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Wu S, Guo P, Zhou Q, Yang X, Dai J. M1 Macrophage-Targeted Curcumin Nanocrystals with l-Arginine-Modified for Acute Lung Injury by Inhalation. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2492-2505. [PMID: 38772450 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ALI/ARDS) with clinical manifestations of respiratory distress and hypoxemia remains a significant cause of respiratory failure, boasting a persistently high incidence and mortality rate. Given the central role of M1 macrophages in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI), this study utilized the anti-inflammatory agent curcumin as a model drug. l-arginine (L-Arg) was employed as a targeting ligand, and chitosan was initially modified with l-arginine. Subsequently, it was utilized as a surface modifier to prepare inhalable nano-crystals loaded with curcumin (Arg-CS-Cur), aiming for specific targeting of pulmonary M1 macrophages. Compared with unmodified chitosan-curcumin nanocrystals (CS-Cur), Arg-CS-Cur exhibited higher uptake in vitro by M1 macrophages, as evidenced by flow cytometry showing the highest fluorescence intensity in the Arg-CS-Cur group (P < 0.01). In vivo accumulation was greater in inflamed lung tissues, as indicated by small animal imaging demonstrating higher lung fluorescence intensity in the DiR-Arg-CS-Cur group compared to the DiR-CS-Cur group in the rat ALI model (P < 0.05), peaking at 12 h. Moreover, Arg-CS-Cur demonstrated enhanced therapeutic effects in both LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and ALI rat models. Specifically, treatment with Arg-CS-Cur significantly suppressed NO release and levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.01), while in ALI rat models, expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in lung tissues were significantly lower than those in the model group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, lung tissue damage was significantly reduced, with histological scores significantly lower than those in the CS-Cur group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, these findings underscore the targeting potential of l-arginine-modified nanocrystals, which effectively enhance curcumin concentration in inflammatory environments by selectively targeting M1 macrophages. This study thus introduces novel perspectives and theoretical support for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions for acute inflammatory lung diseases, including ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Pengchuan Guo
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiren Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaowen Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jundong Dai
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China.
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2
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Wei Y, Guo H, Chen S, Tang XX. Regulation of macrophage activation by lactylation in lung disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1427739. [PMID: 39026681 PMCID: PMC11254698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1427739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactylation is a process where lactate, a cellular metabolism byproduct, is added to proteins, altering their functions. In the realm of macrophage activation, lactylation impacts inflammatory response and immune regulation. Understanding the effects of lactylation on macrophage activation is vital in lung diseases, as abnormal activation and function are pivotal in conditions like pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, and lung cancer. This review explores the concept of lactylation, its regulation of macrophage activation, and recent research progress in lung diseases. It offers new insights into lung disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Zhou BW, Liu HM, Xu F, Jia XH. The role of macrophage polarization and cellular crosstalk in the pulmonary fibrotic microenvironment: a review. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:172. [PMID: 38461312 PMCID: PMC10924385 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive interstitial inflammatory disease with a high mortality rate. Patients with PF commonly experience a chronic dry cough and progressive dyspnoea for years without effective mitigation. The pathogenesis of PF is believed to be associated with dysfunctional macrophage polarization, fibroblast proliferation, and the loss of epithelial cells. Thus, it is of great importance and necessity to explore the interactions among macrophages, fibroblasts, and alveolar epithelial cells in lung fibrosis, as well as in the pro-fibrotic microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the latest studies that have investigated macrophage polarization and activation of non-immune cells in the context of PF pathogenesis and progression. Next, we discuss how profibrotic cellular crosstalk is promoted in the PF microenvironment by multiple cytokines, chemokines, and signalling pathways. And finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms of fibrogenesis development and efficient therapeutic strategies for the disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of the vital role of macrophage polarization in PF and its profibrotic crosstalk with fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells and suggest potential treatment strategies to target their cellular communication in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hua-Man Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xin-Hua Jia
- Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China.
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4
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Peng D, Li J, Li Y, Bai L, Xiong A, He X, Li X, Ran Q, Zhang L, Jiang M, Wang J, Leung ELH, Yang P, Li G. MMP14 high macrophages orchestrate progressive pulmonary fibrosis in SR-Ag-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107070. [PMID: 38218353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) is a fatal interstitial pulmonary disease with limited treatment options. Lung macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population that exhibit distinct subsets with divergent functions, playing pivotal roles in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific macrophage subpopulations and underlying mechanisms involved in the disease remain largely unexplored. In this study, a decision tree model showed that matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14) had higher scores for important features in the up-regulated genes in macrophages from mice exposed to the Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula antigen (SR-Ag). Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) mice profiles, we identified MMP14high macrophage subcluster with a predominant M2 phenotype that exhibited higher activity in promoting fibroblast-to myofibroblast transition (FMT). We demonstrated that suppressing toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) could attenuate MMP14 expression and exosome secretion in macrophages stimulation with SR-Ag. The exosomes derived from MMP14-overexpressing macrophages were found to be more effective in regulating the transition of fibroblasts through exosomal MMP14. Importantly, it was observed that the transfer of MMP14-overexpressing macrophages into mice promoted lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by SR-Ag. NSC-405020 binding to the hemopexin domain (PEX) of MMP-14 ameliorated lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by SR-Ag in mice. Thus, MMP14-overexpressing macrophages may be an important mechanism contributing to the exacerbation of allergic reactions. Our results indicated that MMP14 in macrophages has the potential to be a therapeutic target for HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingling Bai
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Anying Xiong
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiang He
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qin Ran
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Manling Jiang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau; MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau.
