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Zou L, Zhang Y, Cheraga N, Abodunrin OD, Qu KY, Qiao L, Ma YQ, Chen LJ, Huang NP. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-loaded plaque-specific liposome with enhanced photodynamic therapy effect for atherosclerosis treatment. Talanta 2023; 265:124772. [PMID: 37327664 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been considered as a new strategy for atherosclerosis treatment. Targeted delivery of photosensitizer could significantly reduce its toxicity and enhance its phototherapeutic efficiency. CD68 is an antibody that can be conjugated to nano-drug delivery systems to actively target plaque sites, owing to its specific binding to CD68 receptors that are highly expressed on the surfaces of macrophage-derived foam cells. Liposomes are very popular nanocarriers due to their ability to encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic compounds including drugs, microRNAs and photosensitizers, and their ability to be surface-modified with targeting moieties leading to the development of nanocarriers with an improved targeted ability. Hence, we designed a Ce6-loaded liposomes using the film dispersion method, followed by the conjugation of CD68 antibody on the liposomal surface through a covalent crosslinking reaction, forming CD68-modified Ce6-loaded liposomes (CD68-Ce6-mediated liposomes). Flow cytometry results indicated that Ce6-containing liposomes were more effective in promoting intracellular uptake after laser irradiation. Furthermore, CD68-modified liposomes significantly strengthened the cellular recognization and thus internalization. Different cell lines have been incubated with the liposomes, and the results showed that CD68-Ce6-mediated liposomes had no significant cytotoxicity to coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) under selected conditions. Interestingly, they promoted autophagy in foam cells through the increase in LC3-Ⅰ, LC3-Ⅱ expression and the decrease in p62 expression, and restrained the migration of mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS) in vitro. Moreover, the enhancement of atherosclerotic plaque stability and the reduction in the cholesterol content by CD68-Ce6-mediated liposomes were dependent on transient reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under laser irradiation. In summary, we demonstrated that CD68-Ce6-mediated liposomes, as a photosensitizer nano-drug delivery system, have an inhibitory effect on MOVAS migration and a promotion of cholesterol efflux in foam cells, and thereby, represent promising nanocarriers for atherosclerosis photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Nihad Cheraga
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Oluwatosin David Abodunrin
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Kai-Yun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Li Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yu-Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Nanjing, 211200, China.
| | - Ning-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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Tharmatt A, Sahel DK, Raza K, Pandey MM, Mittal A, Chitkara D. Topical delivery of Anti-VEGF nanomedicines for treating psoriasis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Chaudhari D, Katari O, Ghadi R, Kuche K, Date T, Bhargavi N, Jain S. Unfolding the Potency of Adenosine in Targeting Triple Negative Breast Cancer via Paclitaxel-Incorporated pH-Responsive Stealth Liposomes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3473-3484. [PMID: 35896042 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) belongs to the category of the most destructive forms of breast cancer. Being a highly potent chemotherapeutic agent, paclitaxel (PTX) is extensively utilized in the management of various cancers. Commercially available PTX formulations contain non-targeted drug carriers that result in low antitumor activity because of non-specific tissue distribution. Thus, to resolve this issue, we designed PTX-loaded pH-sensitive liposomes (pH Lipos) in the present investigation and used adenosine (ADN) as a targeting ligand. Further, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was incorporated into the liposomes to impart a stealth effect to the system. For the development of these pH Lipos, different conjugates were synthesized (ADN-CHEMS and TPGS-ADN) and further utilized for the preparation of ADN-PEG-pH Lipo and ADN-pH Lipo by a thin-film hydration method. DOPE:HSPC:CHEMS:cholesterol at a molar ratio of 3:3:2:2 was selected for the preparation of pH-Lipo possessing 7.5% w/w drug loading. They showed a particle size below 140 nm, a PDI below 0.205, and a % EE greater than 60%. All of the pH Lipos displayed a biphasic pattern of PTX release at pH 7.4 and 5.5. However, the percent drug release at pH 5.5 was substantially greater because of the pH-sensitive nature of the liposomes. The MDA MB 231 and 4T1 cell lines depicted improvement in the qualitative as well as quantitative cellular uptake of PTX ADN-PEG-pH Lipo with a substantial decrease in the IC50 value. Moreover, a higher apoptotic index was observed with pH Lipo compared to free PTX. PTX ADN-PEG-pH Lipo revealed a 3.98- and 3.41-fold rise in the AUC and t1/2 values of PTX compared to Intaxel, respectively. Overall, characteristic decreases in tumor volume and serum toxicity marker levels were observed, which confirmed the development of an efficient and safe formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasharath Chaudhari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Oly Katari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rohan Ghadi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Tushar Date
