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Anywar G, Muhumuza E. Bioactivity and toxicity of coumarins from African medicinal plants. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1231006. [PMID: 38273831 PMCID: PMC10809390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1231006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coumarins are naturally occuring metabolites from plants and a few micro-organisms. They have been widely used in the food and drug industry in their natural or synthetic forms. Numerous coumarins possess several biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcers, anti-tumour, anti-microbial, anti-coagulant. The aim of this study was to assess the bioactivity, and toxicity of coumarins from African medicinal plants. Methods: We searched online databases and search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science for key terms such as coumarins, toxicity, bioavailability, bioactivity with appropriate Boolean operators. Only full-length research articles published in English between 1956 to 2023 were reviewed. Results: We recorded 22 coumarins from 15 plant species from Africa. Most of the plant species (33%) were from North Africa. These were followed by East Africa at 21%, then West, and Central Africa at 18.2% each. Most of the coumarins (21.3%) were isolated from the entire plant and the leaves (19.1%) and most of them (46.7%) had some antimicrobial activity. Five coumarins viz osthole, pseudocordatolide C & calanolide, chartreusin and esculetin had either antitumor or anticancer activity. Six coumarins had varying levels and types of toxicity ranging from inhibiting blood clotting as anticoagulants, to cytotoxic effects, causing hyperventilation, tremor, & photophobia, pulmonary haemorrhage, carcinogenic activity, severe neurotoxicity, hepato- and phototoxicity. Conclusion: Several African medicinal plants are sources of various coumarins that possess several biological activities as well as toxicities. This calls for more research into their safety and efficacy because of their wide spread applications as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Wang Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Yan X. Reconstitution and Optimization of the Marmesin Biosynthetic Pathway in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2922-2933. [PMID: 37767718 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Marmesin is essential in plant defense systems and exhibits various biological activities. In this study, we reconstituted the marmesin biosynthetic pathway in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 chassis. We engineered the aromatic amino acid (AAA) biosynthetic pathways by introducing Escherichia coli-derived ppsA to improve the availability of the AAA precursor phosphoenolpyruvate, overexpressing the feedback inhibition resistance genes ARO4K229L and ARO7G141S to direct the metabolic flux toward the tyrosine branch, and deleting ARO10, PDC5, and PDC6 to reduce the byproducts from the Ehrlich pathway. The umbelliferone 6-dimethylallyltransferase (U6DT) and marmesin synthase (MS) involved in marmesin synthesis were optimized to increase marmesin production. Marmesin production was improved by truncating the transmembrane domains of PcU6DT, FcMS, and AtCPR1 and increasing the copy numbers of the genes encoding the truncated enzymes. Finally, a marmesin titer of 27.7 mg/L was obtained in shake flasks using the engineered yeast strain MU5. The constructed marmesin-producing strain provides the foundation for the green and large-scale production of pharmaceutically important furanocoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Sharma KK, Singh D, Mohite SV, Williamson PR, Kennedy JF. Metal manipulators and regulators in human pathogens: A comprehensive review on microbial redox copper metalloenzymes "multicopper oxidases and superoxide dismutases". Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123534. [PMID: 36740121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of metal ions with human pathogens is essential for their survival, energy generation, redox signaling, and niche dominance. To regulate and manipulate the metal ions, various enzymes and metal chelators are present in pathogenic bacteria. Metalloenzymes incorporate transition metal such as iron, zinc, cobalt, and copper in their reaction centers to perform essential metabolic functions; however, iron and copper have gained more importance. Multicopper oxidases have the ability to perform redox reaction on phenolic substrates with the help of copper ions. They have been reported from Enterobacteriaceae, namely Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica, but their role in virulence is still poorly understood. Similarly, superoxide dismutases participate in reducing oxidative stress and allow the survival of pathogens. Their role in virulence and survival is well established in Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, to ensure survival against stress, like metal starvation or metal toxicity, redox metalloenzymes and metal transportation systems of pathogens actively participate in metal homeostasis. Recently, the omics and protein structure biology studies have helped to predict new targets for regulation the colonization potential of the pathogenic strains. The current review is focused on the major roles of redox metalloenzymes, especially MCOs and SODs of human pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Gut Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Deepti Singh
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Gut Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Shreya Vishwas Mohite
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Gut Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, 5 the Croft, Buntsford Drive, Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcs B60 4JE, UK
