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Zhao Y, Qiu P, Shen T. Gut microbiota and eye diseases: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39866. [PMID: 39331938 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that alterations in gut microbiota play a significant role in the progression of various diseases, including those affecting the eyes. The association between gut microbiota and eye health is an emerging focus of research. This review seeks to summarize the connection between the gut microbiome and specific eye conditions, such as ocular surface diseases, funduscopic disorders and immune-mediated eye diseases. Gut microbiota may influence these conditions by regulating the immune system or altering metabolites, thereby contributing to disease development. Strategies like probiotics, antibiotics, dietary modifications, and fecal transplants show promise in addressing these issues. This review examines how the gut microbiome may be linked to the pathogenesis of eye diseases, providing fresh therapeutic perspectives for ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peijin Qiu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhou L, Sun H, Chen G, Li C, Liu D, Wang X, Meng T, Jiang Z, Yang S, Yang MM. Indoxyl sulfate induces retinal microvascular injury via COX-2/PGE 2 activation in diabetic retinopathy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:870. [PMID: 39334140 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the principal cause of acquired blindness among the working-age population, is the most frequent microvascular complication of diabetes. Although metabolic disorders are hypothesized to play a role in its pathogenesis, the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. METHODS To elucidate the mechanism, we initially compared metabolite profiles of vitreous fluid between 23 patients with DR and 12 non-diabetic controls using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, identifying the distinct metabolite indoxyl sulfate (IS). Subsequently, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and IS-injected rat models were established to examine the effects of IS on retinal microvasculature. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify potential regulatory mechanisms in IS-treated human retinal endothelial cells (HREC). Finally, target gene knockdown in HREC and treatment of IS-injected rats with inhibitors (targeting IS production or downstream regulators) were employed to elucidate the detailed mechanisms and identify therapeutic targets for DR. RESULTS Metabolomics identified 172 significantly altered metabolites in the vitreous humor of diabetics, including the dysregulated tryptophan metabolite indoxyl sulfate (IS). IS was observed to breach the blood-retinal barrier and accumulate in the intraocular fluid of diabetic rats. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that elevated levels of IS induced endothelial apoptosis and disrupted cell junctions. RNA sequencing pinpointed prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthetase-cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) as a potential target of IS. Validation experiments demonstrated that IS enhanced COX-2 expression, which subsequently increased PGE2 secretion by promoting transcription factor EGR1 binding to COX-2 DNA following entry into cells via organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP2B1). Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 in vivo or silencing EGR1/OATP2B1 in HREC mitigated IS-induced microcapillary damage and the activation of COX-2/PGE2. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin originating from the gut microbiota product indole, increased significantly and contributed to retinal microvascular damage in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Mechanistically, IS impaired retinal microvascular integrity by inducing the expression of COX-2 and the production of PGE2. Consequently, targeting the gut microbiota or the PGE2 pathway may offer effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Gongyi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Cunzi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xurui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Ting Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Zhenyou Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Shu Yang
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Ming-Ming Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China.
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
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Zhou P, Hao Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Xu W, Yu J. Association between gut microbiota and diabetic microvascular complications: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1364280. [PMID: 39157683 PMCID: PMC11327146 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1364280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota (GM) homeostasis in the human body is closely associated with health, which can be used as a regulator for preventing the onset and progression of disease. Diabetic microvascular complications bring about not only a huge economic burden to society, but also miserable mental and physical pain. Thus, alteration of the GM may be a method to delay diabetic microvascular complications. Objective A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to reveal the causal inference between GM and three core diabetic microvascular complications, namely, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic neuropathy (DNP). Methods First, genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for GM from the MiBioGen consortium and three main diabetic microvascular complications acquired from the FinnGen research project were assessed. Second, a forward MR analysis was conducted to assess the causality of GM on the risk of DKD, DR, and DNP. Third, a series of sensitivity studies, such as heterogeneity tests, pleiotropy evaluations, and leave-one-out analyses, were further conducted to assess the accuracy of MR analysis. Finally, Steiger tests and reverse MR analyses were performed to appraise the possibility of reverse causation. Results A total of 2,092 single-nucleotide polymorphisms related to 196 bacterial traits were selected as instrumental variables. This two-sample MR analysis provided strongly reasonable evidence that 28 genetically predicted abundance of specific GM that played non-negligible roles in the occurrence of DKD, DR, and DNP complications were causally associated with 23 GM, the odds ratio of which generally ranged from 0.9 to 1.1. Further sensitivity analysis indicated low heterogeneity, low pleiotropy, and high reliability of the causal estimates. Conclusion The study raised the possibility that GM may