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Nallamothu Bhargavi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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Zhang YW, Cao Y, Mao CJ, Jiang D, Zhu W. An Iron(III)-Based Metal-Organic Gel-Catalyzed Dual Electrochemiluminescence System for Cytosensing and In Situ Evaluation of the VEGF 165 Subtype. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4095-4102. [PMID: 35196001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent surge of interest in metal-organic gels (MOGs) has emerged for their soft porous structure, large surface area, and abundant active metal sites, making them a promising candidate for building catalyst matrices. In this work, facilely synthesized Fe(III)-organic gel was directly used as a robust electrode matrix. Detailed studies illustrated that their Fe(III) centers can speed up the electro-oxidation/reduction of the H2O2 coreactant to produce reactive oxygen species for enhancing a potential-resolved dual electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission. Among them, the anodic signal of luminol varied with the cell concentration based on the impedance ECL mechanism, while the cathodic signal of CdS quantum dots traced the VEGF165 subtype at cell surface by specific aptamer recognition. Based on this, a ratiometric strategy was proposed for accurate cytosensing by eliminating environmental interference. Moreover, by cooperating these two signals, a novel strategy was developed for direct evaluation of the VEGF165 subtype, further realizing rapid drug screening and subtype assessment on different cell lines. This work not only opens up the promising application of MOGs as an effective catalyst matrix but also develops reliable cell assays and protein subtype identification for clinical diagnosis and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Zhang
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Ministry of Education), Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yue Cao
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chang-Jie Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Ministry of Education), Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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5
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Yang Z, Deng W, Zhang X, An Y, Liu Y, Yao H, Zhang Z. Opportunities and Challenges of Nanoparticles in Digestive Tumours as Anti-Angiogenic Therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 11:789330. [PMID: 35083147 PMCID: PMC8784389 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.789330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive tumours, a common kind of malignancy worldwide, have recently led to the most tumour-related deaths. Angiogenesis, the process of forming novel blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is involved in various physiological and pathological processes in the body. Many studies suggest that abnormal angiogenesis plays an important role in the growth, progression, and metastasis of digestive tumours. Therefore, anti-angiogenic therapy is considered a promising target for improving therapeutic efficacy. Traditional strategies such as bevacizumab and regorafenib can target and block the activity of proangiogenic factors to treat digestive tumours. However, due to resistance and some limitations, such as poor pharmacokinetics, their efficacy is not always satisfactory. In recent years, nanotechnology-based anti-angiogenic therapies have emerged as a new way to treat digestive tumours. Compared with commonly used drugs, nanoparticles show great potential in tumour targeted delivery, controlled drug release, prolonged cycle time, and increased drug bioavailability. Therefore, anti-angiogenic nanoparticles may be an effective complementary therapy to treat digestive tumours. In this review, we outline the different mechanisms of angiogenesis, the effects of nanoparticles on angiogenesis, and their biomedical applications in various kinds of digestive tumours. In addition, the opportunities and challenges are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongwei Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
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Mirzavi F, Barati M, Soleimani A, Vakili-Ghartavol R, Jaafari MR, Soukhtanloo M. A review on liposome-based therapeutic approaches against malignant melanoma. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120413. [PMID: 33667562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer with a very poor prognosis and excessive resistance to current conventional treatments. Recently, the application of the liposomal delivery system in the management of skin melanoma has been widely investigated. Liposomal nanocarriers are biocompatible and less toxic to host cells, enabling the efficient and safe delivery of different therapeutic agents into the tumor site and further promoting their antitumor activities. Therefore, the liposomal delivery system effectively increases the success of current melanoma therapies and overcomes resistance. In this review, we present an overview of liposome-based targeted drug delivery methods and highlight recent advances towards the development of liposome-based carriers for therapeutic genes. We also discuss the new insights regarding the efficacy and clinical significance of combinatorial treatment of liposomal formulations with immunotherapy and conventional therapies in melanoma patients for a better understanding and successfully managing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Mirzavi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anvar Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Vakili-Ghartavol