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Coumarins as Fungal Metabolites with Potential Medicinal Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091156. [PMID: 36139936 PMCID: PMC9495007 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumarins are a structurally varied set of 2H-chromen-2-one compounds categorized also as members of the benzopyrone group of secondary metabolites. Coumarin derivatives attract interest owing to their wide practical application and the unique reactivity of fused benzene and pyrone ring systems in molecular structure. Coumarins have their own specific fingerprints as antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic, cytotoxic, apoptosis, antitumor, antitubercular, and cytotoxicity agents. Natural products have played an essential role in filling the pharmaceutical pipeline for thousands of years. Biological effects of natural coumarins have laid the basis of low-toxic and highly effective drugs. Presently, more than 1300 coumarins have been identified in plants, bacteria, and fungi. Fungi as cultivated microbes have provided many of the nature-inspired syntheses of chemically diverse drugs. Endophytic fungi bioactivities attract interest, with applications in fields as diverse as cancer and neuronal injury or degeneration, microbial and parasitic infections, and others. Fungal mycelia produce several classes of bioactive molecules, including a wide group of coumarins. Of promise are further studies of conditions and products of the natural and synthetic coumarins’ biotransformation by the fungal cultures, aimed at solving the urgent problem of searching for materials for biomedical engineering. The present review evaluates the fungal coumarins, their structure-related peculiarities, and their future therapeutic potential. Special emphasis has been placed on the coumarins successfully bioprospected from fungi, whereas an industry demand for the same coumarins earlier found in plants has faced hurdles. Considerable attention has also been paid to some aspects of the molecular mechanisms underlying the coumarins’ biological activity. The compounds are selected and grouped according to their cytotoxic, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and miscellaneous effects.
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Balkrishna A, Arya V, Sharma IP. Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Furanocoumarins from Ammi majus L. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1030-1036. [PMID: 34431469 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210824113128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites have potential benefits to human being. They are used in the food, agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. The secondary metabolite of furanocoumarins from different plant sources is essential in various skin-related ailments. Biologically, these chemicals are isolated from different plants in the Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Moraceae families. Ammi Majus L. is one of the most common plants in the family of Apiaceae with a large quantity of derivatives. The furanocoumarin derivatives defend the plant by fighting external enemies by systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Via suppressing or retarding microbial growth in infected parts, these derivatives, along with SAR, help to alleviate inflammation in the human body. Latest evidence of these compounds has been established in the treatment of cancer, but the mechanism that needs to be elaborated is not yet understood. Recent studies have shown that furanocoumarin derivatives bind to DNA base pairs and block DNA replication. This may be a potential pathway that helps to regulate the growth of cancerous cells. This article reflects on the pharmaceutical data of furanocoumarins and their different mechanisms in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar - 249 405 (Uttarakhand) . India
| | - Vedpriya Arya
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar - 249 405 (Uttarakhand) . India
| | - Ishwar Prakash Sharma
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar - 249 405 (Uttarakhand) . India
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Sharifi-Rad J, Cruz-Martins N, López-Jornet P, Lopez EPF, Harun N, Yeskaliyeva B, Beyatli A, Sytar O, Shaheen S, Sharopov F, Taheri Y, Docea AO, Calina D, Cho WC. Natural Coumarins: Exploring the Pharmacological Complexity and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6492346. [PMID: 34531939 PMCID: PMC8440074 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6492346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins belong to the benzopyrone family commonly found in many medicinal plants. Natural coumarins demonstrated a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, anticancer, antibacterial, antimalarial, casein kinase-2 (CK2) inhibitory, antifungal, antiviral, Alzheimer's disease inhibition, neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, phytoalexins, ulcerogenic, and antihypertensive. There are very few studies on the bioavailability of coumarins; therefore, further investigations are necessitated to study the bioavailability of different coumarins which already showed good biological activities in previous studies. On the evidence of varied pharmacological properties, the present work presents an overall review of the derivation, availability, and biological capacities of coumarins with further consideration of the essential mode of their therapeutic actions. In conclusion, a wide variety of coumarins are available, and their pharmacological activities are of current interest thanks to their synthetic accessibility and riches in medicinal plants. Coumarins perform the valuable function as therapeutic agents in a range of medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
| | - Pía López-Jornet
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), Clínica Odontológica Universitaria Hospital Morales Meseguer, Adv. Marques de los Velez s/n, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pons-Fuster Lopez
