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Ogonowski NS, García-Marín LM, Fernando AS, Flores-Ocampo V, Rentería ME. Impact of genetic predisposition to late-onset neurodegenerative diseases on early life outcomes and brain structure. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:185. [PMID: 38605018 PMCID: PMC11009228 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most patients with late-onset neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's have a complex aetiology resulting from numerous genetic risk variants of small effects located across the genome, environmental factors, and the interaction between genes and environment. Over the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses have shed light on the polygenic architecture of these diseases, enabling polygenic risk scores (PRS) to estimate an individual's relative genetic liability for presenting with the disease. PRS can screen and stratify individuals based on their genetic risk, potentially years or even decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. An emerging body of evidence from various research studies suggests that genetic susceptibility to late-onset neurodegenerative diseases might impact early life outcomes, including cognitive function, brain structure and function, and behaviour. This article summarises recent findings exploring the potential impact of genetic susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases on early life outcomes. A better understanding of the impact of genetic susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases early in life could be valuable in disease screening, detection, and prevention and in informing treatment strategies before significant neural damage has occurred. However, ongoing studies have limitations. Overall, our review found several studies focused on APOE haplotypes and Alzheimer's risk, but a limited number of studies leveraging polygenic risk scores or focused on genetic susceptibility to other late-onset conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Ogonowski
- Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luis M García-Marín
- Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amali S Fernando
- Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Victor Flores-Ocampo
- Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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2
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Topriceanu CC, Shah M, Webber M, Chan F, Shiwani H, Richards M, Schott J, Chaturvedi N, Moon JC, Hughes AD, Hingorani AD, O'Regan DP, Captur G. APOE ε4 carriage associates with improved myocardial performance from adolescence to older age. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:172. [PMID: 38509472 PMCID: PMC10956279 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although APOE ε4 allele carriage confers a risk for coronary artery disease, its persistence in humans might be explained by certain survival advantages (antagonistic pleiotropy). METHODS Combining data from ~ 37,000 persons from three older age British cohorts (1946 National Survey of Health and Development [NSHD], Southall and Brent Revised [SABRE], and UK Biobank) and one younger age cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]), we explored whether APOE ε4 carriage associates with beneficial or unfavorable left ventricular (LV) structural and functional metrics by echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). RESULTS Compared to the non-APOE ε4 group, APOE ε4 carriers had similar cardiac phenotypes in terms of LV ejection fraction, E/e', posterior wall and interventricular septal thickness, and LV mass. However, they had improved myocardial performance resulting in greater LV stroke volume generation per 1 mL of myocardium (higher myocardial contraction fraction). In NSHD (n = 1467) and SABRE (n = 1187), ε4 carriers had a 4% higher MCF (95% CI 1-7%, p = 0.016) using echocardiography. Using CMR data, in UK Biobank (n = 32,972), ε4 carriers had a 1% higher MCF 95% (CI 0-1%, p = 0.020) with a dose-response relationship based on the number of ε4 alleles. In addition, UK Biobank ε4 carriers also had more favorable radial and longitudinal strain rates compared to non APOE ε4 carriers. In ALSPAC (n = 1397), APOE ε4 carriers aged < 24 years had a 2% higher MCF (95% CI 0-5%, p = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS By triangulating results in four independent cohorts, across imaging modalities (echocardiography and CMR), and in ~ 37,000 individuals, our results point towards an association between ε4 carriage and improved cardiac performance in terms of LV MCF. This potentially favorable cardiac phenotype adds to the growing number of reported survival advantages attributed to the pleiotropic effects APOE ε4 carriage that might collectively explain its persistence in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Mit Shah
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Webber
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Chan
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hunain Shiwani
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Schott
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- BHF Research Accelerator, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC London Institute of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Captur
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK.
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.
- Cardiac MRI Unit, Barts Heart Centre, London, UK.
- Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Cardiology Department, Centre for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, The Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, UK.
