Discovery of 4-benzyloxy and 4-(2-phenylethoxy) chalcone fibrate hybrids as novel PPARα agonists with anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities: Design, synthesis and in vitro/in vivo biological evaluation

Novel benzenesulfonamides as dual VEGFR2/FGFR1 inhibitors targeting breast cancer: Design, synthesis, anticancer activity and in silico studies

In the current study, a new series of benzenesulfonamides 6a-r was designed and synthesized as dual VEGFR-2 and FGFR1 kinase inhibitors with anti-cancer activity. The 4-trifluoromethyl benzenesulfonamide 6l exhibited the highest dual VEGFR-2/FGFR1 inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.025 and 0.026 µM, respectively. It showed a higher activity than sorafenib and staurosporine by 1.8- and 1.3-fold, respectively. Furthermore, compound 6l was further tested on EGFR and PDGFR-β kinases showing IC50 values of 0.106 and 0.077 µM, respectively. The target compounds were tested for their anticancer activity against NCI-60 panel of cancer cell lines at 10 µM concentration, where compound 6l displayed the highest mean growth inhibition percent % (GI%) of 60.38%. Compounds 6a, 6b, 6e, 6f, 6h-l, and 6n-r revealed promising GI% on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231), and were subjected to IC50 determination on these cell lines. The tested compounds showed a higher activity on T-47D and MCF-7 cell lines over MDA-MB-231 cell line compared to the used reference standard; sorafenib. Compounds 6e, 6h-j, 6l and 6o revealed IC50 values ≤ 20 µM against T-47D cell line, furthermore, they were found to be non-cytotoxic on Vero normal cell line. Furthermore, the effect of the most active compounds 6i, and 6l in T-47D cells on cell cycle analysis progression, cell apoptosis, and apoptosis markers was investigated. Both compounds arrested cell cycle progression at G1 phase, furthermore, they enhanced early and late apoptosis, as well as necrosis. The capability of compounds 6i, and 6l to induce apoptosis was further confirmed by their ability to raise BAX/BCl-2 ratio and caspase-3 level in the treated cells. Cell migration assay revealed that both compounds 6i and 6l have anti-migratory effects compared to control T-47D cells after 24, and 48 h. Molecular docking studies for compounds 6a-r on VEGFR-2 and FGFR1 binding sites showed that they exhibit an analogous binding mode in both target kinases which agrees with that of type II kinase inhibitors.

Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory assessment of certain substituted 1,2,4-triazoles bearing tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold as COX 1/2-inhibitors

Aiming to discover effective and safe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, a new set of 1,2,4-triazole tetrahydroisoquinoline hybrids 9a-g, 11a-g and 12a-g was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2. In order to overcome the adverse effects of highly selective COX-2 and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors, the compounds of this study were designed with the goal of obtaining moderately selective COX-2 inhibitors. In this study compounds 9e, 9g and 11f are the most effective derivatives against COX-2 with IC50 values 0.87, 1.27 and 0.58 µM, respectively which are better than or comparable to the standard drug celecoxib (IC50 = 0.82 µM) but with lower selectivity indices as required by our goal design. The results of the in vivo anti-inflammatory inhibition test revealed that compounds 9e, 9g and 11f displayed a higher significant anti-inflammatory activity than celecoxib at all-time intervals. In addition, these compounds significantly decreased the production of inflammatory mediators PGE-2, TNF-ɑ and IL-6. Compounds 9e, 9g and 11f had a safe gastric profile compared to indomethacin, also compound 11f (ulcerogenic index = 1.33) was less ulcerous than the safe celecoxib (ulcerogenic index = 3). Moreover, histopathological investigations revealed a normal architecture of both paw skin and gastric mucosa after oral treatment of rats with compound 11f. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed on COX-1 and COX-2 to study the binding pattern of compounds 9e, 9g and 11f on both isoenzymes.

Novel thiazolidin-4-one benzenesulfonamide hybrids as PPARγ agonists: Design, synthesis and in vivo anti-diabetic evaluation

In the current study, two series of novel thiazolidin-4-one benzenesulfonamide arylidene hybrids 9a-l and 10a-f were designed, synthesized and tested in vitro for their PPARɣ agonistic activity. The phenethyl thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamide 9l showed the highest PPARɣ activation % by 41.7%. Whereas, the 3-methoxy- and 4-methyl-4-benzyloxy thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamides 9i, and 9k revealed moderate PPARɣ activation % of 31.7, and 32.8%, respectively, in addition, the 3-methoxy-3-benzyloxy thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamide 10d showed PPARɣ activation % of 33.7% compared to pioglitazone. Compounds 9b, 9i, 9k, 9l, and 10d revealed higher selectivity to PPARɣ over the PPARδ, and PPARα isoforms. An immunohistochemical study was performed in HepG-2 cells to confirm the PPARɣ protein expression for the most active compounds. Compounds 9i, 9k, and 10d showed higher PPARɣ expression than that of pioglitazone. Pharmacological studies were also performed to determine the anti-diabetic activity in rats at a dose of 36 mg/kg, and it was revealed that compounds 9i and 10d improved insulin secretion as well as anti-diabetic effects. The 3-methoxy-4-benzyloxy thiazolidin-4-one sulphonamide 9i showed a better anti-diabetic activity than pioglitazone. Moreover, it showed a rise in blood insulin by 4-folds and C-peptide levels by 48.8%, as well as improved insulin sensitivity. Moreover, compound 9i improved diabetic complications as evidenced by decreasing liver serum enzymes, restoration of total protein and kidney functions. Besides, it combated oxidative stress status and exerted anti-hyperlipidemic effect. Compound 9i showed a superior activity by normalizing some parameters and amelioration of pancreatic, hepatic, and renal histopathological alterations caused by STZ-induction of diabetes. Molecular docking studies, molecular dynamic simulations, and protein ligand interaction analysis were also performed for the newly synthesized compounds to investigate their predicted binding pattern and energies in PPARɣ binding site.