| | - Pingchang Yang
- Institute of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Allergy Division at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Guoping Li
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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5
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Al-Mutairy EA, Al Qattan S, Khalid M, Al-Enazi AA, Al-Saif MM, Imtiaz F, Ramzan K, Raveendran V, Alaiya A, Meyer BF, Atamas SP, Collison KS, Khabar KS, Hasday JD, Al-Mohanna F. Wild-type S100A3 and S100A13 restore calcium homeostasis and mitigate mitochondrial dysregulation in pulmonary fibrosis patient-derived cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1282868. [PMID: 38099297 PMCID: PMC10720433 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with digenic S100A3 and S100A13 mutations exhibited an atypical and progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, with impaired intracellular calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we provide direct evidence of a causative effect of the mutation on receptor mediated calcium signaling and calcium store responses in control cells transfected with mutant S100A3 and mutant S100A13. We demonstrate that the mutations lead to increased mitochondrial mass and hyperpolarization, both of which were reversed by transfecting patient-derived cells with the wild type S100A3 and S100A13, or extracellular treatment with the recombinant proteins. In addition, we demonstrate increased secretion of inflammatory mediators in patient-derived cells and in control cells transfected with the mutant-encoding constructs. These findings indicate that treatment of patients' cells with recombinant S100A3 and S100A13 proteins is sufficient to normalize most of cellular responses, and may therefore suggest the use of these recombinant proteins in the treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid A. Al-Mutairy
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somaya Al Qattan
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khalid
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah A. Al-Enazi
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher M. Al-Saif
- BioMolecular Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqa Imtiaz
- Clinical Genomics, Center of Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Clinical Genomics, Center of Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vineesh Raveendran
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayodele Alaiya
- Stem Cell Therapy Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian F. Meyer
- Clinical Genomics, Center of Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergei P. Atamas
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kate S. Collison
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. Khabar
- BioMolecular Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeffrey D. Hasday
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Futwan Al-Mohanna
- Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Li C, Xu J, Abdurehim A, Sun Q, Xie J, Zhang Y. TRPA1: A promising target for pulmonary fibrosis? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176088. [PMID: 37777106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease characterized by progressive scar formation and the ultimate manifestation of numerous lung diseases. It is known as "cancer that is not cancer" and has attracted widespread attention. However, its formation process is very complex, and the mechanism of occurrence has not been fully elucidated. Current research has found that TRPA1 may be a promising target in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The TRPA1 channel was first successfully isolated in human lung fibroblasts, and it was found to have a relatively concentrated distribution in the lungs and respiratory tract. It is also involved in various acute and chronic inflammatory processes of lung diseases and may even play a core role in the progression and/or prevention of pulmonary fibrosis. Natural ligands targeting TRPA1 could offer a promising alternative treatment for pulmonary diseases. Therefore, this review delves into the current understanding of pulmonary fibrogenesis, analyzes TRPA1 biological properties and regulation of lung disease with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis, summarizes the TRPA1 molecular structure and its biological function, and summarizes TRPA1 natural ligand sources, anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity and potential mechanisms. The aim is to decipher the exact role of TRPA1 channels in the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis and to consider their potential in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Jiawen Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Aliya Abdurehim
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Biotechnology & Food Science College, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China.