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3
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Puramat P, Dimick MK, Kennedy KG, Zai CC, Kennedy JL, MacIntosh BJ, Goldstein BI. Neurostructural and neurocognitive correlates of APOE ε4 in youth bipolar disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:408-419. [PMID: 36919310 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221147151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a clinical risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4), a genetic risk factor for AD, has been associated with brain structure and neurocognition in healthy youth. AIMS We evaluated whether there was an association between APOE ε4 with neurostructure and neurocognition in youth with BD. METHODS Participants included 150 youth (78 BD:19 ε4-carriers, 72 controls:17 ε4-carriers). 3T-magnetic resonance imaging yielded measures of cortical thickness, surface area, and volume. Regions-of-interest (ROI) and vertex-wise analyses of the cortex were conducted. Neurocognitive tests of attention and working memory were examined. RESULTS Vertex-wise analyses revealed clusters with a diagnosis-by-APOE ε4 interaction effect for surface area (p = 0.002) and volume (p = 0.046) in pars triangularis (BD ε4-carriers > BD noncarriers), and surface area (p = 0.03) in superior frontal gyrus (controls ε4-carriers > other groups). ROI analyses were not significant. A significant interaction effect for working memory (p = 0.001) appeared to be driven by nominally poorer performance in BD ε4-carriers but not control ε4-carriers; however, post hoc contrasts were not significant. CONCLUSIONS APOE ε4 was associated with larger neurostructural metrics in BD and controls, however, the regional association of APOE ε4 with neurostructure differed between groups. The role of APOE ε4 on neurodevelopmental processes is a plausible explanation for the observed differences. Future studies should evaluate the association of APOE ε4 with pars triangularis and its neurofunctional implications among youth with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Puramat
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikaela K Dimick
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kody G Kennedy
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Neurogenetics Section and Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section and Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Močnik M, Marčun Varda N. Lipid Biomarkers and Atherosclerosis-Old and New in Cardiovascular Risk in Childhood. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032237. [PMID: 36768558 PMCID: PMC9916711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a complex group of molecules in the body, essential as structural, functional and metabolic components. When disbalanced, they are regarded as a cardiovascular risk factor, traditionally in cholesterol level evaluation. However, due to their complex nature, much research is still needed for a comprehensive understanding of their role in atherosclerosis, especially in the young. Several new lipid biomarkers are emerging, some already researched to a point, such as lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Other lipid molecules are also being increasingly researched, including oxidized forms due to oxidative inflammation in atherosclerosis, and sphingolipids. For many, even those less new, the atherogenic potential is not clear and no clinical recommendations are in place to aid the clinician in using them in everyday clinical practice. Moreover, lipids' involvement in atherogenesis in children has yet to be elucidated. This review summarizes the current knowledge on lipids as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in the paediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Močnik
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Cesta 2, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nataša Marčun Varda
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Cesta 2, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Li Z, Shue F, Zhao N, Shinohara M, Bu G. APOE2: protective mechanism and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33148290 PMCID: PMC7640652 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the major genetic risk modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD), have yielded significant insights into the pathogenic mechanism. Among the three common coding variants, APOE*ε4 increases, whereas APOE*ε2 decreases the risk of late-onset AD compared with APOE*ε3. Despite increased understanding of the detrimental effect of APOE*ε4, it remains unclear how APOE*ε2 confers protection against AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that APOE*ε2 protects against AD through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, APOE*ε2 has been identified as a longevity gene, suggesting a systemic effect of APOE*ε2 on the aging process. However, APOE*ε2 is not entirely benign; APOE*ε2 carriers exhibit increased risk of certain cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Here, we review evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrating the protective effect of APOE*ε2 against AD and propose a working model depicting potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies designed to leverage the protective effect of APOE2 to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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6
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Smith CJ, Ashford JW, Perfetti TA. Putative Survival Advantages in Young Apolipoprotein ɛ4 Carriers are Associated with Increased Neural Stress. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:885-923. [PMID: 30814349 PMCID: PMC6484250 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of a single copy of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele increases risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by 3-4-fold, with homozygosity associated with a 12-16-fold increase in risk, relative to ɛ3 allele homozygosity. There is a decreased risk associated with the APOE ɛ2 allele. The pathological consequence of APOE genotype has led to intense efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of the interplay between APOE status and loss of synapses. Numerous ɛ4 allele-related associations have been reported with the potential relevance of these associations to the pathogenesis of AD unknown at this time. In primarily young subjects, we have reviewed a representative body of literature on ɛ4 allele-associations related to the following: cardiovascular responses; impacts on reproduction and fetal development; co-morbidities; resistance to infectious disease; responses to head injury; biochemical differences possibly related to neural stress; and brain structure-function differences. In addition, the literature on the association between the ɛ4 allele and cognitive performance has been reviewed comprehensively. The weight-of-the-evidence supports the hypothesis that possession of the ancestral ɛ4 allele in youth is associated with improved fitness during fetal development, infancy, and youth relative to the more recently appearing ɛ3 allele, at the expense of decreased fitness in old age, which is substantially improved by the ɛ3 allele. However, possession of the ɛ4 allele is also associated with higher levels of synaptic macromolecular turnover, which likely stresses basic cellular neuroplasticity mechanisms. Clinical trials of potential AD therapeutics should consider APOE status as an enrollment criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Florida State University, Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Panama City, FL, USA