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), Clínica Odontológica Universitaria Hospital Morales Meseguer, Adv. Marques de los Velez s/n, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nidaa Harun
- Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Balakyz Yeskaliyeva
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Ahmet Beyatli
- University of Health Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Biology Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology, Volodymyrska Str., 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | - Farukh Sharopov
- Research Institution “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products”, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Ayni 299/2, Dushanbe 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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7
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Arigò A, Rigano F, Russo M, Trovato E, Dugo P, Mondello L. Dietary Intake of Coumarins and Furocoumarins through Citrus Beverages: A Detailed Estimation by a HPLC-MS/MS Method Combined with the Linear Retention Index System. Foods 2021; 10:1533. [PMID: 34359404 PMCID: PMC8303230 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Official regulations concerning the maximum number of substances in food are introduced as a consequence of possible adverse effects, after oral administration. In this regard, analytical methods are necessary in order to determine specific targets. Among oxygen heterocyclic compounds (OHCs, that are furocoumarins, coumarins and polymethoxyflavones), only coumarin is subject to restriction by the Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 of the European Parliament. Furocoumarins are known for their phototoxicity and other side effects due to their dietary intake; however, an official limit about the maximum content of these compounds in food is still missing. The lack of information about the real amount of these compounds in food is responsible for the conflicting opinions about the introduction of an official limit. The HPLC-MS/MS method here proposed, in combination with the linear retention index system, represents an innovative analytical strategy for the characterization of OHCs in citrus beverages. Several types of drinks were analysed in order to quantify 35 OHCs in total. This method is suitable for the quality control of OHCs in food and the obtained results may be considered as informative data useful for the regulatory authorities in the emission of new opinions and for a potential new regulation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Arigò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Emanuela Trovato
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98198 Messina, Italy;
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98198 Messina, Italy;
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (M.R.); (P.D.); (L.M.)
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98198 Messina, Italy;
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Luo D, Zhang JB, Li SP, Liu W, Yao XR, Guo H, Jin ZL, Jin YX, Yuan B, Jiang H, Kim NH. Imperatorin Ameliorates the Aging-Associated Porcine Oocyte Meiotic Spindle Defects by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Protecting Mitochondrial Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592433. [PMID: 33409275 PMCID: PMC7779485 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.592433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imperatorin (IMP) exhibits a variety of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-hypertension activities. However, its effects on animal reproduction systems, especially oocyte development, maturation, and aging are not yet clear. In this study, the effects of IMP on oocyte development and aging as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored. Oocytes were cultured for an additional 24 h for aging. Results revealed that the blastocyst formation and hatching rates of embryos, which were parthenogenetically activated aged oocytes, were significantly increased with IMP treatment (40 μM). Simultaneously, well-distributed cortical granules but no significant difference in zona pellucida hardness were observed after IMP treatment. During this stage, intracellular reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and autophagy levels were decreased, while mitochondrial membrane potential, glutathione level, and activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased. IMP-treated aged oocytes also showed significantly higher expression of MOS, CCNB1, BMP15, and GDF9 than non-IMP-treated aged oocytes although their levels were still lower than those in the fresh oocytes. These results suggest that IMP can effectively ameliorate the quality of aged porcine oocytes by reducing oxidative stress and protecting mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jia-bao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng-peng Li
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-rui Yao
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Zhe-long Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yong-xun Jin
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
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Pandeya A, Ojo I, Alegun O, Wei Y. Periplasmic Targets for the Development of Effective Antimicrobials against Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2337-2354. [PMID: 32786281 PMCID: PMC8187054 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious threat to global public health in recent years. Lack of novel antimicrobials, especially new classes of compounds, further aggravates the situation. For Gram-negative bacteria, their double layered cell envelope and an array of efflux pumps act as formidable barriers for antimicrobials to penetrate. While cytoplasmic targets are hard to reach, proteins in the periplasm are clearly more accessible, as the drug only needs to breach the outer membrane. In this review, we summarized recent efforts on the validation and testing of periplasmic proteins as potential antimicrobial targets and the development of related inhibitors that either inhibit the growth of a bacterial pathogen or reduce its virulence during interaction with host cells. We conclude that the periplasm contains a promising pool of novel antimicrobial targets that should be scrutinized more closely for the development of effective treatment against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Isoiza Ojo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Olaniyi Alegun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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10
