song L, Niu G, Cao H, Wang G, Yang H, Zhu S. Controllable properties and microstructure of hydrogels based on crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates with different molecular weights. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Son TI, Sakuragi M, Takahashi S, Obuse S, Kang J, Fujishiro M, Matsushita H, Gong J, Shimizu S, Tajima Y, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K, Yamamoto T, Nakamura M, Ito Y. Visible light-induced crosslinkable gelatin. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:4005-10. [PMID: 20580950 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel visible light-crosslinkable porcine gelatin was prepared for gelation and micropatterning. The preparation employed a photo-oxidation-induced crosslinking mechanism. First, furfuryl groups were incorporated into the gelatin. Second, the modified gelatin was mixed in water with Rose Bengal, which is a visible light sensitizer. Irradiation by visible light solidified the aqueous solution. In addition, when the solution was cast on a plate, dried and photo-irradiated in the presence of a photomask a micropattern was formed that matched the micropattern on the photomask. The gelatin-immobilized regions enhanced cell adhesion. It was also confirmed that the gelatin incorporating furfuryl and Rose Bengal have no significant toxicity. The photo-crosslinkable gelatin was employed as a direct pulp capping material in the dental field. Considering these results, this system could be useful as a new type of visible light-induced crosslinkable biosealant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Il Son
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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Synthesis, characterization and in vitro degradation of poly(ester-anhydride)s based on succinic acid and 1,6-bis-p-carboxyphenoxyhexane. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Smoak EM, Henricus MM, Banerjee IA. In situ photopolymerization of PEGDA-protein hydrogels on nanotube surfaces. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liang Y, Xiao L, Li Y, Zhai Y, Xie C, Deng L, Dong A. Poly(ester anhydride)/mPEG amphiphilic block co-polymer nanoparticles as delivery devices for paclitaxel. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2010; 22:701-15. [PMID: 20566053 DOI: 10.1163/092050610x490158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work focused on the preparation and characterization of a novel amphiphilic block co-polymer and paclitaxel-loaded co-polymer nanoparticles (NPs) and in vitro evaluation of the release of paclitaxel and cytotoxicity of NPs. mPEG-b-P(OA-DLLA)-b-mPEG was prepared via melt polycondensation of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG), octadecanedioic acid (OA) and D,L-lactic acid (DLLA) and characterized by FT-IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, GPC, DSC and XRD. The paclitaxel-loaded mPEG-b-P(OA-DLLA)-b-mPEG NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation and then characterized by LPSA, TEM and (1)H-NMR. In vitro release behaviors of the paclitaxel-loaded NPs were investigated by HPLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of NPs was evaluated by MTT assay with normal mouse lung fibroblast cells (L929) as model cells. The composition of mPEG-b-P(OA-DLLA)-b-mPEG is consistent with that of the designed co-polymer. The paclitaxel-loaded NPs are of spherical shape with core/shell structure and size smaller than 300 nm. Paclitaxel can be continuously released from the paclitaxel-loaded NPs and the in vitro release rate of paclitaxel decreases with increasing the content of the P(OA-DLLA) segments in the co-polymer. The mPEG-b-P(OA-DLLA)-b-mPEG NPs are non-toxic to L929. The results suggest that mPEG-b-P(OA-DLLA)-b-mPEG NPs are a potential candidate carrier material for the controlled delivery of paclitaxel and other hydrophobic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Niu G, Song L, Zhang H, Cui X, Kashima M, Yang Z, Cao H, Wang G, Zheng Y, Zhu S, Yang H. Application of thiol-ene photopolymerization for injectable intraocular lenses: A preliminary study. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Weiner AA, Moore MC, Walker AH, Shastri VP. Modulation of protein release from photocrosslinked networks by gelatin microparticles. Int J Pharm 2008; 360:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Weiner AA, Bock EA, Gipson ME, Shastri VP. Photocrosslinked anhydride systems for long-term protein release. Biomaterials 2008; 29:2400-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Diniz Oliveira HF, Weiner AA, Majumder A, Shastri VP. Non-covalent surface engineering of an alloplastic polymeric bone graft material for controlled protein release. J Control Release 2008; 126:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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