be a potential target to prevent and delay the progression of diabetic microvascular complications. Further experiments of GM therapy on diabetic microvascular complications are warranted to clarify their effects and specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenning Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weilong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangyi Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Lima Barrientos J, Rojas Huerta A, Perez Mendoza A, Abreu Lopez BA, Salolin Vargas VP, Garcia Gonzalez OY, Saldaña Ruiz MA, Diarte E, Torijano Sarria AJ. The Relationship Between Gut Microbiome and Ophthalmologic Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e66808. [PMID: 39280427 PMCID: PMC11392598 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been studied in recent years due to its association with various pathological pathways involved in different diseases, caused by its structure, function, and diversity alteration. The knowledge of this mechanism has generated interest in the investigation of its relationship with ophthalmologic diseases. Recent studies infer the existence of a gut-eye microbiota axis, influenced by the intestinal barrier, the blood-retina barrier, and the immune privilege of the eye. A common denominator among ophthalmologic diseases that have been related to this axis is inflammation, which is perpetuated by dysbiosis, causing an alteration of the intestinal barrier leading to increased permeability and, in turn, the release of components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), and bacterial translocation. Some theories explain that depending on how the microbiome is composed, a different type of T cells will be activated, while others say that some bacteria can pre-activate T cells that mimic ocular structures and intestinal permeability that allow leakage of metabolites into the circulation. In addition, therapies such as probiotics, diet, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have been shown to favor the presence of a balanced population of microorganisms that limit inflammation and, in turn, generate a beneficial effect in these eye pathologies. This review aims to analyze how the intestinal microbiome influences various ocular pathologies based on microbial composition and pathological mechanisms, which may provide a better understanding of the diseases and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anahi Rojas Huerta
- General Practice, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MEX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edna Diarte
- Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, MEX
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Ye Y, Huang J, Li S, Li Y, Zhao Y. Effects of Dietary Melatonin on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Defense, and Intestinal Microbiota in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:623-638. [PMID: 38814375 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin (MT) feed supplementation on the antioxidant capacity, immune defense, and intestinal flora in Procambarus clarkii (P. clarkii). Six groups of P. clarkii were fed test feeds containing different levels of MT: 0 mg/kg (control), 22.5, 41.2, 82.7, 165.1, and 329.2 mg/kg for a duration of 2 months. The specific growth rate, hepatosomatic index, and condition factor were recorded highest in the test group of shrimp fed an MT concentration of 165.1 mg/kg. Compared to the control group, the rate of apoptosis was lower in hepatopancreas cells of P. clarkii supplemented with high concentrations of MT. Analyses of antioxidant capacity and immune-response-related enzymes in the hepatopancreas indicated that dietary supplementation of MT significantly augmented both the antioxidant system and immune responses. Dietary MT supplementation significantly increased the expression levels of antioxidant-immunity-related genes and decreased the expression levels of genes linked to apoptosis. Dietary MT was associated with an elevation in the abundance of the Firmicutes and a reduction in the abundance of the Proteobacteria in the intestines; besides, resulting in an increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacilli. The broken-line model indicated that the suitable MT concentration was 154.09-157.09 mg/kg. MT supplementation enhanced the growth performance of P. clarkii, exerting a positive influence on the intestinal microbiota, and bolstered both immune response and disease resistance. Thus, this study offered novel perspectives regarding the application of dietary MT supplementation within the aquaculture field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Ye
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiarong Huang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Siwen Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 63 Chifeng Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Livantsova EN, Leonov GE, Starodubova AV, Varaeva YR, Vatlin AA, Koshechkin SI, Korotkova TN, Nikityuk DB. Diet and the Gut Microbiome as Determinants Modulating Metabolic Outcomes in Young Obese Adults. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1601. [PMID: 39062174 PMCID: PMC11275099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, along with metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, various cancers, and other non-communicable diseases, thereby contributing to higher mortality rates. The intestinal microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and influencing human metabolism. This study enrolled 82 young obese individuals, who were stratified into groups with or without metabolic disturbances. No significant differences in the alpha or beta diversity of the microbiota were observed among the groups. Insulin resistance was characterized by an increase in the number of Adlercreutzia and Dialister as well as a decrease in Collinsella, Coprococcus and Clostridiales. The dyslipidemia and dyslipidemia+insulin resistance groups had no significant differences in the gut microbiota. Dietary patterns also influenced microbial composition, with high protein intake increasing Leuconostoc and Akkermansia, and high fiber intake boosting Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. The genus Erwinia was associated with increases in visceral fat and serum glucose as well as a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Our findings highlight a significant association between gut microbiota composition and metabolic disturbances in young obese individuals, and they suggest that dietary modifications may promote a healthy microbiome and reduce the risk of developing metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N. Livantsova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.S.); (Y.R.V.); (T.N.K.); (D.B.N.)