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Jain S, Deore SV, Ghadi R, Chaudhari D, Kuche K, Katiyar SS. Tumor microenvironment responsive VEGF-antibody functionalized pH sensitive liposomes of docetaxel for augmented breast cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 121:111832. [PMID: 33579470 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work exploits the tumor microenvironment which differs significantly from normal cellular environment in terms of both, having lower extracellular pH and increased angiogenesis capacity. To reduce systemic toxicity of docetaxel (DTX) and increase its therapeutic potential, VEGF antibody functionalized PEGylated pH sensitive liposomes (VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX) were developed. The liposomes prepared by thin film hydration technique were later conjugated with VEGF antibody on liposomal surface by standard carbodiimide chemistry and using DSPE-PEG-COOH as linker. The VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX displayed particle size of ~206 nm with an entrapment efficiency of ~62%. The transmission electron microscopy images revealed spherical shape of liposomes and corroborated the particle size obtained from zetasizer. The in vitro release study revealed biphasic release pattern of DTX from VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX. The % drug released was also significantly higher at pH 5.5 which guarantees rapid endosomal escape and faster intracellular drug release. In case of VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX the cellular uptake in MCF-7 cell line was augmented ~3.17-fold as compared to free DTX probably due to the VEGF-positive nature of MCF-7 cell (increased affinity for VEGF). Further, it was evident from the cytotoxicity assay that VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX showed higher cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells and ~5.78-fold reduction in IC50 value as compared to free DTX. The apoptotic index observed in case of VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX was ~1.70-fold higher than free DTX. The VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs stimulated by VEGF, warranting its anti-angiogenic potential. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic profile of VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX revealed a ~2.94-fold increase in t1/2 and a ~1.25-fold higher AUC (0→∞) as compared to marketed formulation Taxotere®. Similarly, mean residence time was also increased ~2.50-fold as compared to Taxotere®. Finally, treatment with VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX demonstrated significant reduction in % tumor burden (~35%) as compared to Taxotere® (~75%). Thus, the combined approach of using PEGylated pH sensitive liposomes along with VEGF antibody functionalization for efficient targeting can improve current standards of DTX therapy for treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Sandip Vikram Deore
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rohan Ghadi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Dasharath Chaudhari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sameer S Katiyar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Ishizawa K, Togami K, Tada H, Chono S. Multiscale Live Imaging Using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) for Evaluating the Biological Behavior of Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3608-3616. [PMID: 32926888 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To develop targeted drug delivery systems using nanoparticles for treating various diseases, the evaluation of nanoparticle behavior in biological environments is necessary. In the present study, the biological behavior of polymeric nanoparticles was directly traced in living mice and cells. The dissociation of nanoparticles was detected by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. DiR and DiD were encapsulated in the nanoparticles for near-infrared FRET imaging, and they were traced using in vivo FRET imaging and intravital FRET imaging at the whole-body and tissue scales, respectively. In vivo FRET imaging revealed that the nanoparticles dissociated over time following intravenous administration. Intravital FRET imaging revealed that the nanoparticles dissociated in the liver and blood vessels following intravenous administration. DiI and DiO were encapsulated in nanoparticles for FRET imaging using confocal microscopy, and they were traced using in vitro FRET imaging in HepG2 cells. In vitro FRET imaging revealed that the nanoparticles dissociated and released fluorescent dyes that distributed in the cell membrane. Finally, live imaging was performed using FRET at the whole-body, tissue, and cellular scales. This method is suitable for obtaining information regarding the biological kinetic properties of nanoparticles and their use in targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Ishizawa
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Togami
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan; Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan
| | - Sumio Chono
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido University of Science, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan; Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, 7-Jo 15-4-1 Maeda, Teine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 006-8585, Japan.