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Stanford University and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Lamballais S, Muetzel RL, Ikram MA, Tiemeier H, Vernooij MW, White T, Adams HHH. Genetic Burden for Late-Life Neurodegenerative Disease and Its Association With Early-Life Lipids, Brain, Behavior, and Cognition. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32116848 PMCID: PMC7018686 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics play a significant role in the etiology of late-life neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. Part of the individual differences in risk for these diseases can be traced back decades before the onset of disease symptoms. Previous studies have shown evidence for plausible links of apolipoprotein E (APOE), the most important genetic marker for Alzheimer's disease, with early-life cognition and neuroimaging markers. We aimed to assess whether genome-wide genetic burden for the aforementioned neurodegenerative diseases plays a role in early-life processes. METHODS We studied children from the Generation R Study, a prospective birth cohort. APOE genotypes and polygenic genetic burdens for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia were obtained through genome-wide genotyping. Non-verbal intelligence was assessed through cognitive tests at the research center around the age of 6 years, and educational attainment through a national school performance test around the age of 11 years. The Child Behavior Checklist was administered around the age of 10 years, and data from the anxious/depressed, withdrawn/depressed, and the internalizing behavior problems scales were used. Children participated in a neuroimaging study when they were 10 years old, in which structural brain metrics were obtained. Lipid serum profiles, which may be influenced by APOE genotype, were assessed from venal blood obtained around the age of 6 years. The sample size per analysis varied between 1,641 and 3,650 children due to completeness of data. RESULTS We did not find evidence that APOE genotype or the polygenic scores impact on childhood nonverbal intelligence, educational attainment, internalizing behavior, and global brain structural measures including total brain volume and whole brain fractional anisotropy (all p > 0.05). Carriership of the APOE ε2 allele was associated with lower and APOE ε4 with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations when compared to APOE ε3/ε3 carriers. CONCLUSION We found no evidence that genetic burden for late-life neurodegenerative diseases associates with early-life cognition, internalizing behavior, or global brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lamballais
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Korologou-Linden R, Anderson EL, Jones HJ, Davey Smith G, Howe LD, Stergiakouli E. Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer's disease, and academic achievement, cognitive and behavioural measures in children from the general population. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:1972-1980. [PMID: 31056667 PMCID: PMC6929531 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies report a polygenic component of risk for Alzheimer's disease. Understanding whether this polygenic signal is associated with educational, cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children could provide an earlier window for intervention. METHODS We examined whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) at varying P-value thresholds in children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were associated with academic achievement, cognitive and behavioural measures in childhood and adolescence. RESULTS We did not detect any evidence that the genome-wide significant PRS (5x10-8) were associated with these outcomes. PRS at the highest P-value threshold examined (P ≤ 5x10-1) were associated with lower academic achievement in adolescents (Key Stage 3; β: -0.03; 95% confidence interval: -0.05, -0.003) but the effect was attenuated when single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with educational attainment were removed. These PRS were associated with lower IQ (β: -0.04; 95% CI: -0.07, -0.02) at age 8 years with the effect remaining after removing SNPs associated with educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS SNPs mediating the biological effects of Alzheimer's disease are unlikely to operate early in life. The evidence of association between PRS for Alzheimer's disease at liberal thresholds and cognitive measures suggest shared genetic pathways between Alzheimer's disease, academic achievement and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Korologou-Linden
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L Anderson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah J Jones
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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9
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Ding X, Barban N, Tropf FC, Mills MC. The relationship between cognitive decline and a genetic predictor of educational attainment. Soc Sci Med 2019; 239:112549. [PMID: 31546143 PMCID: PMC6873779 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors both make substantial contributions to the heterogeneity in individuals' levels of cognitive ability. Many studies have examined the relationship between educational attainment and cognitive performance and its rate of change. Yet there remains a gap in knowledge regarding whether the effect of genetic predictors on individual differences in cognition becomes more or less prominent over the life course. In this analysis of over 5000 older adults from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the U.S., we measured the change in performance on global cognition, episodic memory, attention & concentration, and mental status over 14 years. Growth curve models are used to evaluate the association between a polygenic risk score for education (education PGS) and cognitive change. Using the most recent education PGS, we find that individuals with higher scores perform better across all measures of cognition in later life. Education PGS is associated with a faster decline in episodic memory in old age. The relationships are robust even after controlling for phenotypic educational attainment, and are unlikely to be driven by mortality bias. Future research should consider genetic effects when examining non-genetic factors in cognitive decline. Our findings represent a need to understand the mechanisms between genetic endowment of educational attainment and cognitive decline from a biological angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Ding
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, UK; Nuffield College, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Nicola Barban
- Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex, UK
| | - Felix C Tropf
- Center for Research in economics an Statistics (CREST), École Nationale de la Statistique et de L'administration Économique (ENSAE), France
| | - Melinda C Mills
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, UK; Nuffield College, University of Oxford, UK; Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, UK
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10
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Reynolds CA, Smolen A, Corley RP, Munoz E, Friedman NP, Rhee SH, Stallings MC, DeFries JC, Wadsworth SJ. APOE effects on cognition from childhood to adolescence. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:239.e1-239.e8. [PMID: 31126628 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ε4 allele of APOE is a well-established genetic risk factor for cognitive aging and dementia, but its influence on early life cognition is unknown. Consequently, we assessed associations of APOE genotypes with cognitive performance during 7, 12, and 16 year-assessments in our ongoing Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development (CATSLife). In general, APOE ε4 was associated with lower Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores during childhood and adolescence (e.g., Full Scale IQ was lower by 1.91 points per ε4 allele, d = -0.13), with larger effects in females (e.g., average Full Scale IQ scores were 3.41 points lower in females per each ε4 allele vs. 0.33 points lower in males). Thus, these results suggest that deleterious effects of the APOE ε4 allele are manifested before adulthood, especially in females, and support both early origin theories and differential life-course vulnerabilities for later cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Munoz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sally J Wadsworth
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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11
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Responses to executive demand in young adulthood differ by APOE genotype. Behav Brain Res 2019; 360:158-168. [PMID: 30472114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence of a relationship between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4+ and later-life cognitive decline, the lifespan effects of carrying an ε4+ allele on cognitive ageing are not well understood. Evidence of ε4+ advantages in early-life are inconsistent, but not inconsiderable. We explored the proposal that APOE ε4+ cognitive advantages arise only in response to complex and sensitive tasks targeting specific executive functions. We systematically manipulated executive demand within verbal fluency, decision-making, prospective memory, and sustained attention tasks. Participants aged 18-25 years (21 ε4+, 63 ε33) also completed a measure of subjective effort. Under low executive demand, ε4+ made fewer verbal fluency word repeats compared to ε33 carriers. Under high executive demand, ε4+ showed lower costs associated with performing concurrent tasks, greater switching errors, and more verbal fluency root repetition errors. Overall, ε4+ appeared to be showing working memory updating advantages under conditions of low executive demand, more effective resource allocation under elevated levels of executive demand, and errors indicating different strategy use compared to ε33 carriers, including speed-accuracy trade-offs.