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7
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Pi P, Zeng Z, Zeng L, Han B, Bai X, Xu S. Molecular mechanisms of COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1218059. [PMID: 37601070 PMCID: PMC10436482 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1218059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first broke out in Hubei Province, China, at the end of 2019. It has brought great challenges and harms to global public health. SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the lungs and is mainly manifested as pulmonary disease. However, one of the biggest crises arises from the emergence of COVID-19-induced fibrosis. At present, there are still many questions about how COVID-19 induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) occurs and how to treat and regulate its long-term effects. In addition, as an important process of fibrosis, the effect of COVID-19 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be an important factor driving PF. This review summarizes the main pathogenesis and treatment mechanisms of COVID-19 related to PF. Starting with the basic mechanisms of PF, such as EMT, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, inflammation, macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, hedgehog pathway as well as Notch signaling. Further, we highlight the importance of COVID-19-induced EMT in the process of PF and provide an overview of the related molecular mechanisms, which will facilitate future research to propose new clinical therapeutic solutions for the treatment of COVID-19-induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Pi
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing Zeng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhe Bai
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shousheng Xu
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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8
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Tseng CC, Sung YW, Chen KY, Wang PY, Yen CY, Sung WY, Wu CC, Ou TT, Tsai WC, Liao WT, Chen CJ, Lee SC, Chang SJ, Yen JH. The Role of Macrophages in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: Focusing on Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11995. [PMID: 37569370 PMCID: PMC10419312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) is a severe manifestation of CTD that leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Clinically, ILD can occur in diverse CTDs. Pathologically, CTD-ILD is characterized by various histologic patterns, such as nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, and usual interstitial pneumonia. Abnormal immune system responses have traditionally been instrumental in its pathophysiology, and various changes in immune cells have been described, especially in macrophages. This article first briefly overviews the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, impacts, and histopathologic changes associated with CTD-ILD. Next, it summarizes the roles of various signaling pathways in macrophages or products of macrophages in ILD, helped by insights gained from animal models. In the following sections, this review returns to studies of macrophages in CTD-ILD in humans for an overall picture of the current understanding. Finally, we direct attention to potential therapies targeting macrophages in CTD-ILD in investigation or in clinical trials, as well as the future directions regarding macrophages in the context of CTD-ILD. Although the field of macrophages in CTD-ILD is still in its infancy, several lines of evidence suggest the potential of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Sung
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Yen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Sung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chin Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Teng Ou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chan Tsai
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chen Lee
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Jen Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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9
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Rajesh R, Atallah R, Bärnthaler T. Dysregulation of metabolic pathways in pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108436. [PMID: 37150402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disorder of unknown origin and the most common interstitial lung disease. It progresses with the recruitment of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that contribute to the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, leading to the loss of compliance and alveolar integrity, compromising the gas exchange capacity of the lung. Moreover, while there are therapeutics available, they do not offer a cure. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify better therapeutic targets. With the advent of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, the cellular mechanisms underlying disease progression are better understood. Metabolic homeostasis is one such factor and its dysregulation has been shown to impact the outcome of IPF. Several metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of lipids, protein and carbohydrates have been implicated in IPF. While metabolites are crucial for the generation of energy, it is now appreciated that metabolites have several non-metabolic roles in regulating cellular processes such as proliferation, signaling, and death among several other functions. Through this review, we succinctly elucidate the role of several metabolic pathways in IPF. Moreover, we also discuss potential therapeutics which target metabolism or metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Rajesh
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reham Atallah
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bärnthaler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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10
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Ahangari F, Price NL, Malik S, Chioccioli M, Bärnthaler T, Adams TS, Kim J, Pradeep SP, Ding S, Cosmos C, Rose KAS, McDonough JE, Aurelien NR, Ibarra G, Omote N, Schupp JC, DeIuliis G, Villalba Nunez JA, Sharma L, Ryu C, Dela Cruz CS, Liu X, Prasse A, Rosas I, Bahal R, Fernández-Hernando C, Kaminski N. microRNA-33 deficiency in macrophages enhances autophagy, improves mitochondrial homeostasis, and protects against lung fibrosis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e158100. [PMID: 36626225 PMCID: PMC9977502 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease. Recent findings have shown a marked metabolic reprogramming associated with changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy during pulmonary fibrosis. The microRNA-33 (miR-33) family of microRNAs (miRNAs) encoded within the introns of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) genes are master regulators of sterol and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. miR-33 controls macrophage immunometabolic response and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, FA oxidation, and cholesterol efflux. Here, we show that miR-33 levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells isolated from patients with IPF compared with healthy controls. We demonstrate that specific genetic ablation of miR-33 in macrophages protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The absence of miR-33 in macrophages improves mitochondrial homeostasis and increases autophagy while decreasing inflammatory response after bleomycin injury. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of miR-33 in macrophages via administration of anti-miR-33 peptide nucleic acids (PNA-33) attenuates fibrosis in different in vivo and ex vivo mice and human models of pulmonary fibrosis. These studies elucidate a major role of miR-33 in macrophages in the regulation of pulmonary fibrosis and uncover a potentially novel therapeutic approach to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Ahangari
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathan L. Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shipra Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maurizio Chioccioli
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas Bärnthaler
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Taylor S. Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sai Pallavi Pradeep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shuizi Ding
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos Cosmos
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kadi-Ann S. Rose
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John E. McDonough
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nachelle R. Aurelien
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Hospital Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Ibarra
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Life Span Medical Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Norihito Omote
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonas C. Schupp
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Giuseppe DeIuliis
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Julian A. Villalba Nunez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Charles S. Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xinran Liu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging (CCMI), Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Pneumology, University of Hannover, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivan Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Jiang L, Guo P, Ju J, Zhu X, Wu S, Dai J. Inhalation of L-arginine-modified liposomes targeting M1 macrophages to enhance curcumin therapeutic efficacy in ALI. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 182:21-31. [PMID: 36442537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), characterized by uncontrolled lung inflammation, is one of the most devastating diseases with high morbidity and mortality. As the first line of defense system, macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Therefore, it has great potential to selectively target M1 macrophages to improve the therapeutic effect of anti-inflammatory drugs. l-arginine plays a key role in regulating the immune function of macrophages. The receptors mediating l-arginine uptake are highly expressed on the surface of M1-type macrophages. In this study, we designed an l-arginine-modified liposome for aerosol inhalation to target M1 macrophages in the lung, and the anti-inflammatory drug curcumin was encapsulated in liposomes as model drug. Compared with unmodified curcumin liposome (Cur-Lip), l-arginine functionalized Cur-Lip (Arg-Cur-Lip) exhibited higher uptake by M1 macrophages in vitro and higher accumulation in inflamed lungs in vivo. Furthermore, Arg-Cur-Lip showed more potent therapeutic effects in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and the rat model of ALI. Overall, these findings indicate that l-arginine-modified liposomes have great potential to enhance curcumin treatment of ALI/ARDS by targeting M1 macrophages, which may provide an option for the treatment of acute lung inflammatory diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle east respiratory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Jiang
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Pengchuan Guo
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jiarui Ju
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shiyue Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jundong Dai
- Department of Chinese Medicinal Pharmaceutics, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yang Guang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China.