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Zhou T, Zhang W, Cheng D, Tang X, Feng J, Wu W. Preparation, Characterization, and in vivo Evaluation of NK4-Conjugated Hydroxycamptothecin-Loaded Liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2277-2286. [PMID: 32280220 PMCID: PMC7127779 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s243746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, NK4-conjugated hydroxycamptothecin liposomes (NK4-HCPT-Lips) were prepared with the aim of improving drug targeting to the liver. METHODS NK4-HCPT-Lips were prepared using the thin-film dispersion method. In vitro antitumor activities were evaluated by MTT assay. HCPT levels in plasma and tissues were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with camptothecin as the internal standard, and the characteristics, pharmacokinetics, and bio-distribution of NK4-HCPT-Lips were evaluated. RESULTS The liposomes showed a regular spherical-shaped morphology, and the entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity reached 82.5 ± 2.4% and 3.01 ± 0.23%, respectively, with a particle size of 155.6 ± 2.6 nm and a zeta potential of -24.8 ± 3.3 mV. Inhibition effect experiments found that NK4-HCPT-Lips had a good inhibition on the HepG2 cells. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed an increase in the area under the curve and mean residence time as well as a decrease in plasma clearance (p < 0.05) of the NK4-HCPT-Lips compared to those of HCPT liposomes and a commercial HCPT injection. Tissue distribution studies showed that NK4-HCPT-Lips were present at high levels in the liver but were cleared from the kidneys. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that NK4-HCPT-Lips possess excellent liver-targeting attributes, which could enhance the therapeutic effects of drug treatments for hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Tang
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning530200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin541004, People’s Republic of China
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Asadpour O, Rahbarizadeh F. Phospholipase-Cγ1 Signaling Protein Down-Regulation by Oligoclonal-VHHs based Immuno-Liposome: A Potent Metastasis Deterrent in HER2 Positive Breast Cancer Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 22:30-39. [PMID: 31606964 PMCID: PMC6791071 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to develop multivalent antibody constructs via grafting anti-HER2 antibodies,
including Herceptin and oligoclonal-variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHHs), onto liposome membranes to
enhance antibody activity and compare their effect on phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway with control.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, SKBR3 and BT-474 cell lines as HER2 positive and MCF10A cell
line as normal cell were screened with anti-HER2 antibodies, including constructs of multivalent liposomal antibody
developed with Herceptin and anti-HER2 oligoclonal-VHHs. To confirm the accuracy of the study, immunofluorescent
assay, migration assay and immuno-liposome binding ability to HER2 were evaluated. Finally, the antibodies effect on
PLCγ1 protein level was measured by an immunoassay method (ELISA).
Results In the present study, by using multivalent form of antibodies, we were able to significantly inhibit the PLCγ1
protein level. Interestingly, the results of migration assay, used for study the motility of different types of cell, shows
correspondingly decreased number of immigrated cells in SKBR3 and BT-474 cell lines. Since MCF10A cells show no
overexpression of HER2, as expected, the result did not show any change in PLCγ1 level. Moreover, immunofluorescent
assay has confirmed high expression of HER2 in SKBR3 and BT-474 cell lines and low HER2 expression on MCF10A
cell line. High binding of immuno-liposome to SKBR3 and BT-474 cells and low binding to MCF10A confirmed that in
this study anti-HER2 antibodies have conserved binding ability to HER2 even after conjugation with liposome.
Conclusion PLCγ1 protein levels did indeed decrease after treatment with immuno-liposome form of compounds in both
two tested cell lines, verifying the inhibition ability of them. Moreover, an elevated antibody activity is associated with liposomes
conjugation suggesting that immuno-liposome may be a potential target for enhancing the antibody activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ommolbanin Asadpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address: .,Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Feng X, Chen Y. Drug delivery targets and systems for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Drug Target 2018; 26:845-857. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1433680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Feng
- Department of Sanitary Inspection, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Zhu R, Wang Z, Liang P, He X, Zhuang X, Huang R, Wang M, Wang Q, Qian Y, Wang S. Efficient VEGF targeting delivery of DOX using Bevacizumab conjugated SiO 2@LDH for anti-neuroblastoma therapy. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:163-180. [PMID: 28923539 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in angiogenesis and is highly expressed in carcinoma, which make it an important target for tumor targeting therapy. Neuroblastoma is the main cause for cancer-related death in children. Like most solid tumors, it is also accompanied with the overexpression of VEGF. Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (DOX), a typical chemotherapeutic agent, exhibits efficient anticancer activities for various cancers. However, DOX, without targeting ability, usually causes severe damage to normal tissues. To overcome the shortages, we designed a novel nano-composite, which is Bevacizumab (Bev) modified SiO2@LDH nanoparticles (SiO2@LDH-Bev), loading with DOX to achieve targeting ability and curative efficiency. SiO2@LDH-DOX and SiO2@LDH-Bev-DOX nanoparticles were synthesized and the physicochemical properties were characterized by TEM detection, Zeta potential analysis, FTIR, Raman and XPS analysis. Then in vitro and in vivo anti-neuroblastoma efficiency, targeting ability and mechanisms of anti-carcinoma and anti-angiogenesis of SiO2@LDH-Bev-DOX were explored. Our results indicated that we obtained the core-shell structure SiO2@LDH-Bev with an average diameter of 253±10nm and the amount of conjugated Bev was 4.59±0.38μg/mg SiO2@LDH-Bev. SiO2@LDH-Bev-DOX could improve the cellular uptake and the targeting effect of DOX to brain and tumor, enhance the anti-neuroblastoma and anti-angiogenesis efficiency both in vitro and in vivo, and alleviate side effects of DOX sharply, especially hepatic injury. In addition, we also demonstrated that angiogenesis inhibitory effect was mediated by DOX and VEGF triggered signal pathways, including PI3K/Akt, Raf/MEK/ERK, and adhesion related pathways. In summary, SiO2@LDH-Bev could be a potential VEGF targeting nanocarrier applied in VEGF positive cancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This paper explored that a novel core-shell structure nanomaterial SiO2@LDH and modified SiO2@LDH with Bevacizumab (Bev) to form a new tumor vasculature targeting nanocarrier SiO2@LDH-Bev as vector of DOX, which was not reported before. The results indicated that SiO2@LDH-Bev could improve the VEGF targeting ability, anti-neuroblastoma and anti-angiogenesis efficiency of DOX. At the same time, SiO2@LDH-Bev-DOX could erase the cardiac toxicity and hepatic injury coming from DOX. Tube formation showed SiO2@LDH-Bev-DOX had the strongest effect on inhibiting angiogenesis among all the four formulations. SiO2@LDH-Bev-DOX could downregulate expression of p-VEGFR and inhibit activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK, p38MAPK, PI3K/Akt and FAK signaling pathways to achieve the goal of anti-angiogenesis. This work provides a novel system for the safe and efficient use of Bev and DOX on Neuroblastoma and explores the mechanism of the function of nano carrier in cancer therapy both in vitro and in vivo.
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Wang Z, Wen F, Lim PN, Zhang Q, Konishi T, Wang D, Teoh SH, Thian ES. Nanomaterial scaffolds to regenerate musculoskeletal tissue: signals from within for neovessel formation. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1385-1391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Hao Q, Xu G, Yang Y, Sun Y, Cong D, Li H, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Chen J, Li Y, Luan X, Wang L, Tian L, Liu K, Li Y, Jiao Q, Pei J. Oestrone-targeted liposomes for mitoxantrone delivery via oestrogen receptor - synthesis, physicochemical characterization and in-vitro evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:991-1001. [PMID: 28444771 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Targeted delivery of mitoxantrone (MTO, an anthraquinone drug with high antitumour effect) may be achieved using a novel nanoparticulate delivery system via binding the oestrogen receptor (ER, highly expressed in a variety of human tumours). METHODS A novel liposomal nanoparticle (NP) was developed using a conjugate derived from 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000 -NH2 ) and oestrone (ES, is known to bind the ER) to produce an ES-targeted PEGylated liposome (ES-SSL). The resulting targeted NP was loaded with MTO to produce a targeted liposome-MTO formulation (ES-SSL-MTO). KEY FINDINGS The targeted formulation (~140 nm, 1.5 mV) achieved over 95% drug encapsulation efficiency and a favourable stability at 4, 25 and 37 °C up to 48 h. The flow cytometric data indicated that cellular uptake of ES-SSL into human leukaemia HL-60 cells was mediated via binding the oestrogen receptor. In addition, the ES-SSL-MTO significantly reduced the growth of HL-60 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a proof of principle that ES-modified PEGylated liposomes can target the ER, thereby potentially improving the therapeutic benefits in ER-overexpressed tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoxing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dengli Cong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongrui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinglin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Luan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qianru Jiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Surface modification of lipid-based nanocarriers for cancer cell-specific drug targeting. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-017-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Guo J, Russell EG, Darcy R, Cotter TG, McKenna SL, Cahill MR, O’Driscoll CM. Antibody-Targeted Cyclodextrin-Based Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Physicochemical Characteristics, in Vitro Mechanistic Studies, and ex Vivo Patient Derived Therapeutic Efficacy. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:940-952. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Guo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Pharmacodelivery
Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eileen G. Russell
- Tumour
Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raphael Darcy
- Pharmacodelivery
Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G. Cotter
- Tumour
Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Mary R. Cahill
- Department