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12
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Sinclair LI, Pleydell-Pearce CW, Day INM. Possible positive effect of the APOE ε2 allele on cognition in early to mid-adult life. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 146:37-46. [PMID: 29032015 PMCID: PMC5725639 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ε4 allele possession is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Its effects earlier in life are less well understood. Previous studies have reported both detrimental effects and a lack of effect on cognition outside dementia. We used genotype based recall from the ALSPAC study to investigate whether APOE genotype influences cognition in earlier adult life. METHODS We invited all individuals with the rarer ε22 or ε44 genotypes and equal numbers of those with ε32, ε33 or ε34 APOE genotypes (total n invited = 1936, ages 23-67). Participants were screened for dementia using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R). Participants were asked to complete a 3 h battery of neuropsychological tests covering a range of cognitive domains. The primary outcome was performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Transformation of variables was used where required to permit parametric testing. As genotypes are unlikely to be confounded unadjusted analyses were performed. RESULTS 114 participants were recruited to the study (39 ε33, 27 ε34, 15 ε44, 26 ε32 & 7 ε22). ε4+ participants had higher scores on the cognitive failures questionnaire (10 point increase, p = 0.006) but no deficits on objective cognitive testing. ε2 carriers had slightly better episodic memory performance (p = 0.016), slightly improved n-back accuracy and better executive functioning (trails A&B, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS It is intriguing that the ε2+ group performed better as this group have a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. Most previous studies have analysed as ε4/non ε4 so may have missed this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey I Sinclair
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Christopher W Pleydell-Pearce
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, The Priory Road Complex, Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
| | - Ian N M Day
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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13
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Di Battista AM, Heinsinger NM, Rebeck GW. Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk Factor APOE-ε4 Also Affects Normal Brain Function. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1200-1207. [PMID: 27033053 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160401115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
APOE-ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is associated with an increase in the levels of amyloid deposition and an early age of onset. Recent data demonstrate that AD pathological changes occur decades before clinical symptoms, raising questions about the precise onset of the disease. Now a convergence of approaches in mice and humans has demonstrated that APOE-ε4 affects normal brain function even very early in life in the absence of gross AD pathological changes. Normal mice expressing APOE4 have task-specific spatial learning deficits, as well as reduced NMDAR-dependent signaling and structural changes to presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments in neurons, particularly in hippocampal regions. Young humans possessing APOE-ε4 are more adept than APOE-ε4 negative individuals at some behavioral tasks, and functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown that inheritance of APOE-ε4 has specific effects on medial temporal brain activities. These findings suggest that inheritance of APOE-ε4 causes life long changes to the brain that may be related to the late risk of AD. Several possible mechanisms of how APOE-ε4 could affect brain neurochemistry, structure, and function are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G William Rebeck
- New Research Building, WP- 13, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007; USA
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14
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Huebbe P, Rimbach G. Evolution of human apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms: Gene structure, protein function and interaction with dietary factors. Ageing Res Rev 2017. [PMID: 28647612 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a member of the vertebrate protein family of exchangeable apolipoproteins that is characterized by amphipathic α-helices encoded by multiple nucleotide tandem repeats. Its equivalent in flying insects - apolipophorin-III - shares structural and functional commonalities with APOE, suggesting the possibility of an evolutionary relationship between the proteins. In contrast to all other known species, human APOE is functionally polymorphic and possesses three major allelic variants (ε4, ε3 and ε2). The present review examines the current knowledge on APOE gene structure, phylogeny and APOE protein topology as well as its human isoforms. The ε4 allele is associated with an increased age-related disease risk but is also the ancestral form. Despite increased mortality in the elderly, ε4 has not become extinct and is the second-most common allele worldwide after ε3. APOE ε4, moreover, shows a non-random geographical distribution, and similarly, the ε2 allele is not homogenously distributed among ethnic populations. This likely suggests the existence of selective forces that are driving the evolution of human APOE isoforms, which may include differential interactions with dietary factors. To that effect, micronutrients such as vitamin D and carotenoids or dietary macronutrient composition are elucidated with respect to APOE evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, H. Rodewald Str. 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, H. Rodewald Str. 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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15
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Nao J, Sun H, Wang Q, Ma S, Zhang S, Dong X, Ma Y, Wang X, Zheng D. Adverse Effects of the Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele on Episodic Memory, Task Switching and Gray Matter Volume in Healthy Young Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:346. [PMID: 28706481 PMCID: PMC5489690 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that healthy elderly subjects and patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) who carry the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele have worse cognitive function and more severe brain atrophy than non-carriers. However, it remains unclear whether this ApoE polymorphism leads to changes of cognition and brain morphology in healthy young adults. In this study, we used an established model to measure verbal episodic memory and core executive function (EF) components (response inhibition, working memory and task switching) in 32 ApoE ε4 carriers and 40 non-carriers between 20 years and 40 years of age. To do this, we carried out an adapted auditory verbal learning test and three computerized EF tasks. High-resolution head magnetic resonance scans were performed in all participants and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used for image processing and analysis. Multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) performed