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Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Orexin-mediated motivated arousal and reward seeking. Peptides 2024; 180:171280. [PMID: 39159833 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The neuromodulator orexin has been identified as a key factor for motivated arousal including recent evidence that sleep deprivation-induced enhancement of reward behavior is modulated by orexin. While orexin is not necessary for either reward or arousal behavior, orexin neurons' broad projections, ability to sense the internal state of the animal, and high plasticity of signaling in response to natural rewards and drugs of abuse may underlie heightened drug seeking, particularly in a subset of highly motivated reward seekers. As such, orexin receptor antagonists have gained deserved attention for putative use in addiction treatments. Ongoing and future clinical trials are expected to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin receptor antagonist treatment to promote abstinence, such as those with concurrent sleep disorders or high craving, while attention to methodological considerations will aid interpretation of the numerous preclinical studies investigating disparate aspects of the role of orexin in reward and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Bjorness
- Research Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75126, USA; Departments of Psychiatry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.
| | - Robert W Greene
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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2
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Linsmayer D, Eckert GP, Reiff J, Braus DF. [Nutrition, metabolism, brain and mental health]. DER NERVENARZT 2024; 95:667-680. [PMID: 38884643 PMCID: PMC11222242 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-024-01678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This review article explores the intricate relationship between nutrition, metabolism, brain function and mental health. It highlights two key complementary models: the energy balance model and the more comprehensive carbohydrate-insulin model, to understand the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. It particularly focuses on the role of dopamine in dietary regulation and insulin in the brain, both of which are crucial in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and stress-associated mental disorders. Additionally, the significance of sleep and dietary habits, such as medically assisted calorie restriction for mental health and the concept of "brain food" are described. These findings emphasize the importance of nutritional medicine in psychiatry and psychotherapy and the consideration of metabolic states for the prevention and treatment of mental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Linsmayer
- Vitos Klinikum Rheingau, Kloster-Eberbach-Straße 4, 65346, Eltville, Deutschland
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Wilhelmstraße 20, 35392, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - Julia Reiff
- Vitos Klinikum Rheingau, Kloster-Eberbach-Straße 4, 65346, Eltville, Deutschland
| | - Dieter F Braus
- Vitos Klinikum Rheingau, Kloster-Eberbach-Straße 4, 65346, Eltville, Deutschland.
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3
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Benfato ID, Quintanilha ACS, Henrique JS, Souza MA, Dos Anjos Rosário B, Beserra-Filho JIA, Ribeiro AM, Le Sueur Maluf L, de Oliveira CAM. Long-term calorie restriction prevented memory impairment in middle-aged male mice and increased a marker of DNA oxidative stress in hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 209:107902. [PMID: 38336097 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is a non-invasive and economic approachknown to increase healthspan and life expectancy, through a decrease in oxidative stress, an increase in neurotrophins, among other benefits. However, it is not clear whether its benefit could be noted earlier, as at the beginning of middle-age. Hence, weaimed to determine whether six months of long-term CR, from early adulthood to the beginning of middle age (10 months of age) could positively affect cognitive, neurochemical, and behavioral parameters. Male C57BL6/J mice were randomly distributed into Young Control (YC, ad libitum food), Old Control (OC, ad libitum food), and Old Restricted (OR, 30 % of caloric restriction) groups. To analyze the cognitive and behavioral aspects, the novel object recognition task (NOR), open field, and elevated plus maze tests were performed. In addition, immunohistochemistry targetingΔFosB (neuronal activity), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the DNA oxidative damage (8OHdG) in hippocampal subfields CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG), and in basolateral amygdala and striatum were performed. Our results showed that long-term CR prevented short-term memory impairment related to aging and increased 8OHdG in hippocampal DG. BDNF was not involved in the effects of either age or CR on memory at middle-age, as it increased in CA3 of the OC group but was not altered in OR. Regarding anxiety-type behavior, no parameter showed differences between the groups. In conclusion, while the effects of long-term CR on anxiety-type behavior were inconclusive, it mitigated the memory deficit related to aging, which was accompanied by an increase in hippocampal 8OHdG in DG. Future studies should investigate whether the benefits of CR would remain if the restriction were interrupted after this long-term protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle Dias Benfato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brasil
| | | | - Jessica Salles Henrique
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurologia e Neurociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brasil