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12
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Radwanska A, Cottage CT, Piras A, Overed-Sayer C, Sihlbom C, Budida R, Wrench C, Connor J, Monkley S, Hazon P, Schluter H, Thomas MJ, Hogaboam CM, Murray LA. Increased expression and accumulation of GDF15 in IPF extracellular matrix contribute to fibrosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153058. [PMID: 35993367 PMCID: PMC9462497 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease of unmet medical need. It is characterized by formation of scar tissue leading to a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function. IPF is associated with repeated injury, which may alter the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we demonstrate that IPF patient–derived pulmonary ECM drives profibrotic response in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) in a 3D spheroid assay. Next, we reveal distinct alterations in composition of the diseased ECM, identifying potentially novel associations with IPF. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was identified among the most significantly upregulated proteins in the IPF lung–derived ECM. In vivo, GDF15 neutralization in a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model led to significantly less fibrosis. In vitro, recombinant GDF15 (rGDF15) stimulated α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression in NHLF, and this was mediated by the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) receptor. Furthermore, in the presence of rGDF15, the migration of NHLF in collagen gel was reduced. In addition, we observed a cell type–dependent effect of GDF15 on the expression of cell senescence markers. Our data suggest that GDF15 mediates lung fibrosis through fibroblast activation and differentiation, implicating a potential direct role of this matrix-associated cytokine in promoting aberrant cell responses in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Radwanska
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Travis Cottage
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Piras
- Bioscience In Vivo, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ramachandramouli Budida
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Wrench
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Connor
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Monkley
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Hazon
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Schluter
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Thomas
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lynne A. Murray
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Ma H, Wu X, Li Y, Xia Y. Research Progress in the Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, and Drug Development of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:963054. [PMID: 35935869 PMCID: PMC9349351 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.963054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease. Recent studies have identified the key role of crosstalk between dysregulated epithelial cells, mesenchymal, immune, and endothelial cells in IPF. In addition, genetic mutations and environmental factors (e.g., smoking) have also been associated with the development of IPF. With the recent development of sequencing technology, epigenetics, as an intermediate link between gene expression and environmental impacts, has also been reported to be implicated in pulmonary fibrosis. Although the etiology of IPF is unknown, many novel therapeutic targets and agents have emerged from clinical trials for IPF treatment in the past years, and the successful launch of pirfenidone and nintedanib has demonstrated the promising future of anti-IPF therapy. Therefore, we aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathogenic factors of IPF, which would be helpful for the diagnosis of IPF, the development of anti-fibrotic drugs, and improving the prognosis of patients with IPF. In this study, we summarized the pathogenic mechanism, therapeutic targets and clinical trials from the perspective of multiple cell types, gene mutations, epigenetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuyi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Xia,
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14
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Liu J, Fan G, Tao N, Feng F, Meng C, Sun T. Ginsenoside Rb1 Alleviates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis by Suppressing Central Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization-, Leucine-Rich Repeat-, and Pyrin Domains-Containing Protein Three Inflammasome Activation and the NF-κB Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1793-1809. [PMID: 35719213 PMCID: PMC9205635 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s361748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and irreversible fibrotic interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology and therapeutic strategies are limited. Emerging evidence suggests that the continuous activation of the central nucleotide-binding oligomerization-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1) is the most abundant component in the traditional Chinese herb ginseng and has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. The purpose of this study was to explore whether G-Rb1 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in vivo and in vitro by suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway. Methods Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=12/group) as follows: control, bleomycin (BLM), BLM/G-Rb1, and G-Rb1. A pulmonary fibrosis model was developed via an intratracheal injection of BLM. Six mice from each group were euthanized on days 3 and 21. The degree of pulmonary fibrosis was examined by histological evaluation and assessing α-smooth muscle actin levels. THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages, and stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway was determined by Western blotting. Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-18 levels were measured by ELISA. MRC-5 cells were cultured in the conditioned medium of the treated macrophages, after which markers of myofibroblasts were determined by Western blotting. Results G-Rb1 ameliorated BLM-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice, and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the NF-κB pathway in lung tissues. Moreover, interleukin-1 beta secreted after NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages promoted fibroblast differentiation. G-Rb1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide- and adenosine triphosphate-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages and disturbed the crosstalk between macrophages and fibroblasts. Conclusion G-Rb1 ameliorates BLM-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the NF-κB pathway. Hence, G-Rb1 is a potential novel therapeutic drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningning Tao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tieying Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Li R, Jia Y, Kong X, Nie Y, Deng Y, Liu Y. Novel drug delivery systems and disease models for pulmonary fibrosis. J Control Release 2022; 348:95-114. [PMID: 35636615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a serious and progressive lung disease which is possibly life-threatening. It causes lung scarring and affects lung functions including epithelial cell injury, massive recruitment of immune cells and abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). There is currently no cure for PF. Treatment for PF is aimed at slowing the course of the disease and