on memory measures showed that the overall verbal episodic memory of ApoE ε4 carriers was significantly worse than non-carriers (Wilk’s λ = 4.884, P = 0.004). No significant differences were detected in overall EF between the two groups. Post hoc analyses revealed group differences in terms of immediate recall, recognition and task switching, which favored non-carriers. VBM analysis showed gray matter (GM) bilateral reductions in the medial and dorsolateral frontal, parietal and left temporal cortices in the carrier group relative to the non-carrier group, which were most significant in the bilateral anterior and middle cingulate gyri. However, these changes in GM volume were not directly associated with changes in cognitive function. Our data show that the ApoE ε4 allele is associated with poorer performance in verbal episodic memory and task switching, and a reduction in GM volume in healthy young adults, suggesting that the effects of ApoE ε4 upon cognition and brain morphology exist long before the possible occurrence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Hongzan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Dongming Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
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16
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Jewells V, Galaz-Montoya C, van Zundert B, Pérez-Calatayud A, Ascencio-Ferrel E, Valencia-Salazar G, Sandoval-Cano M, Carlos E, Solorio E, Acuña-Ayala H, Torres-Jardón R, D'Angiulli A. Interactive and additive influences of Gender, BMI and Apolipoprotein 4 on cognition in children chronically exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone. APOE 4 females are at highest risk in Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:411-422. [PMID: 27376929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Children's air pollution exposures are associated with systemic and brain inflammation and the early hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele is the most prevalent genetic risk for AD, with higher risk for women. We assessed whether gender, BMI, APOE and metabolic variables in healthy children with high exposures to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) influence cognition. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) was administered to 105 Mexico City children (12.32±5.4 years, 69 APOE 3/3 and 36 APOE 3/4). APOE 4v 3 children showed decrements on attention and short-term memory subscales, and below-average scores in Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ. APOE 4 females had higher BMI and females with normal BMI between 75-94% percentiles had the highest deficits in Total IQ, Performance IQ, Digit Span, Picture Arrangement, Block Design and Object Assembly. Fasting glucose was significantly higher in APOE 4 children p=0.006, while Gender was the main variable accounting for the difference in insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin (p<.05). Gender, BMI and APOE influence children's cognitive responses to air pollution and glucose is likely a key player. APOE 4 heterozygous females with >75% to <94% BMI percentiles are at the highest risk of severe cognitive deficits (1.5-2SD from average IQ). Young female results highlight the urgent need for gender-targeted health programmes to improve cognitive responses. Multidisciplinary intervention strategies could provide paths for prevention or amelioration of female air pollution targeted cognitive deficits and possible long-term AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Jewells
- University of North Carolina, Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amedeo D'Angiulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Chang L, Douet V, Bloss C, Lee K, Pritchett A, Jernigan TL, Akshoomoff N, Murray SS, Frazier J, Kennedy DN, Amaral DG, Gruen J, Kaufmann WE, Casey BJ, Sowell E, Ernst T. Gray matter maturation and cognition in children with different APOE ε genotypes. Neurology 2016; 87:585-94. [PMID: 27412137 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the current study were to determine whether children with the 6 different APOE ε genotypes show differences in gray matter maturation, particularly for those with ε4 and ε2 alleles, which are associated with poorer outcomes in many neurologic disorders. METHODS A total of 1,187 healthy children (aged 3-20 years, 52.1% boys, 47.9% girls) with acceptable data from the cross-sectional Pediatric Imaging Neurocognition and Genetics Study were evaluated for the effects of 6 APOE ε genotypes on macroscopic and microscopic cortical and subcortical gray matter structures (measured with 3-tesla MRI and FreeSurfer for automated morphometry) and on cognition (NIH Toolbox). RESULTS Among APOE ε4 carriers, age-related changes in brain structures and cognition varied depending on genotype, with the smallest hippocampi in ε2ε4 children, the lowest hippocampal fractional anisotropy in younger ε4ε4 children, the largest medial orbitofrontal cortical areas in ε3ε4 children, and age-dependent thinning of the entorhinal cortex in ε4ε4 children. Younger ε4ε4 children had the lowest scores on executive function and working memory, while younger ε2ε4 children performed worse on attention tasks. Larger parietal gyri in the younger ε2ε4 children, and thinner temporal and cingulate isthmus cortices or smaller hippocampi in the younger ε4ε4 children, predicted poorer performance on attention or working memory. CONCLUSIONS Our findings validated and extended prior smaller studies that showed altered brain development in APOE ε4-carrier children. The ε4ε4 and ε2ε4 genotypes may negatively influence brain development and brain aging at the extremes of age. Studying APOE ε polymorphisms in young children may provide the earliest indicators for individuals who might benefit from early interventions or preventive measures for future brain injuries and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Vanessa Douet
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cinnamon Bloss
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristin Lee
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alexandra Pritchett
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Natacha Akshoomoff
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sarah S Murray
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jean Frazier
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - David N Kennedy
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - David G Amaral
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jeffrey Gruen
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Walter E Kaufmann
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - B J Casey
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth Sowell
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- From the Department of Medicine (L.C., V.D., K.L., A.P., T.E.), John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (C.B.), Departments of Psychiatry and Cognitive Science (T.L.J., N.A.), and Department of Pathology (S.S.M.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Psychiatry (J.F., D.N.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.G.A.), University of California, Davis; Departments of Pediatrics and Investigative Medicine (J.G.), Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Boston Children's Hospital (W.E.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology (B.J.C.), Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics (E.S.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; and Children's Hospital (E.S.), Los Angeles, CA