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Imperatorin alleviates the abnormal proliferation, migration, and foaming of ox-LDL-induced VSMCs through regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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11
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Mahendra CK, Tan LTH, Lee WL, Yap WH, Pusparajah P, Low LE, Tang SY, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH. Angelicin-A Furocoumarin Compound With Vast Biological Potential. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:366. [PMID: 32372949 PMCID: PMC7176996 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelicin, a member of the furocoumarin group, is related to psoralen which is well known for its effectiveness in phototherapy. The furocoumarins as a group have been studied since the 1950s but only recently has angelicin begun to come into its own as the subject of several biological studies. Angelicin has demonstrated anti-cancer properties against multiple cell lines, exerting effects via both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, and also demonstrated an ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization to a higher degree than psoralen. Besides that, angelicin too demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in inflammatory-related respiratory and neurodegenerative ailments via the activation of NF-κB pathway. Angelicin also showed pro-osteogenesis and pro-chondrogenic effects on osteoblasts and pre-chondrocytes respectively. The elevated expression of pro-osteogenic and chondrogenic markers and activation of TGF-β/BMP, Wnt/β-catenin pathway confirms the positive effect of angelicin bone remodeling. Angelicin also increased the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in osteogenesis. Other bioactivities, such as anti-viral and erythroid differentiating properties of angelicin, were also reported by several researchers with the latter even displaying an even greater aptitude as compared to the commonly prescribed drug, hydroxyurea, which is currently on the market. Apart from that, recently, a new application for angelicin against periodontitis had been studied, where reduction of bone loss was indirectly caused by its anti-microbial properties. All in all, angelicin appears to be a promising compound for further studies especially on its mechanism and application in therapies for a multitude of common and debilitating ailments such as sickle cell anaemia, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Future research on the drug delivery of angelicin in cancer, inflammation and erythroid differentiation models would aid in improving the bioproperties of angelicin and efficacy of delivery to the targeted site. More in-depth studies of angelicin on bone remodeling, the pro-osteogenic effect of angelicin in various bone disease models and the anti-viral implications of angelicin in periodontitis should be researched. Finally, studies on the binding of angelicin toward regulatory genes, transcription factors, and receptors can be done through experimental research supplemented with molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Keisha Mahendra
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Liang Ee Low
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Luo D, Zhang JB, Peng YX, Liu JB, Han DX, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yuan B, Gao Y, Chen CZ, Jiang H. Imperatorin improves in vitro porcine embryo development by reducing oxidative stress and autophagy. Theriogenology 2019; 146:145-151. [PMID: 31831188 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Imperatorin (IMP), a furanocoumarin derivative with many biological properties and pharmacological activities, is widely used as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, cardiovascular and neuroprotective agent. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of IMP on early embryo development in pigs as well as the potential mechanisms. Our results showed that IMP can enhance the developmental competence of porcine early embryos. Supplementation of in vitro culture medium with 40 μM IMP significantly increased the blastocyst rate and total cell number. At the same time, apoptosis of blastocysts was also significantly decreased in the supplemented group compared with the control group, in accordance with the subsequent results of FAS and CASP3 gene expression analysis. Furthermore, IMP attenuated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, increased fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Importantly, IMP not only improved the activity of mitochondria but also inhibited the occurrence of autophagy. In addition, pluripotency-related genes (OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2) and a growth and metabolism regulatory gene (mTOR) were upregulated after IMP supplementation on Day 7. These results demonstrate that IMP exerts a beneficial effect on preimplantation embryo development by reducing oxidative stress and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Xia Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Jian-Bo Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Dong-Xu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Zhen Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China.