relieving symptoms. Pirfenidone (PFD) and nintedanib (NDNB) are currently the only two FDA-approved oral medicines to slow down the progress of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a specific type of PF. Novel drug delivery systems and therapies have been developed to improve the prognosis of the disease, as well as reduce or minimize the toxicities during drug treatment. The drug delivery routes for these therapies are various including oral, intravenous, nasal, inhalant, intratracheal and transdermal; although this is dependent on specific treatment mechanisms. In addition, researchers have also expanded current animal models that could not fully restore the clinicopathology, and developed a series of in vitro models such as organoids to study the pathogenesis and treatment of PF. This review describes recent advances on pathogenesis exploration, classifies and specifies the progress of drug delivery systems by their delivery routes, as well as an overview on the in vitro and in vivo models for PF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yizhen Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaohan Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yichu Nie
- Clinical Research Institute, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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16
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Kishore A, Petrek M. Roles of Macrophage Polarization and Macrophage-Derived miRNAs in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678457. [PMID: 34489932 PMCID: PMC8417529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes the current evidence for the role of macrophage activation and polarization in inflammation and immune response pertinent to interstitial lung disease, specifically pulmonary fibrosis. In the fibrosing lung, the production and function of inflammatory and fibrogenic mediators involved in the disease development have been reported to be regulated by the effects of polarized M1/M2 macrophage populations. The M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes were suggested to correspond with the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic signatures, respectively. These responses towards tissue injury followed by the development and progression of lung fibrosis are further regulated by macrophage-derived microRNAs (miRNAs). Besides cellular miRNAs, extracellular exosomal-miRNAs derived from M2 macrophages have also been proposed to promote the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. In a future perspective, harnessing the noncoding miRNAs with a key role in the macrophage polarization is, therefore, suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kishore
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Accuscript Consultancy, Ludhiana, India
| | - Martin Petrek
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia.,Departments of Experimental Medicine, and Immunology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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17
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Liu T, Xu P, Qi S, Ke S, Hu Q, Zhao P, Li J. Network Pharmacology-Based Mechanistic Investigation of Jinshui Huanxian Formula Acting on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8634705. [PMID: 34306156 PMCID: PMC8279870 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8634705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic respiratory disease with high incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates. Jinshui Huanxian formula (JHF) is an empirical formula that targets the pathogenesis of lung-kidney qi deficiency and phlegm-blood stasis in pulmonary fibrosis (PF). The purpose of this study was to explore JHF's potential pharmacological mechanisms in IPF therapy using network intersection analysis. JHF's primary active components and corresponding target genes were predicted using various databases. Two sets of IPF disease genes were obtained from the DisGeNET and GEO databases and two sets of IPF drug targets were collected. The disease and drug target genes were analyzed. The JHF target genes that intersected with IPF's differentially expressed genes were identified to predict JHF's targets of action in IPF. The functions and pathways of predicted targets acting on IPF were analyzed using the DAVID and KEGG pathway databases. Finally, the resulting drug target mechanisms were validated in a rat model of PF. The initial analyses identified 494 active compounds and 1,304 corresponding targets for JHF. The intersection analysis revealed four common genes for the JHF targets, IPF disease, and anti-IPF drugs in the KEGG database. Furthermore, these genes were targeted by several JHF compounds. Seventy-two JHF targets were closely related to IPF, which suggests that they are therapeutically relevant. Target screening revealed that they regulate IPF through 18 pathways. The targets' molecular functions included regulation of oxidoreductase activity, kinase regulator activity, phosphotransferase activity, and transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity. In vivo experiments showed that JHF alleviated the degree of PF, including decreases in collagen deposition and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This study systematically explored JHF's mechanisms to identify the specific target pathways involved in IPF. The generated pharmacological network, paired with in vivo validation, elucidates the potential roles and mechanisms of JHF in IPF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Pengli Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Shuishui Qi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Shaorui Ke
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Co-Construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
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18
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Interstitial Score and Concentrations of IL-4Rα, PAR-2, and MMP-7 in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Could Be Useful Markers for Distinguishing Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040693. [PMID: 33924683 PMCID: PMC8070528 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) entails a variable group of lung diseases of unknown etiology. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, interstitial lung diseases related to connective tissue disease (CTD-ILD), and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) can manifest with similar clinical, radiological, and histopathological features. In a differential diagnosis, biomarkers can play a significant role. We assume that levels of specific cyto- or chemokines or their receptors can signal pathogenetic processes in the lungs. Eighty patients with different types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia were enrolled in this study. Cell counts and concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-4 receptor α, proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, and B cell-activating factor were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using commercial ELISA kits. High resolution computer tomography results were evaluated using alveolar and interstitial (IS) score scales. Levels of TNF-α were significantly higher in HP compared to fibrosing IIP (p < 0.0001) and CTD-ILD (p = 0.0381). Concentrations of IL-4Rα, PAR-2, and MMP-7 were positively correlated with IS (p = 0.0009; p = 0.0256; p = 0.0015, respectively). Since TNF-α plays a major role in inflammation, our results suggest that HP is predominantly an inflammatory disease. From the positive correlation with IS we believe that IL-4Rα, PAR-2, and MMP-7 could serve as fibroproliferative biomarkers in differential diagnosis of IIP.