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Chen XF, Wei Z, Wang T, Zhang ZL, Wang Y, Heckman MG, Diehl NN, Zhang YW, Xu H, Bu G. Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics, but Not Apolipoprotein E Genotype, Are Associated with Intelligence among Young Chinese College Students. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143157. [PMID: 26574747 PMCID: PMC4648581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intelligence is an important human feature that strongly affects many life outcomes, including health, life-span, income, educational and occupational attainments. People at all ages differ in their intelligence but the origins of these differences are much debated. A variety of environmental and genetic factors have been reported to be associated with individual intelligence, yet their nature and contribution to intelligence differences have been controversial. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, which is associated with the risk for Alzheimer's disease, as well as demographic and lifestyle characteristics, to the variation in intelligence. METHODS A total of 607 Chinese college students aged 18 to 25 years old were included in this prospective observational study. The Chinese revision of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (the fourth edition, short version) was used to determine the intelligence level of participants. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS No significant association was found between APOE polymorphic alleles and different intelligence quotient (IQ) measures. Interestingly, a portion of demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including age, smoking and sleep quality were significantly associated with different IQ measures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that demographic features and lifestyle characteristics, but not APOE genotype, are associated with intelligence measures among young Chinese college students. Thus, although APOE ε4 allele is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, it does not seem to impact intelligence at young ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (GB)
| | - Zichen Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhen-Lian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- The first affiliated hospital of Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Michael G. Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
| | - Nancy N. Diehl
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XC); (GB)
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Yasen AL, Raber J, Miller JK, Piper BJ. Sex, but not Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism, Differences in Spatial Performance in Young Adults. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2015; 44:2219-26. [PMID: 25750133 PMCID: PMC4561598 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine how sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype contribute to individual differences in spatial learning and memory. The associations of APOE genotype with neurocognitive function have been well studied among the elderly but less is known at earlier ages. Young adults (n = 169, 88 females) completed three neurocognitive tasks: mental rotation, spatial span, and Memory Island, a spatial navigation test. Males outperformed females on all three tasks: finding the hidden targets more quickly on Memory Island (Cohen's d = 0.62) and obtaining higher scores on mental rotation (d = 0.54) and spatial span (d = 0.37). In contrast, no significant effects of APOE were observed. The identified sex differences elaborate upon past literature documenting sexually dimorphic performance on specific neurobehavioral tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia L Yasen
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeremy K Miller
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA
| | - Brian J Piper
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA.
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Husson University, Bangor, ME, 04401, USA.
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Possible Association of APOE Genotype with Working Memory in Young Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135894. [PMID: 26287823 PMCID: PMC4545585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Possession of the ε4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Early adult life effects of ε4 are less well understood. Working memory has been relatively little studied (compared to episodic memory) in relation to APOE genotype despite its importance in cognitive functioning. Our hypothesis was that ε4 would lead to an impairment in working memory in young adults. METHODS We studied working memory using a computerised n-back task in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) at age 18. Data was available for 1049-1927 participants and for the 2- and 3-back versions of the task. Using multiple and multi-level regression controlling for important confounders we examined the association between APOE genotype on accuracy and reaction times. RESULTS There was no evidence of a genotype effect on accuracy when the two difficulty levels were examined separately. There was some evidence to support a deleterious effect of the ε4 allele on n-back accuracy in the multi-level regression. There was weak evidence that the ε22 group were less accurate but the numbers were very low in this group. The ε34 group had faster reaction times than the reference ε33 group in all adjusted analyses but the ε44 group were only faster in the 3-back condition in multi-level analyses. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of benefit in ε4 carriers, but there was some evidence of a detrimental effect on working memory in this large study.
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The backup is active in Alzheimer's disease: a hypothesis from problem theory. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:241-8. [PMID: 25632793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Problem theory distinguishes between six general problems of everyday life, which people work through in turn during childhood, learning to switch between them. One of them requires the protection of a cut-out and an override. People who develop Alzheimer's disease (AD), and apolipoprotein allele epsilon 4 carriers, are preoccupied with this problem, or readily switch back to it. It is the freedom problem, of raising hope or confidence of freedom or power to control. Here people try to raise hope of success with any task on which attention happens to rest. This indiscriminateness means that there is no basis for giving up on a task, or for avoiding dangerous environments. Thus the cut-out is needed when someone becomes stuck on a mental task and the override is needed so as to help in avoiding danger. Activity relevant to the freedom problem is confined to the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere operates the cut-out and override. In providing these two forms of protection the right hemisphere can be said to act as a backup. Accordingly EEG, metabolism, and atrophy findings indicate that both cut-out and override are active in mild clinical impairment, especially among patients who later develop AD. The pattern of atrophy of AD matches what would be expected from disuse caused by an overactive cut-out followed by an overactive override. A parallel loss of testosterone might contribute to the weakening of resistance to infections leading to autoimmune effects.