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Nasser MI, Zhu S, Hu H, Huang H, Guo M, Zhu P. Effects of imperatorin in the cardiovascular system and cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109401. [PMID: 31622950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer survivors are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD). Cardio-oncology has developed as a new discipline with the advances in cancer treatment. There are many new challenges for the clinician and a new frontier for research and investigation. There is an urgent need for further study on the prevention of cardiovascular toxicity. Imperatorin (IMP) is a natural form of coumarin and extract from several plants with diver's pharmacokinetic effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focus on the molecular mechanisms and pharmacological effects of Imperatorin maybe provide potential cancer and cardiovascular protection that targets IMP. Further studies are required to elucidate the entire spectrum of cytotoxic activities of these compounds to validate and expand their preclinical and clinical applications and to clarify the potential role of IMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, P.R. China (510080)
| | - Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, P.R. China (510080)
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, P.R. China (510080)
| | - Huanlei Huang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, P.R. China (510080)
| | - Minghui Guo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, P.R. China (510080).
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China 106 ZhongshanEr Road, Guangzhou, P.R. China (510080).
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Madeiro SA, Borges NH, Souto AL, de Figueiredo PT, Siqueira-Junior JP, Tavares JF. Modulation of the antibiotic activity against multidrug resistant strains of coumarins isolated from Rutaceae species. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:151-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ngo L, Tran P, Ham SH, Cho JH, Cho HY, Lee YB. Simultaneous determination of imperatorin and its metabolite xanthotoxol in rat plasma and urine by LC–MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1044-1045:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Budzynska B, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Kruk-Slomka M, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Michalak A, Musik I, Biala G. Effects of imperatorin on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:931-42. [PMID: 25189792 PMCID: PMC4325182 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Imperatorin, a naturally occurring furanocoumarin, inactivates gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase and inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity. OBJECTIVES The purpose of our experiment was to examine the influence of imperatorin on cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in the brain induced by scopolamine in male Swiss mice. METHODS In the present studies, we used scopolamine-invoke memory deficit measured in passive avoidance (PA) paradigm as an animal model of Alzheimer disease (AD). RESULTS Our finding revealed that imperatorin administered acutely at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg prior to the injection of scopolamine (1 mg/kg) improved memory acquisition and consolidation impaired by scopolamine. Furthermore, repeatable (7 days, twice daily) administration of the highest dose of imperatorin (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the effects of scopolamine on memory acquisition, whereas the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg of this furanocoumarin were effective when memory consolidation was measured. Imperatorin, administered with scopolamine, increased antioxidant enzymes activity and decreased concentration of malondiamide, an indicator of lipid peroxidation level. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that imperatorin may offer protection against scopolamine-induced memory impairments and possesses antioxidant properties, thus after further preclinical and clinical studies this compound may provide an interesting approach in pharmacotherapy, as well as prophylactics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Budzynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland,
| | | | - Marta Kruk-Slomka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Musik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grazyna Biala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Oligomerization of esculin improves its antibacterial activity and modulates antibiotic resistance. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 68:148-52. [PMID: 25248728 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this particular study, the antibacterial activity of esculin and oligomer fractions was assessed. MIC values of esculin and its oligomer fractions as well as of some antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains and against Escherichia coli multiresistant variants were determined by the standard broth microdilution method. Both esculin and oligoesculin fractions exhibited antibacterial effect against reference strains; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium. It appears that E3 oligomer fraction had the greatest antibacterial activity against these reference strains. Besides, as E2 and E3 revealed the best antibacterial effect against multiresistant variants of E. coli, we decided to test the effect of each, combined to the antibiotic against which the variants were resistant. In the interaction study, E2 and E3 oligoesculin fractions were found to be effective in reducing the resistance of E. coli 6574 to ofloxacin and the resistance of E. coli 6228 to amoxicillin. Only E3 oligoesculin fraction showed a synergetic interaction with amoxicillin and tetracyclin against E. coli 6708, but no interaction was found either with E2 or E3 fractions against E. coli 6234. Our study allowed us to conclude that oligomerization of esculin increases its antibacterial potential, according to the degree of polymerization.