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19
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Mi LL, Zhu Y, Lu HY. A crosstalk between type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternative macrophages in lung development and lung diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:403. [PMID: 33786611 PMCID: PMC8025469 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important innate immune cells that are involved in type 2 inflammation, in both mice and humans. ILC2s are stimulated by factors, including interleukin (IL)-33 and IL-25, and activated ILC2s secrete several cytokines that mediate type 2 immunity by inducing profound changes in physiology, including activation of alternative (M2) macrophages. M2 macrophages possess immune modulatory, phagocytic, tissue repair and remodeling properties, and can regulate ILC2s under infection. The present review summarizes the role of ILC2s as innate cells and M2 macrophages as anti-inflammatory cells, and discusses current literature on their important biological significance. The present review also highlights how the crosstalk between ILC2s and M2 macrophages contributes to lung development, induces pulmonary parasitic expulsion, exacerbates pulmonary viral and fungal infections and allergic airway diseases, and promotes the development of lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and carcinoma of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Mi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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20
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Piñeiro-Hermida S, Autilio C, Martínez P, Bosch F, Pérez-Gil J, Blasco MA. Telomerase treatment prevents lung profibrotic pathologies associated with physiological aging. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152010. [PMID: 32777016 PMCID: PMC7659728 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Short/dysfunctional telomeres are at the origin of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in patients mutant for telomere maintenance genes. However, it remains unknown whether physiological aging leads to short telomeres in the lung, thus leading to IPF with aging. Here, we find that physiological aging in wild-type mice leads to telomere shortening and a reduced proliferative potential of alveolar type II cells and club cells, increased cellular senescence and DNA damage, increased fibroblast activation and collagen deposits, and impaired lung biophysics, suggestive of a fibrosis-like pathology. Treatment of both wild-type and telomerase-deficient mice with telomerase gene therapy prevented the onset of lung profibrotic pathologies. These findings suggest that short telomeres associated with physiological aging are at the origin of IPF and that a potential treatment for IPF based on telomerase activation would be of interest not only for patients with telomerase mutations but also for sporadic cases of IPF associated with physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Autilio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)," Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute "Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12)," Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid, Spain
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21
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She YX, Yu QY, Tang XX. Role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:52. [PMID: 33723241 PMCID: PMC7960958 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins, a group of cytokines participating in inflammation and immune response, are proved to be involved in the formation and development of pulmonary fibrosis. In this article, we reviewed the relationship between interleukins and pulmonary fibrosis from the clinical, animal, as well as cellular levels, and discussed the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Despite the effects of interleukin-targeted treatment on experimental pulmonary fibrosis, clinical applications are lacking and unsatisfactory. We conclude that intervening in one type of interleukins with similar functions in IPF may not be enough to stop the development of fibrosis as it involves a complex network of regulation mechanisms. Intervening interleukins combined with other existing therapy or targeting interleukins affecting multiple cells/with different functions at the same time may be one of the future directions. Furthermore, the intervention time is critical as some interleukins play different roles at different stages. Further elucidation on these aspects would provide new perspectives on both the pathogenesis mechanism, as well as the therapeutic strategy and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin She
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Antoniou KM, Tsitoura E, Vasarmidi E, Symvoulakis EK, Aidinis V, Tzilas V, Tzouvelekis A, Bouros D. Precision medicine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis therapy: From translational research to patient-centered care. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 57:71-80. [PMID: 33556824 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible fibrotic chronic lung disease affecting predominantly older adults, with a history of smoking. The current model of disease natural course is that recurrent injury of the alveolar epithelium in the context of advanced aging/cellular senescence is followed by defective re-epithelialization and scar tissue formation. Currently, two drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, that modify disease progression have been approved worldwide for the treatment of IPF. However, despite treatment, patients with IPF are not cured, and eventually, disease advances in most treated patients. Enhancing biogenomic and metabolic research output, its translation into clinical precision and optimal service delivery through patient-centeredness are key elements to support effective IPF care. In this review, we summarize therapeutic options currently investigated for IPF based on the major pathogenetic pathways and molecular targets that drive pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina M Antoniou
- Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
| | - Eliza Tsitoura
- Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Eirini Vasarmidi
- Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Tzilas
- Center for Diseases of the Chest, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Center for Diseases of the Chest, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece; Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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23