| | - Melyssa Alves Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brasil
| | | | | | - Alessandra Mussi Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brasil
| | - Luciana Le Sueur Maluf
- Departamento de Biociências, Instituto de Saúde e Sociedade, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brasil
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4
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Singh U, Saito K, Khan MZ, Jiang J, Toth BA, Rodeghiero SR, Dickey JE, Deng Y, Deng G, Kim YC, Cui H. Collateralizing ventral subiculum melanocortin 4 receptor circuits regulate energy balance and food motivation. Physiol Behav 2023; 262:114105. [PMID: 36736416 PMCID: PMC9981473 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal dysfunction is associated with major depressive disorder, a serious mental illness characterized by not only depressed mood but also appetite disturbance and dysregulated body weight. However, the underlying mechanisms by which hippocampal circuits regulate metabolic homeostasis remain incompletely understood. Here we show that collateralizing melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) circuits in the ventral subiculum (vSUB), one of the major output structures of the hippocampal formation, affect food motivation and energy balance. Viral-mediated cell type- and projection-specific input-output circuit mapping revealed that the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh)-projecting vSUBMC4R+ neurons send extensive collateral projections of to various hypothalamic nuclei known to be important for energy balance, including the arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei, and receive monosynaptic inputs mainly from the ventral CA1 and the anterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus. Chemogenetic activation of NAcSh-projecting vSUBMC4R+neurons lead to increase in motivation to obtain palatable food without noticeable effect on homeostatic feeding. Viral-mediated restoration of MC4R signaling in the vSUB partially restores obesity in MC4R-null mice without affecting anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Collectively, these results delineate vSUBMC4R+ circuits to the unprecedented level of precision and identify the vSUBMC4R signaling as a novel regulator of food reward and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Michael Z. Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Brandon A. Toth
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Samuel R. Rodeghiero
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jacob E. Dickey
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Young-Cho Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States; F.O.E. Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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5
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Dos Santos Barbosa LA, Dutra RC, Moreira ELG, de Carvalho CR. β-caryophyllene, a cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, decreases the motivational salience and conditioning place preference for palatable food in female mice. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13249. [PMID: 36577722 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a cannabinoid receptor CB2 agonist plant-derived terpenoid found in different essential oil plants, including rosemary, black pepper, copaiba and cannabis. It has GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status and is approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for food use. BCP displays agonist activity on the CB2 receptor and is a potential therapeutic target in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and drug addiction. Unlike CB1 receptors, activation of the CB2 receptors is devoid of psychotomimetic and addictive properties. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of BCP on incentive salience ("wanting") performance and motivational properties elicited by sweetened palatable foods in female Swiss mice. After 9 days of training for incentive salience performance for a sweet reward (hazelnut cream with chocolate), food-restricted mice received a systemic injection of BCP (50 and 100 mg/kg) before testing over 3 days. Moreover, independent groups of female mice were tested on sweet reward-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) for 22 consecutive days. To evaluate BCP effects on the expression of seeking behaviour for sweetened food, mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of BCP (50 mg/kg) 30 min before testing on the CPP task. BCP significantly decreased the incentive performance for a sweet reward compared with the control group in a CB2 receptor-dependent manner. Also, BCP suppressed the expression of sweet reward-CPP. Altogether, these preclinical data demonstrate the potential role of BCP in treating disorders associated with food addiction-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Cypriano Dutra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Laboratório de Autoimunidade e Imunofarmacologia (LAIF), Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Tacad DKM, Tovar AP, Richardson CE, Horn WF, Keim NL, Krishnan GP, Krishnan S. Satiety Associated with Calorie Restriction and Time-Restricted Feeding: Central Neuroendocrine Integration. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:758-791. [PMID: 35134815 PMCID: PMC9156369 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on summarizing current knowledge on how time-restricted feeding (TRF) and continuous caloric restriction (CR) affect central neuroendocrine systems involved in regulating satiety. Several interconnected regions of the hypothalamus, brainstem, and cortical areas of the brain are involved in the regulation of satiety. Following CR and TRF, the increase in hunger and reduction in satiety signals of the melanocortin system [neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)] appear similar between CR and TRF protocols, as do the dopaminergic responses in the mesocorticolimbic circuit. However, ghrelin and leptin signaling via the melanocortin system appears to improve energy balance signals and reduce hyperphagia following TRF, which has not been reported in CR. In addition to satiety systems, CR and TRF also influence circadian rhythms. CR influences the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or the primary circadian clock as seen by increased clock gene expression. In contrast, TRF appears to affect both the SCN and the peripheral clocks, as seen by phasic changes in the non-SCN (potentially the elusive food entrainable oscillator) and metabolic clocks. The peripheral clocks are influenced by the primary circadian clock but are also entrained by food timing, sleep timing, and other lifestyle parameters, which can supersede the metabolic processes that are regulated by the primary circadian clock. Taken together, TRF influences hunger/satiety, energy balance systems, and circadian rhythms, suggesting a role for adherence to CR in the long run if implemented using the TRF approach. However, these suggestions are based on only a few studies, and future investigations that use standardized protocols for the evaluation of the effect of these diet patterns (time, duration, meal composition, sufficiently powered) are necessary to verify these preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra K M Tacad
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - William F Horn
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA–Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giri P Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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Repetitive and Inflexible Active Coping and Addiction-like Neuroplasticity in Stressed Mice of a Helplessness-Resistant Inbred Strain. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11120174. [PMID: 34940109 PMCID: PMC8698352 DOI: 10.3390/bs11120174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional coping styles are involved in the development, persistence, and relapse of psychiatric diseases. Passive coping with stress challenges (helplessness) is most commonly used in animal models of dysfunctional coping, although active coping strategies are associated with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic, and phobias as well as obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorder. This paper analyzes the development of dysfunctional active coping strategies of mice of the helplessness–resistant DBA/2J (D2) inbred strain, submitted to temporary reduction in food availability in an uncontrollable and unavoidable condition. The results indicate that food-restricted D2 mice developed a stereotyped form of food anticipatory activity and dysfunctional reactive coping in novel aversive contexts and acquired inflexible and perseverant escape strategies in novel stressful situations. The evaluation of FosB/DeltaFosB immunostaining in different brain areas of food-restricted D2 mice revealed a pattern of expression typically associated with behavioral sensitization to addictive drugs and compulsivity. These results support the conclusion that an active coping style represents an endophenotype of mental disturbances characterized by perseverant and inflexible behavior.
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8
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Reduced Slc6a15 in Nucleus Accumbens D2-Neurons Underlies Stress Susceptibility. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6527-6538. [PMID: 28576941 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3250-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research demonstrates that Slc6a15, a neutral amino acid transporter, is associated with depression susceptibility. However, no study examined Slc6a15 in the ventral striatum [nucleus accumbens (NAc)] in depression. Given our previous characterization of Slc6a15 as a striatal dopamine receptor 2 (D2)-neuron-enriched gene, we examined the role of Slc6a15 in NAc D2-neurons in mediating susceptibility to stress in male mice. First, we showed that Slc6a15 mRNA was reduced in NAc of mice susceptible to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a paradigm that produces behavioral and molecular adaptations that resemble clinical depression. Consistent with our preclinical data, we observed Slc6a15 mRNA reduction in NAc of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). The Slc6a15 reduction in NAc occurred selectively in D2-neurons. Next, we used Cre-inducible viruses combined with D2-Cre mice to reduce or overexpress Slc6a15 in NAc D2-neurons. Slc6a15 reduction in D2-neurons caused enhanced susceptibility to a subthreshold social defeat stress (SSDS) as observed by reduced social interaction, while a reduction in social interaction following CSDS was not observed when Slc6a15 expression in D2-neurons was restored. Finally, since both D2-medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and D2-expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) interneurons express Slc6a15, we examined Slc6a15 protein in these interneurons after CSDS. Slc6a15 protein was unaltered in ChAT interneurons. Consistent with this, reducing Slc5a15 selectively in NAc D2-MSNs, using A2A-Cre mice that express Cre selectively in D2-MSNs, caused enhanced susceptibility to SSDS. Collectively, our data demonstrate that reduced Slc6a15 in NAc occurs in MDD individuals and that Slc6a15 reduction in NAc D2-neurons underlies stress susceptibility.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our study demonstrates a role for reduced Slc6a15, a neutral amino acid transporter, in nucleus accumbens (NAc) in depression and stress susceptibility. The reduction of Slc6a15 occurs selectively in the NAc D2-neurons. Genetic reduction of Slc6a15 induces susceptibility to a subthreshold stress, while genetic overexpression in D2-neurons prevents social avoidance after chronic social defeat stress.