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Aegle marmelos fruit extract abates dextran sodium sulfate induced acute colitis in mice: Repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines during colonic inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cao YJ, He X, Wang N, He LC. Effects of imperatorin, the active component from Radix Angelicae (Baizhi), on the blood pressure and oxidative stress in 2K,1C hypertensive rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1048-1054. [PMID: 23746952 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K,1C) model of hypertension was used to investigate the potential antihypertensive and antioxidant effect of imperatorin extracted from the root of radix angelicae. After 10 weeks treatment of imperatorin, mean blood pressure (MBP) of 2K,1C hypertensive rats was obtained, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were measured. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CATA), xanthine oxidase (XOD), angiotensinII (Ang II) and endothelin (ET) levels of kidney were evaluated with commercial kits. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits of the renal cortial tissues were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. 8-Iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) of 24h urinary excretion was also measured by ELISA. MBP was significantly reduced by treatment with IMP (6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg/day, i.g.) in 2K,1C hypertensive rats. Meanwhile, we found that renal CATA and XOD activities, GSH levels, plasma NO and NOS contents were significantly increased in IMP-treated groups. Plasma ET, renal Ang II levels, MDA and the 24h urinary excretion of 8-iso-PGF2α in the IMP treated group were lower than control SD group. After that, we found the mRNA expressions and protein levels of NADPH oxidase subunits in the clipped kidney were markedly reduced after IMP treated in 2K,1C hypertensive rats. IMP showed antihypertensive and antioxidant effects in the renal injury of renovascular hypertensive rats, suggesting that IMP could be of therapeutic use in preventing renal injury related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Cao
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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Venugopala KN, Rashmi V, Odhav B. Review on natural coumarin lead compounds for their pharmacological activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:963248. [PMID: 23586066 PMCID: PMC3622347 DOI: 10.1155/2013/963248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) is a plant-derived natural product known for its pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antihypertensive, antitubercular, anticonvulsant, antiadipogenic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Dietary exposure to benzopyrones is significant as these compounds are found in vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, coffee, tea, and wine. In view of the established low toxicity, relative cheapness, presence in the diet, and occurrence in various herbal remedies of coumarins, it appears prudent to evaluate their properties and applications further.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. N. Venugopala
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - V. Rashmi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - B. Odhav
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Sun J, Chi G, Soromou LW, Chen N, Guan M, Wu Q, Wang D, Li H. Preventive effect of Imperatorin on acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:369-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Guo W, Sun J, Jiang L, Duan L, Huo M, Chen N, Zhong W, Wassy L, Yang Z, Feng H. Imperatorin Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation by Suppressing NF-κB and MAPKs Activation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Inflammation 2012; 35:1764-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Methanol extract of Desmodium gangeticum DC root mimetic post-conditioning effect in isolated perfused rat heart by stimulating muscarinic receptors. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2012; 5:448-54. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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