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Araki K, Kinoshita R, Tomonobu N, Gohara Y, Tomida S, Takahashi Y, Senoo S, Taniguchi A, Itano J, Yamamoto KI, Murata H, Suzawa K, Shien K, Yamamoto H, Okazaki M, Sugimoto S, Ichimura K, Nishibori M, Miyahara N, Toyooka S, Sakaguchi M. The heterodimer S100A8/A9 is a potent therapeutic target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:131-145. [PMID: 33169236 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In patients with interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible condition that can cause respiratory failure. Novel treatments for pulmonary fibrosis are necessary. Inflammation is thought to activate lung fibroblasts, resulting in pulmonary fibrosis. Of the known inflammatory molecules, we have focused on S100A8/A9 from the onset of inflammation to the subsequent progression of inflammation. Our findings confirmed the high expression of S100A8/A9 in specimens from patients with pulmonary fibrosis. An active role of S100A8/A9 was demonstrated not only in the proliferation of fibroblasts but also in the fibroblasts' differentiation to myofibroblasts (the active form of fibroblasts). S100A8/A9 also forced fibroblasts to upregulate the production of collagen. These effects were induced via the receptor of S100A8/A9, i.e., the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), on fibroblasts. The anti-S100A8/A9 neutralizing antibody inhibited the effects of S100A8/A9 on fibroblasts and suppressed the progression of fibrosis in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. Our findings strongly suggest a crucial role of S100A8/A9 in pulmonary fibrosis and the usefulness of S100A8/A9-targeting therapy for fibrosis interstitial pneumonia. HIGHLIGHTS: S100A8/A9 level is highly upregulated in the IPF patients' lungs as well as the blood. S100A8/A9 promotes not only the growth of fibroblasts but also differentiation to myofibroblasts. The cell surface RAGE acts as a crucial receptor to the extracellular S100A8/A9 in fibroblasts. The anti-S100A8/A9 antibody effectively suppresses the progression of IPF in a mouse model. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), S100A8/A9, a heterodimer composed of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins, plays a crucial role in the onset of inflammation and the subsequent formation of a feed-forward inflammatory loop that promotes fibrosis. (1) The local, pronounced increase in S100A8/A9 in the injured inflammatory lung region-which is provided mainly by the activated neutrophils and macrophages-exerts strong inflammatory signals accompanied by dozens of inflammatory soluble factors including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that further act to produce and secrete S100A8/A9, eventually making a sustainable inflammatory circuit that supplies an indefinite presence of S100A8/A9 in the extracellular space with a mal-increased level. (2) The elevated S100A8/A9 compels fibroblasts to activate through receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), one of the major S100A8/A9 receptors, resulting in the activation of NFκB, leading to fibroblast mal-events (e.g., elevated cell proliferation and transdifferentiation to myofibroblasts) that actively produce not only inflammatory cytokines but also collagen matrices. (3) Finally, the S100A8/A9-derived activation of lung fibroblasts under a chronic inflammation state leads to fibrosis events and constantly worsens fibrosis in the lung. Taken together, these findings suggest that the extracellular S100A8/A9 heterodimer protein is a novel mainstay soluble factor for IPF that exerts many functions as described above (1-3). Against this background, we herein applied the developed S100A8/A9 neutralizing antibody to prevent IPF. The IPF imitating lung fibrosis in an IPF mouse model was effectively blocked by treatment with the antibody, leading to enhanced survival. The developed S100A8/A9 antibody, as an innovative novel biologic, may help shed light on the difficulties encountered with IPF therapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Araki
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Rie Kinoshita
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nahoko Tomonobu
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuma Gohara
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Senoo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Taniguchi
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Itano
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Suzawa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shien
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mikio Okazaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sugimoto
- Department of Organ Transplant Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ichimura
- Department of Pathology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Miyahara
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Medical Technology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Masakiyo Sakaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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24
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Togami K, Maruta Y, Nanbu M, Tada H, Chono S. Prolonged distribution of aerosolized PEGylated liposomes in the lungs of mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1873-1880. [PMID: 32940095 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1825473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and chronic lung disease characterized by abnormal remodeling of the lung parenchyma with subsequent scarring of the alveolar structure. In this study, we examined the distribution characteristics of aerosolized polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated liposomes in the lungs of mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. SIGNIFICANCE The present study details the utility of aerosolized PEGylated liposomes for improving intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics in fibrotic lungs. METHODS Aerosolized PEGylated liposomes were administered to fibrotic mouse lungs using a MicroSprayer. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics was evaluated via in vivo imaging, measurement of liposome concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and alveolar macrophages (AMs), and observation of lung tissue sections. In addition, in vitro accumulation experiments using WI-38, A549, and RAW264.7 cells were performed. RESULTS The decrease of the fluorescence intensity of the PEGylated liposomes was slower than that of the non-modified liposomes. Compared with the non-modified liposomes, the PEGylated liposomes were determined higher in BALF, whereas those in the AMs were lower. Both PEGylated and non-modified liposomes were widely dispersed in fibrotic regions in tissue sections. No difference in accumulation in WI-38 and A549 cells was noted between PEGylated and non-modified liposomes, whereas the PEGylated liposomes exhibited lower intracellular accumulation than non-modified liposomes in RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Aerosolized drug delivery systems using PEGylated liposomes exhibited prolonged distribution in both healthy and fibrotic mouse lungs. PEGylated liposomes were determined to be efficient drug delivery systems for anti-fibrotic agents targeting lung fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells for optimizing the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Togami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan.,Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Maruta