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Kim JY, Kim D, Park K, Lee JH, Jahng JW. Highly palatable food access during adolescence increased anxiety-/depression-like behaviors in male, but not in female, rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:502-510. [PMID: 28399791 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1313583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to examine the sexual dimorphic effects of highly palatable food (HPF) access during adolescence on the neurochemistry and depression-/anxiety-like behaviors of rats. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley pups had free access to chocolate cookie rich in fat (HPF) from postnatal day 28 in addition to ad libitum chow, and the control groups received only chow. The food conditions were continued throughout the entire experimental period, and the neurochemical and behavioral measurements were performed during young adulthood. Rats were subjected to the ambulatory activity, elevated plus maze, and forced swim tests. Corticosterone levels during 2 h of restraint stress were analyzed with radioimmunoassay, and ΔFosB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) with Western blot analysis. RESULTS Cookie access did not affect body weight gain and total caloric intake in both sexes; however, it increased retroperitoneal fat depot only in males. The time spent in open arms during elevated plus maze test was decreased and immobility during forced swim test was increased in cookie-fed males, but not in cookie-fed females. Main effect of food condition on the stress-induced corticosterone increase was observed in males, but not in females, and cookie access increased BDNF expression in the NAc only in males. CONCLUSIONS Increased BDNF expression in the NAc and fat depot, in addition to the stress axis dysfunction, may play roles in the pathophysiology of depression- and/or anxiety-like behaviors induced by cookie access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry , Seoul 110-768 , Korea
| | - Doyun Kim
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry , Seoul 110-768 , Korea.,b Department of Brain Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dae Gu 711-873 , Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- c Department of Physiology , Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry , Seoul 110-768 , Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry , Seoul 110-768 , Korea
| | - Jeong Won Jahng
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry , Seoul 110-768 , Korea
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10
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Kim JY, Lee JH, Kim D, Kim SM, Koo J, Jahng JW. Beneficial Effects of Highly Palatable Food on the Behavioral and Neural Adversities induced by Early Life Stress Experience in Female Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1150-9. [PMID: 26327809 PMCID: PMC4551751 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of highly palatable food during adolescence on the psycho-emotional and neural disturbances caused by early life stress experience in female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley pups were separated from dam for 3 h daily during the first two weeks of birth (MS) or left undisturbed (NH). Half of MS females received free access to chocolate cookies in addition to ad libitum chow from postnatal day 28. Pups were subjected to the behavioral tests during young adulthood. The plasma corticosterone response to acute stress, ΔFosB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain regions were analyzed. Total caloric intake and body weight gain during the whole experimental period did not differ among the experimental groups. Cookie access during adolescence and youth improved anxiety-/depression-like behaviors by MS experience. ΔFosB expression was decreased, but BDNF was increased in the nucleus accumbens of MS females, and ΔFosB expression was normalized and BDNF was further increased following cookie access. Corticosterone response to acute stress was blunted by MS experience and cookie access did not improve it. Results suggest that cookie access during adolescence improves the psycho-emotional disturbances of MS females, and ΔFosB and/or BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens may play a role in its underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 110-768, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 110-768, Korea
| | - Doyun Kim
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 110-768, Korea ; 2. Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Dae Gu, 711-873, Korea
| | - Soung-Min Kim
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 110-768, Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- 2. Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Dae Gu, 711-873, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Jahng
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 110-768, Korea
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11