| | - Georgy E. Leonov
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.S.); (Y.R.V.); (T.N.K.); (D.B.N.)
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.S.); (Y.R.V.); (T.N.K.); (D.B.N.)
- Therapy Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yurgita R. Varaeva
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.S.); (Y.R.V.); (T.N.K.); (D.B.N.)
| | - Aleksey A. Vatlin
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana N. Korotkova
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.S.); (Y.R.V.); (T.N.K.); (D.B.N.)
| | - Dmitry B. Nikityuk
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.S.); (Y.R.V.); (T.N.K.); (D.B.N.)
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Guo J, Li L, Cai Y, Kang Y. The development of probiotics and prebiotics therapy to ulcerative colitis: a therapy that has gained considerable momentum. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:268. [PMID: 38745207 PMCID: PMC11094941 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasingly common, and it is gradually become a kind of global epidemic. UC is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and it is a lifetime recurrent disease. UC as a common disease has become a financial burden for many people and has the potential to develop into cancer if not prevented or treated. There are multiple factors such as genetic factors, host immune system disorders, and environmental factors to cause UC. A growing body of research have suggested that intestinal microbiota as an environmental factor play an important role in the occurrence and development of UC. Meanwhile, evidence to date suggests that manipulating the gut microbiome may represent effective treatment for the prevention or management of UC. In addition, the main clinical drugs to treat UC are amino salicylate and corticosteroid. These clinical drugs always have some side effects and low success rate when treating patients with UC. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and efficient methods to treat UC. Based on this, probiotics and prebiotics may be a valuable treatment for UC. In order to promote the wide clinical application of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of UC. This review aims to summarize the recent literature as an aid to better understanding how the probiotics and prebiotics contributes to UC while evaluating and prospecting the therapeutic effect of the probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of UC based on previous publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of microbiology and immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of microbiology and immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongbo Kang
- Department of microbiology and immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Layús BI, Gómez MA, Cazorla SI, Rodriguez AV. A Postbiotic Formulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 759 Attenuates Endotoxin Induced Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38335476 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2310173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of a cell-free supernatant from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 759, in phosphate buffer modified according to Sorensen called POF-759. METHODS The activity of POF-759 administered by means of eye drops was evaluated on animals subcutaneously injected with the lipopolysaccharide animals in which uveitis was induced by a subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (EIU). Clinical signs of ocular inflammation, cytokines and proteins were examined in the aqueous humor. Additionally, cellular infiltration was evaluated by histopathological analysis. RESULTS The new postbiotic administered locally decreases signs of ocular damage, the number of infiltrating cells in the anterior and posterior chambers, the proinflammatory mediators and the proteins in the aqueous humor on mice with EIU. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide an impetus to relieve ocular inflammation and to identify and develop preventive and therapeutic approaches, to avoid deterioration and to maintain healthy eyes on inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Ivana Layús
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Gómez
- Servicio de Oftalomolgía, Hospital Ángel C. Padilla, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia Inés Cazorla
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ana Virginia Rodriguez
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Lu Y, Wang W, Liu J, Xie M, Liu Q, Li S. Vascular complications of diabetes: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35285. [PMID: 37800828 PMCID: PMC10553000 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and various complications. According to the different pathophysiological mechanisms, these complications can be classified as microvascular or macrovascular complications, which have long-term negative effects on vital organs such as the eyes, kidneys, heart, and brain, and lead to increased patient mortality. Diabetes mellitus is a major global health issue, and its incidence and prevalence have increased significantly in recent years. Moreover, the incidence is expected to continue to rise as more people adopt a Western lifestyle and diet. Thus, it is essential to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatment of vascular complications to aid patients in managing the disease effectively. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature to clarify the above content. Furthermore, this paper also delves into the correlation between novel risk factors, such as long noncoding RNAs, gut microbiota, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, with diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Sufang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
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