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mao Nanbu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumio Chono
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Pharmaceutics, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Japan.,Creation Research Institute of Life Science in KITA-no-DAICHI, Sapporo, Japan
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25
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Hisert KB, Birkland TP, Schoenfelt KQ, Long ME, Grogan B, Carter S, Liles WC, McKone EF, Becker L, Manicone AM, Gharib SA. CFTR Modulator Therapy Enhances Peripheral Blood Monocyte Contributions to Immune Responses in People With Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1219. [PMID: 33013356 PMCID: PMC7461946 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CFTR modulators decrease some etiologies of CF airway inflammation; however, data indicate that non-resolving airway infection and inflammation persist in individuals with CF and chronic bacterial infections. Thus, identification of therapies that diminish airway inflammation without allowing unrestrained bacterial growth remains a critical research goal. Novel strategies for combatting deleterious airway inflammation in the CFTR modulator era require better understanding of cellular contributions to chronic CF airway disease, and how inflammatory cells change after initiation of CFTR modulator therapy. Peripheral blood monocytes, which traffic to the CF airway, can develop both pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving phenotypes, represent intriguing cellular targets for focused therapies. This therapeutic approach, however, requires a more detailed knowledge of CF monocyte cellular programming and phenotypes. Material and Methods In order to characterize the inflammatory phenotype of CF monocytes, and how these cells change after initiation of CFTR modulator therapy, we studied adults (n=10) with CF, chronic airway infections, and the CFTR-R117H mutations before and 7 days after initiation of ivacaftor. Transcriptomes of freshly isolated blood monocytes were interrogated by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by pathway-based analyses. Plasma concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were evaluated by multiplex ELISA. Results RNAseq identified approximately 50 monocyte genes for which basal expression was significantly changed in all 10 subjects after 7 days of ivacaftor. Of these, the majority were increased in expression post ivacaftor, including many genes traditionally associated with enhanced inflammation and immune responses. Pathway analyses confirmed that transcriptional programs were overwhelmingly up-regulated in monocytes after 7 days of ivacaftor, including biological modules associated with immunity, cell cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the unfolded protein response. Ivacaftor increased plasma concentrations of CXCL2, a neutrophil chemokine secreted by monocytes and macrophages, and CCL2, a monocyte chemokine. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ivacaftor causes acute changes in blood monocyte transcriptional profiles and plasma chemokines, and suggest that increased monocyte inflammatory signals and changes in myeloid cell trafficking may contribute to changes in airway inflammation in people taking CFTR modulators. To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the transcriptomic response of circulating blood monocytes in CF subjects treated with a CFTR modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Hisert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelly Q Schoenfelt
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matthew E Long
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brenda Grogan
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Carter
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - W Conrad Liles
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Edward F McKone
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lev Becker
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anne M Manicone
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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26
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Zhou S, Zhou Y, Yu J, Du Y, Tan Y, Ke Y, Wang J, Han B, Ge F. Ophiocordyceps lanpingensis polysaccharides attenuate pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110058. [PMID: 32145591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease with growing prevalence. Currently available therapies for treating IPF are not desirable due to the limited efficacy and multiple side effects. Ophiocordyceps lanpingensis is one strain of entomogenous fungi, which has been collected from the eastern part of the Himalayas. This study revealed that O. lanpingensis polysaccharides (OLP) could attenuate bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis in mice. Results showed that OLP treatments significantly reduced BLM-induced collagen deposition and decreased the accumulation of macrophages. The oxidative stress of the lung was alleviated by OLP. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic factors in OLP groups were also decreased compared with those in the BLM group, which might explain the improved alveolar integrity and function in the OLP treated groups. Our findings indicated that OLP treatment could alleviate pulmonary fibrosis progression mainly through reducing the recruitment of macrophages to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yongchun Zhou
- Yunnan Cancer Center Molecular Diagnostics Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yaxi Du
- Yunnan Cancer Center Molecular Diagnostics Center, Yunnan Cancer Hospital & the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yingmei Ke
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Benyong Han
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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