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Morgan DA, McDaniel LN, Yin T, Khan M, Jiang J, Acevedo MR, Walsh SA, Ponto LLB, Norris AW, Lutter M, Rahmouni K, Cui H. Regulation of glucose tolerance and sympathetic activity by MC4R signaling in the lateral hypothalamus. Diabetes 2015; 64:1976-87. [PMID: 25605803 PMCID: PMC4439564 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) signaling mediates diverse physiological functions, including energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and autonomic activity. Although the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is known to express MC4Rs and to receive input from leptin-responsive arcuate proopiomelanocortin neurons, the physiological functions of MC4Rs in the LHA are incompletely understood. We report that MC4R(LHA) signaling regulates glucose tolerance and sympathetic nerve activity. Restoring expression of MC4Rs specifically in the LHA improves glucose intolerance in obese MC4R-null mice without affecting body weight or circulating insulin levels. Fluorodeoxyglucose-mediated tracing of whole-body glucose uptake identifies the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) as a primary source where glucose uptake is increased in MC4R(LHA) mice. Direct multifiber sympathetic nerve recording further reveals that sympathetic traffic to iBAT is significantly increased in MC4R(LHA) mice, which accompanies a significant elevation of Glut4 expression in iBAT. Finally, bilateral iBAT denervation prevents the glucoregulatory effect of MC4R(LHA) signaling. These results identify a novel role for MC4R(LHA) signaling in the control of sympathetic nerve activity and glucose tolerance independent of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Latisha N McDaniel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Terry Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michael Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michael R Acevedo
- Small Animal Imaging Core, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Susan A Walsh
- Small Animal Imaging Core, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Laura L Boles Ponto
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michael Lutter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
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Shannonhouse JL, Grater DM, York D, Wellman PJ, Morgan C. Sex differences in motivational responses to dietary fat in Syrian hamsters. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:102-16. [PMID: 25896879 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Women are more likely than men to exhibit motivational disorders (e.g., anhedonia and anxiety) with limited treatment options, and to overconsume high-fat "comfort foods" to improve motivational disruptions. Unfortunately, neurobiological underpinnings for sex differences in motivational disruptions and their responses to dietary fat are poorly understood. To help bridge these fundamental knowledge gaps, we assessed behavioral and neurobiological responses to dietary fat in a hamster model of female-biased motivational lability. Relative to social housing, social separation reduced hedonic drive in a new behavioral assay, the reward investigational preference (RIP) test. Fluoxetine or desipramine treatment for 21, but not 7, days improved RIP test performance. Pharmacologic specificity in this test was shown by non-responsiveness to diazepam, tracazolate, propranolol, or naltrexone. In the anxiety-related feeding/exploration conflict (AFEC) test, social separation worsened latency to eat highly palatable food under anxiogenic conditions, but not in home cages. Social separation also reduced weight gain, food intake, and adiposity while elevating energy expenditure, assessed by caloric efficiency and indirect calorimetry. Furthermore, chronic high-fat feeding improved anhedonic and anxious responses to separation, particularly in females. In the motivation-influencing nucleus accumbens, females, but not males, exhibited a separation-induced anxiety-related decrease in Creb1 mRNA levels and an anhedonia-related decrease in ΔFosb mRNA levels. Consistent with its antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects on behavior, high-fat feeding elevated accumbal Creb1 and ΔFosb mRNA levels in females only. Another accumbal reward marker, Tlr4 mRNA, was elevated in females by high-fat feeding. These results show that social separation of hamsters provides a novel model of sex-dependent comorbid anhedonia, anxiety, and anorexia, and implicate accumbal CREB, ΔFosB, and TLR4. Moreover, the results validate a new assay for chronic antidepressant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Shannonhouse
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Danielle M Grater
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Daniel York
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Paul J Wellman
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Caurnel Morgan
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, United States; Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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Chen Y. Disease Comorbidity Network Guides the Detection of Molecular Evidence for the Link Between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE PROCEEDINGS. AMIA JOINT SUMMITS ON TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 2015:201-6. [PMID: 26306270 PMCID: PMC4525229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggested that obesity increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The genetic connection between CRC and obesity is multifactorial and inconclusive. In this study, we hypothesize that the study of shared comorbid diseases between CRC and obesity can offer unique insights into common genetic basis of these two diseases. We constructed a comorbidity network based on mining health data for millions of patients. We developed a novel approach and extracted the diseases that play critical roles in connecting obesity and CRC in the comorbidity network. Our approach was able to prioritize metabolic syndrome and diabetes, which are known to be associated with obesity and CRC through insulin resistance pathways. Interestingly, we found that osteoporosis was highly associated with the connection between obesity and CRC. Through gene expression meta-analysis, we identified novel genes shared among CRC, obesity and osteoporosis. Literature evidences support that these genes may contribute in explaining the genetic overlaps between obesity and CRC.