A facile synthesis of 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl) phenoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid: Metabolite of anti-hyperlipidemic drug Fenofibrate

Synthesis and characterization of drug metabolites has emerged as an important area of research in consideration to the significant contribution of studies on metabolites in drug research. The present work comprises synthesis of 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl) phenoxy)-2-methylpropanoic acid, a metabolite of anti-hyperlipidemic drug fenofibrate. The desired compound was prepared by two different synthetic routes. The ketone group of fenofibric acid was reduced using sodium borohydride in one route whereas the hydrolysis of isopropyl ester of the reduced fenofibrate was achieved by the mild alkaline hydrolysis in the other path. Both the ways of synthesis furnished the desired compound in excellent yield and purity. The new synthetic congener was characterized by spectroscopic methods.

Synthetic non-toxic anti-biofilm agents as a strategy in combating bacterial resistance

The tremendous increase in the bacterial resistance to the available antibiotics is a serious problem for the treatment of various infections. Biofilm formation in bacteria significantly contributes to the bacterial survival in host cells, and is considered as an crucial factor, responsible for bacterial resistance. The response of the bacterial cells in the biofilm to antibiotics is completely different from that of the free floating planktonic cells of the same strain. The anti-biofilm agents that could inhibit the biofilm production without affecting the bacterial growth, apply less selective pressure over the bacterial strains than the traditional antibiotics; thus the development of bacterial resistance would be of low incidence. Many attempts have been performed to discover novel agents capable of interfering with the bacterial biofilm life cycle, and several compounds have shown promising activities in suppressing the biofilm production or in dispersing mature existing biofilms. This review describes the different chemical classes that have anti-biofilm effects against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria without affecting the bacterial growth.

Discovery of novel 2-(4-(benzyloxy)-5-(hydroxyl) phenyl) benzothiazole derivatives as multifunctional MAO-B inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

To discover novel multifunctional agents for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, a series of 2-(4-(benzyloxy)-5-(hydroxyl) phenyl) benzothiazole derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated. The results revealed that representative compound 3h possessed potent and selective MAO-B inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.062 µM), and its inhibitory mode was competitive and reversible. Additionally, 3h also displayed excellent anti-oxidative effect (ORAC = 2.27 Trolox equivalent), significant metal chelating ability and appropriate BBB permeability. Moreover, 3h exhibited good neuroprotective effect and anti-neuroinflammtory ability. These results indicated that compound 3h was a promising candidate for further development against PD.

Design and synthesis of novel cycloalkanecarboxamide parabanic acid hybrids as anticonvulsants.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3207381/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Aiming to develop novel anticonvulsant agents a new series of novel cycloalkanecarboxamide parabanic acid hybrids series 8, 9 and 10 possessing the essential structure requirements for anticonvulsant activity was synthesized starting from cycloalkanones. All final target compounds were primary screened for chemically and electrically induced seizures using pentylenetetrazole “scPTZ” and maximal electroshock seizure “MES” models. In phase I anticonvulsant evaluation compounds 8b and 10b exhibited the highest potency among all the target compounds with 100% protection towards chemically induced seizures. Results of phase II anticonvulsant screening showed that compounds 8b and 10b are more potent than standard drug ethosuximide by about 11 and 9 fold, respectively. Regarding MES test, compounds 8b and 9a-d exhibited 100% protection with ED50 values ranged between 0.107–0.177 mmol/Kg. All final compounds did not display any signs of motor impairment in the neurotoxicity screening test. Also, compounds 8a, 9a-d and 10b were devoid of hepatotoxicity as shown by measurement of serum levels of liver enzymes, albumin as well as total protein. Moreover, the cyclohexyl derivative 10b produced a significant increase of Gamma-aminobutyric acid “GABA” brain’s content of mice compared to control group confirmed its GABAergic modulating activity. Molecular docking, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were carried out for all compounds as well. These outcomes support that cycloalkanecarboxamide parabanic acid hybrid is a promising scaffold to pave the way towards further development of novel class of antiepileptic drugs.

Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone-based fibrates as PPARα agonists with antihyperlipidemic activity

Aiming to discover new antihyperlipidemic agents, a new set of quinazolinone-fibrate hybrids 9a-r bearing the essential features for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonistic activity was synthesized and the structures were confirmed by different spectral data. All the target compounds were screened for their PPARα agonistic activity. Compounds 9o and 9q exhibited potent activity, with EC₅₀ values better than that of fenofibrate by 8.7- and 27-fold, respectively. Molecular docking investigations were performed for all the newly synthesized compounds in the active site of the PPARα receptor to study their interactions and energies in the receptor. Moreover, the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of compounds 9o and 9q were determined using Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Compound 9q exhibited effective hypolipidemic activity in a dose-dependent manner, where it significantly reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, it possesses a powerful antioxidant profile where it significantly elevated the levels of reduced glutathione as well as the total antioxidant capacity and significantly decreased the malondialdehyde level. The histopathological studies revealed that compound 9q improved the aortic architecture and hepatic steatosis. These findings support that compound 9q could be a promising lead compound for the development of new antihyperlipidemic agents.