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Alfred T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Cooper R, Hardy R, Cooper C, Deary IJ, Elliott J, Gunnell D, Harris SE, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Martin RM, Power C, Sayer AA, Starr JM, Kuh D, Day INM. Associations between APOE and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol genotypes and cognitive and physical capability: the HALCyon programme. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9673. [PMID: 25073452 PMCID: PMC4150901 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The APOE ε2/3/4 genotype has been associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and Alzheimer disease. However, evidence for associations with measures of cognitive performance in adults without dementia has been mixed, as it is for physical performance. Associations may also be evident in other genotypes implicated in LDL-C levels. As part of the Healthy Ageing across the Life Course (HALCyon) collaborative research programme, genotypic information was obtained for APOE ε2/3/4, rs515135 (APOB), rs2228671 (LDLR) and rs629301 (SORT1) from eight cohorts of adults aged between 44 and 90 + years. We investigated associations with four measures of cognitive (word recall, phonemic fluency, semantic fluency and search speed) and physical capability (grip strength, get up and go/walk speed, timed chair rises and ability to balance) using meta-analyses. Overall, little evidence for associations between any of the genotypes and measures of cognitive capability was observed (e.g. pooled beta for APOE ε4 effect on semantic fluency z score = -0.02; 95 % CI = -0.05 to 0.02; p value = 0.3; n = 18,796). However, there was borderline evidence within studies that negative effects of APOE ε4 on nonverbal ability measures become more apparent with age. Few genotypic associations were observed with physical capability measures. The findings from our large investigation of middle-aged to older adults in the general population suggest that effects of APOE on cognitive capability are at most modest and are domain- and age-specific, while APOE has little influence on physical capability. In addition, other LDL-C-related genotypes have little impact on these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuno Alfred
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK,
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Association between ε2/3/4, promoter polymorphism (-491A/T, -427T/C, and -219T/G) at the apolipoprotein E gene, and mental retardation in children from an iodine deficiency area, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:236702. [PMID: 24790992 PMCID: PMC3984859 DOI: 10.1155/2014/236702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Several common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at apolipoprotein E (ApoE) have been linked with late onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease and declining normative cognitive ability in elder people, but we are unclear about their relationship with cognition in children. Results. We studied −491A/T, −427T/C, and −219G/T promoter polymorphisms and ε2/ε3/ε4 at ApoE among children with mental retardation (MR, n = 130), borderline MR (n = 124), and controls (n = 334) from an iodine deficiency area in China. The allelic and genotypic distribution of individual locus did not significantly differ among three groups with Mantel-Haenszel χ2 test (P > 0.05). However, frequencies of haplotype of −491A/−427T/−219T/ε4 were distributed as MR > borderline MR > controls (P uncorrected = 0.004), indicating that the presence of this haplotype may increase the risk of disease. Conclusions. In this large population-based study in children, we did not find any significant association between single locus of the four common ApoE polymorphisms (−491A/T, −427T/C, −219T/G, and ε2/3/4) and MR or borderline MR. However, we found that the presence of ATTε4 haplotype was associated with an increased risk of MR and borderline MR. Our present work may help enlarge our knowledge of the cognitive role of ApoE across the lifespan and the mechanisms of human cognition.