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Cason AM, Aston-Jones G. Role of orexin/hypocretin in conditioned sucrose-seeking in female rats. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:97-102. [PMID: 25036612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The orexin/hypocretin system has recently been implicated in reward-seeking, especially for highly salient food and drug rewards. Given that eating disorders affect women more than men, we reasoned that the orexin system may be strongly engaged in female rats, and during periods of food restriction as we recently reported in male rats. Therefore, the present study examined the involvement of the orexin system in operant responding for sucrose, and in cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished sucrose-seeking, in ad libitum fed vs. food-restricted female subjects. Female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer sucrose pellets, and we determined the effects of pretreatment with the OxR1 receptor antagonist SB 334867 (SB; 10-30 mg/kg) on fixed ratio (FR) sucrose self-administration, and on cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished sucrose-seeking. SB decreased sucrose self-administration in food-restricted but not in ad libitum-fed females. SB did not alter active lever responding during cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose-seeking in either feeding group. These results confirm our previous results in male rats that signaling at the OxR1 receptor is involved in the sucrose reinforcement and self-administration in food-restricted subjects. However, the finding that SB is ineffective at attenuating cue-induced reinstatement in females, but was effective in food-restricted males, leads us to conclude that food seeking induced by conditioned stimuli engages the orexin system differentially in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Cason
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building 406, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building 406, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Hadad NA, Knackstedt LA. Addicted to palatable foods: comparing the neurobiology of Bulimia Nervosa to that of drug addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1897-912. [PMID: 24500676 PMCID: PMC4484591 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bulimia nervosa (BN) is highly comorbid with substance abuse and shares common phenotypic and genetic predispositions with drug addiction. Although treatments for the two disorders are similar, controversy remains about whether BN should be classified as addiction. OBJECTIVES Here, we review the animal and human literature with the goal of assessing whether BN and drug addiction share a common neurobiology. RESULTS Similar neurobiological features are present following administration of drugs and bingeing on palatable food, especially sugar. Specifically, both disorders involve increases in extracellular dopamine (DA), D1 binding, D3 messenger RNA (mRNA), and ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Animal models of BN reveal increases in ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA and enzymes involved in DA synthesis that resemble changes observed after exposure to addictive drugs. Additionally, alterations in the expression of glutamate receptors and prefrontal cortex activity present in human BN or following sugar bingeing in animals are comparable to the effects of addictive drugs. The two disorders differ in regards to alterations in NAc D2 binding, VTA DAT mRNA expression, and the efficacy of drugs targeting glutamate to treat these disorders. CONCLUSIONS Although additional empirical studies are necessary, the synthesis of the two bodies of research presented here suggests that BN shares many neurobiological features with drug addiction. While few Food and Drug Administration-approved options currently exist for the treatment of drug addiction, pharmacotherapies developed in the future, which target the glutamate, DA, and opioid systems, may be beneficial for the treatment of both BN and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Hadad
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL, 32611-2250, USA
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ΔFosB induction in striatal medium spiny neuron subtypes in response to chronic pharmacological, emotional, and optogenetic stimuli. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18381-95. [PMID: 24259563 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1875-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor, ΔFosB, is robustly and persistently induced in striatum by several chronic stimuli, such as drugs of abuse, antipsychotic drugs, natural rewards, and stress. However, very few studies have examined the degree of ΔFosB induction in the two striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) subtypes. We make use of fluorescent reporter BAC transgenic mice to evaluate induction of ΔFosB in dopamine receptor 1 (D1) enriched and dopamine receptor 2 (D2) enriched MSNs in ventral striatum, nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core, and in dorsal striatum (dStr) after chronic exposure to several drugs of abuse including cocaine, ethanol, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and opiates; the antipsychotic drug, haloperidol; juvenile enrichment; sucrose drinking; calorie restriction; the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, fluoxetine; and social defeat stress. Our findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to many stimuli induces ΔFosB in an MSN-subtype selective pattern across all three striatal regions. To explore the circuit-mediated induction of ΔFosB in striatum, we use optogenetics to enhance activity in limbic brain regions that send synaptic inputs to NAc; these regions include the ventral tegmental area and several glutamatergic afferent regions: medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral hippocampus. These optogenetic conditions lead to highly distinct patterns of ΔFosB induction in MSN subtypes in NAc core and shell. Together, these findings establish selective patterns of ΔFosB induction in striatal MSN subtypes in response to chronic stimuli and provide novel insight into the circuit-level mechanisms of ΔFosB induction in striatum.