of Haematology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Chen Q, Long M, Qiu L, Zhu M, Li Z, Qiao M, Hu H, Zhao X, Chen D. Decoration of pH-sensitive copolymer micelles with tumor-specific peptide for enhanced cellular uptake of doxorubicin. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5415-5427. [PMID: 27799766 PMCID: PMC5077130 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the targeting efficacy of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based micelles, pH-sensitive mixed micelles based on HA-g-poly(L-histidine) (PHis) and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 2000 copolymers were prepared and decorated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) peptide, a tumor cell-specific peptide ligand, on their surface. The doxorubicin-loaded micelles (HA-PHis/peptide–d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 2000 mixed micelles [PHTM]) were characterized to have a unimodal size distribution and pH-dependent drug release pattern. In vitro tumor targeting studies demonstrated that PHTM exhibited the pronounced cytotoxicity and efficient internalization in MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing CD44 and Her2 receptors. In vivo investigation into micelles in MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice confirmed that PTHM could reach the tumor site more effectively and exert excellent tumor killing activity. In general, Her2 peptide decoration can enhance the selective cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of HA-based micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang
| | - Miaomiao Long
- Department of Research and Development, Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd, Nanjing
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang
| | - Haiyang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang
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Kim JS, Kang SJ, Jeong HY, Kim MW, Park SI, Lee YK, Kim HS, Kim KS, Park YS. Anti-EGFR immunonanoparticles containing IL12 and salmosin genes for targeted cancer gene therapy. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1130-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Li J, Wang F, Sun D, Wang R. A review of the ligands and related targeting strategies for active targeting of paclitaxel to tumours. J Drug Target 2016; 24:590-602. [PMID: 26878228 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2016.1154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been 30 years since the discovery of the anti-tumour property of paclitaxel (PTX), which has been successfully applied in clinic for the treatment of carcinomas of the lungs, breast and ovarian. However, PTX is poorly soluble in water and has no targeting and selectivity to tumour tissue. Recent advances in active tumour targeting of PTX delivery vehicles have addressed some of the issues related to lack of solubility in water and non-specific toxicities associated with PTX. These PTX delivery vehicles are designed for active targeting to specific cancer cells by the addition of ligands for recognition by specific receptors/antigens on cancer cells. This article will focus on various ligands and related targeting strategies serving as potential tools for active targeting of PTX to tumour tissues, illustrating their use in different tumour models. This review also highlights the need of further studies on the discovery of receptors in different cells of specific organ and ligands with binding efficiency to these specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education) , Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , China ;,c National Glycoengineering Research Center , Shandong University , Jinan , China
| | - Deqing Sun
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Rongmei Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
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Zhao YY, Li YG, Yan BQ, Liu ZZ, Qin GT, Sun YJ. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor 165b in hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:355-361. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor 165b (VEGF165b) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to investigate the relationship between VEGF165b and HCC.
METHODS: Expression of VEGF165b protein in 28 HCC specimens and 30 normal liver tissue specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of VEGF165 and VEGF165b mRNAs was detected by RT-PCR. The expression of VEGF165, VEGF165b, FAK and P-Akt proteins in HCC and normal liver tissues was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: The positive rate of VEGF165b protein expression in normal liver tissues was significantly higher than that in HCC tissues [96.67% (29/30) vs 21.4% (6/28), P < 0.05]. VEGF165b mRNA and protein expression in HCC tissues was significantly lower than that in normal liver tissues (P < 0.01). The expression of VEGF165 mRNA and protein in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal liver tissues (P < 0.01). The expression of FAK and P-Akt proteins in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal liver tissues (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The expression of VEGF165b in HCC tissues is significantly lower than that in normal liver tissues, and the expression of VEGF165, FAK and P-Akt in HCC tissues is significantly higher than that in normal liver tissues. These findings suggest that VEGF165b may be related to the occurrence and development of HCC possibly by inhibiting the expression of VEGF165, FAK and P-Akt and their effects on angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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Accardo A, Morelli G. Review peptide-targeted liposomes for selective drug delivery: Advantages and problematic issues. Biopolymers 2015; 104:462-79. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy; CIRPeB, University of Naples “Federico II” and Invectors srl; 80134 Napoli Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy; CIRPeB, University of Naples “Federico II” and Invectors srl; 80134 Napoli Italy
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Novel drug delivery liposomes targeted with a fully human anti-VEGF165 monoclonal antibody show superior antitumor efficacy in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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