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Knickmeyer RC, Wang J, Zhu H, Geng X, Woolson S, Hamer RM, Konneker T, Lin W, Styner M, Gilmore JH. Common variants in psychiatric risk genes predict brain structure at birth. Cereb Cortex 2014; 24:1230-46. [PMID: 23283688 PMCID: PMC3977618 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in adolescents and adults have demonstrated that polymorphisms in putative psychiatric risk genes are associated with differences in brain structure, but cannot address when in development these relationships arise. To determine if common genetic variants in disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1; rs821616 and rs6675281), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; rs4680), neuregulin 1 (NRG1; rs35753505 and rs6994992), apolipoprotein E (APOE; ε3ε4 vs. ε3ε3), estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1; rs9340799 and rs2234693), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; rs6265), and glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1; rs2270335) are associated with individual differences in brain tissue volumes in neonates, we applied both automated region-of-interest volumetry and tensor-based morphometry to a sample of 272 neonates who had received high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans. ESR1 (rs9340799) predicted intracranial volume. Local variation in gray matter (GM) volume was significantly associated with polymorphisms in DISC1 (rs821616), COMT, NRG1, APOE, ESR1 (rs9340799), and BDNF. No associations were identified for DISC1 (rs6675281), ESR1 (rs2234693), or GAD1. Of note, neonates homozygous for the DISC1 (rs821616) serine allele exhibited numerous large clusters of reduced GM in the frontal lobes, and neonates homozygous for the COMT valine allele exhibited reduced GM in the temporal cortex and hippocampus, mirroring findings in adults. The results highlight the importance of prenatal brain development in mediating psychiatric risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Konneker
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and
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Segatto M, Manduca A, Lecis C, Rosso P, Jozwiak A, Swiezewska E, Moreno S, Trezza V, Pallottini V. Simvastatin treatment highlights a new role for the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in the modulation of emotional reactivity and cognitive performance in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:841-54. [PMID: 24108067 PMCID: PMC3924519 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to shed light on the role played by the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in the modulation of emotional reactivity and memory consolidation in rodents through the inhibition of the key and rate-limiting enzyme 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) both in vivo and in vitro with simvastatin. Three-month-old male Wistar rats treated for 21 days with simvastatin or vehicle were tested in the social interaction, elevated plus-maze, and inhibitory avoidance tasks; after behavioral testing, the amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, dorsal, and ventral striatum were dissected out for biochemical assays. In order to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed effects, primary rat hippocampal neurons were used. Our results show that HMGR inhibition by simvastatin induces anxiogenic-like effects in the social interaction but not in the elevated plus-maze test, and improves memory consolidation in the inhibitory avoidance task. These effects are accompanied by imbalances in the activity of specific prenylated proteins, Rab3 and RhoA, involved in neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity, respectively. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is critically involved in the physiological modulation of both emotional and cognitive processes in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Segatto
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Manduca
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Lecis
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela Rosso
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi, Rome, Italy
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Reinvang I, Espeseth T, Westlye LT. APOE-related biomarker profiles in non-pathological aging and early phases of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1322-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Moreau PH, Bott JB, Zerbinatti C, Renger JJ, Kelche C, Cassel JC, Mathis C. ApoE4 confers better spatial memory than apoE3 in young adult hAPP-Yac/apoE-TR mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:1-5. [PMID: 23291160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The APOE-ɛ4 allele is associated with increased cognitive decline during normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. However, several studies intriguingly found a beneficial effect on cognition in young adult human APOE-ɛ4 carriers. Here, we show that 3-month old bigenic hAPP-Yac/apoE4-TR mice outperformed their hAPP-Yac/apoE3-TR counterparts on learning and memory performances in the highly hippocampus-dependent, hidden-platform version of the Morris water maze task. The two mouse lines did not differ in a non-spatial visible-platform version of the task. This hAPP-Yac/apoE-TR model may thus provide a useful tool to study the mechanisms involved in the antagonistic pleiotropic effects of APOE-ɛ4 on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri Moreau
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie et de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7237 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, IFR 37, GDR CNRS 2905, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Westlye ET, Hodneland E, Haász J, Espeseth T, Lundervold A, Lundervold AJ. Episodic memory of APOE ε4 carriers is correlated with fractional anisotropy, but not cortical thickness, in the medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage 2012; 63:507-16. [PMID: 22796460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE, protein; APOE, gene) is the most important genetic risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cortical structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are important for memory function and are affected early in AD. Both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) structures in the MTL have been reported to display AD related changes in healthy APOE ε4 carriers, but the effects are relatively small and somewhat deviating. Still, there is a lack of studies directly linking structural measures with performance on psychometric tests in ε4+ individuals. We hypothesized that intact WM integrity in the MTL facilitates episodic memory, and predicted a higher correlation between WM integrity and memory performance in APOE ε4 carriers due to a possible limiting effect of WM microstructure. In the present study of 92 healthy (MMSE>27) participants we acquired T1 3D and DTI images from a 1.5T MRI scanner, and tested the participants with California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II). The study had two main aims: 1) to relate verbal memory performance to entorhinal WM (EWM) integrity in APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers, and 2) to investigate APOE ε4 effects on EWM and EC thickness. We observed a strong, positive correlation between FA in the EWM and memory performance, which was driven solely by APOE ε4 carriers. These effects were significant while controlling for age, sex, EWM volume and EC thickness. Although EC thickness was significantly reduced in ε4 carriers, we did not find a relationship between EC thickness and memory performance. Thus, increased susceptibility of the WM structures underpinning the entorhinal-hippocampal network, offers a plausible explanation for the earlier onset of cognitive decline previously reported in APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erling Tjelta Westlye
- Neuroinformatics and Image Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Piper BJ, Yasen AL, Taylor AE, Ruiz JR, Gaynor JW, Dayger CA, Gonzalez-Gross M, Kwon OD, Nilsson LG, Day INM, Raber J, Miller JK. Non-replication of an association of Apolipoprotein E2 with sinistrality. Laterality 2012; 18:251-61. [PMID: 22721421 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2012.660164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent report found that left-handed adolescents were more than three times more likely to have an Apolipoprotein (APOE) ϵ2 allele. This study was unable to replicate this association in young adults (N=166). A meta-analysis of nine other datasets (N=360 to 7559, Power > 0.999) including that of National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center also failed to find an over-representation of ϵ2 among left-handers indicating that this earlier outcome was most likely a statistical artefact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Piper
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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What is the role of apolipoprotein E for cognitive functioning across the lifespan? Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:109-10. [PMID: 21708302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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