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Attenuation of saccharin-seeking in rats by orexin/hypocretin receptor 1 antagonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:499-507. [PMID: 23494235 PMCID: PMC3707982 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The orexin (Orx)/hypocretin system has been implicated in reward-seeking, especially for highly salient food and drug rewards. We recently demonstrated that signaling at the OxR1 receptor is involved in sucrose reinforcement and reinstatement of sucrose-seeking elicited by sucrose-paired cues in food-restricted rats. Because sucrose reinforcement has both a hedonic and caloric component, it remains unknown what aspect of this reward drives its reinforcing value. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the involvement of the Orx system in operant responding for saccharin, a noncaloric, hedonic (sweet) reward, and in cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished saccharin-seeking in ad libitum-fed vs food-restricted male subjects. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum or food-restricted and trained to self-administer saccharin. We determined the effects of pretreatment with the OxR1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB; 10-30 mg/kg) on fixed ratio (FR) saccharin self-administration and on cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished saccharin-seeking. RESULTS SB decreased responding and number of reinforcers earned during FR responding for saccharin and decreased cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished saccharin-seeking. All of these effects were obtained similarly in food-restricted and ad libitum-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that signaling at the OxR1 receptor is involved in saccharin reinforcement and reinstatement of saccharin-seeking elicited by saccharin-paired cues regardless of food restriction. These findings lead us to conclude that the Orx system contributes to the motivational effects of hedonic food rewards, independently of caloric value and homeostatic needs.
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Cason AM, Aston-Jones G. Role of orexin/hypocretin in conditioned sucrose-seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:155-65. [PMID: 23096770 PMCID: PMC3572270 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The orexin/hypocretin system has recently been implicated in reward-seeking, especially for highly salient food and drug rewards. We reasoned that this system may be strongly engaged during periods of reward restriction, including food restriction. OBJECTIVES This study examined the involvement of the orexin (Orx) system in responding for sucrose, and in cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished sucrose-seeking, in ad libitum fed versus food-restricted male subjects. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 108) were trained to self-administer sucrose, and we determined the effects of pretreatment with the OxR1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB; 10-30 mg/kg) on fixed ratio (FR) or progressive ratio (PR) sucrose self-administration, as well as on cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose-seeking. Finally, expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in Orx neurons was examined after self-administration, late extinction or cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose seeking. RESULTS SB decreased lever responding (by about 1/3) and the number of reinforcers earned during FR, and less so during PR, schedules and decreased cue-induced reinstatement to sucrose-seeking to extinction levels, predominately in food-restricted rats. Additionally, Fos expression in Orx neurons in perifornical and dorsomedial hypothalamus was increased during extinction. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that signaling at the OxR1 receptor is involved in pronounced sucrose reinforcement, and reinstatement of sucrose-seeking elicited by sucrose-paired cues, in food-restricted subjects. These findings lead us to conclude that conditioned activation of Orx neurons increases motivation for food reward during food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Cason
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building 406, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Flak JN, Solomon MB, Jankord R, Krause EG, Herman JP. Identification of chronic stress-activated regions reveals a potential recruited circuit in rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2547-55. [PMID: 22789020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress induces presynaptic and postsynaptic modifications in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that are consistent with enhanced excitatory hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis drive. The brain regions mediating these molecular modifications are not known. We hypothesized that chronic variable stress (CVS) tonically activates stress-excitatory regions that interact with the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, culminating in stress facilitation. In order to identify chronically activated brain regions, ΔFosB, a documented marker of tonic neuronal activation, was assessed in known stress regulatory limbic and brainstem sites. Four experimental groups were included: CVS, repeated restraint (RR) (control for HPA habituation), animals weight-matched (WM) to CVS animals (control for changes in circulating metabolic factors due to reduced weight gain), and non-handled controls. CVS, (but not RR or WM) induced adrenal hypertrophy, indicating that sustained HPA axis drive only occurred in the CVS group. CVS (but not RR or WM) selectively increased the number of FosB/ΔFosB nuclei in the nucleus of the solitary tract, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, and both the infralimbic and prelimbic divisions of the medial prefrontal cortex, indicating an involvement of these regions in chronic drive of the HPA axis. Increases in FosB/ΔFosB-immunoreactive cells were observed following both RR and CVS in the other regions (e.g. the dorsomedial hypothalamus), suggesting activation by both habituating and non-habituating stress conditions. The data suggest that unpredictable stress uniquely activates interconnected cortical, hypothalamic, and brainstem nuclei, potentially revealing the existence of a recruited circuitry mediating chronic drive of brain stress effector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Flak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Psychiatry North, Building E, 2nd Floor, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0506, USA
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Hostetler C, Bales K. DeltaFosB is increased in the nucleus accumbens by amphetamine but not social housing or isolation in the prairie vole. Neuroscience 2012; 210:266-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alsiö J, Olszewski PK, Levine AS, Schiöth HB. Feed-forward mechanisms: addiction-like behavioral and molecular adaptations in overeating. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:127-39. [PMID: 22305720 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Food reward, not hunger, is the main driving force behind eating in the modern obesogenic environment. Palatable foods, generally calorie-dense and rich in sugar/fat, are thus readily overconsumed despite the resulting health consequences. Important advances have been made to explain mechanisms underlying excessive consumption as an immediate response to presentation of rewarding tastants. However, our understanding of long-term neural adaptations to food reward that oftentimes persist during even a prolonged absence of palatable food and contribute to the reinstatement of compulsive overeating of high-fat high-sugar diets, is much more limited. Here we discuss the evidence from animal and human studies for neural and molecular adaptations in both homeostatic and non-homeostatic appetite regulation that may underlie the formation of a "feed-forward" system, sensitive to palatable food and propelling the individual from a basic preference for palatable diets to food craving and compulsive, addiction-like eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Alsiö
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 593, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zheng D, Cabeza de Vaca S, Carr KD. Food restriction increases acquisition, persistence and drug prime-induced expression of a cocaine-conditioned place preference in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:538-44. [PMID: 22074687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) is more persistent in food-restricted than ad libitum fed rats. This study assessed whether food restriction acts during conditioning and/or expression to increase persistence. In Experiment 1, rats were food-restricted during conditioning with a 7.0 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of cocaine. After the first CPP test, half of the rats were switched to ad libitum feeding for three weeks, half remained on food restriction, and this was followed by CPP testing. Rats tested under the ad libitum feeding condition displayed extinction by the fifth test. Their CPP did not reinstate in response to overnight food deprivation or a cocaine prime. Rats maintained on food restriction displayed a persistent CPP. In Experiment 2, rats were ad libitum fed during conditioning with the 7.0 mg/kg dose. In the first test only a trend toward CPP was displayed. Rats maintained under the ad libitum feeding condition did not display a CPP during subsequent testing and did not respond to a cocaine prime. Rats tested under food-restriction also did not display a CPP, but expressed a CPP following a cocaine prime. In Experiment 3, rats were ad libitum fed during conditioning with a 12.0 mg/kg dose. After the first test, half of the rats were switched to food restriction for three weeks. Rats that were maintained under the ad libitum condition displayed extinction by the fourth test. Their CPP was not reinstated by a cocaine prime. Rats tested under food-restriction displayed a persistent CPP. These results indicate that food restriction lowers the threshold dose for cocaine CPP and interacts with a previously acquired CPP to increase its persistence. In so far as CPP models Pavlovian conditioning that contributes to addiction, these results suggest the importance of diet and the physiology of energy balance as modulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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