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Leeabai N, Siripaiboon C, Taweengern K, Buttanoo C, Sujirapatpong W, Yimyam D, Takahashi F, Areeprasert C. The integrated study of the effects of infographic design on waste separation behavior and the behavioral outcome implementation on waste composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:276-285. [PMID: 37487340 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
This study revealed the effects of designed infographics for waste separation and the implementation of behavioral outcomes using surveys and lab-scale experiments. The designed infographics improved the waste separation behaviors of the respondents in term of subject norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention. These influential factors were increased by 5.84 to 20.5%. The effects of design elements including waste separation mascots, the knowledge of waste separation, and the knowledge of waste management were dependent on the ratio of graphics and messages. Therefore, the careful attention on design elements of the infographic had to be noted. According to survey results, animal bone and shell wastes were the highest miss-sorting waste for the compostable waste bin. Although the contamination rate of these wastes did not significantly affect the decomposition of organic waste in the composting process, the quality of the product was degraded in term of toxicity. The germination index was decreased by 66.0% under a 10% contaminated condition. In contrast, the increased the total Ca of compost was increased. Furthermore, the other chemical components of final composts were similar under various conditions. It could be concluded that the mixture of animal bone and shell in compostable waste is acceptable for the purpose of waste reduction. However, the contamination rate of inappropriate wastes in the compostable waste bin should be minimized to enable effective waste composting. The significant findings of this study will be able to apply to the design of waste separation at the source and the plan of waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapon Leeabai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chootrakul Siripaiboon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Department of Industrial Technology, School of Science and Technology, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi 11120, Thailand
| | - Kor Taweengern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chanatip Buttanoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wasin Sujirapatpong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Disorn Yimyam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Fumitake Takahashi
- Global Engineering Course for Development, Tokyo Institute of Technology, G5-601, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Suzukake, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Chinnathan Areeprasert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Xu S, Abeysekara S, Dudas S, Czub S, Staskevicius A, Mitchell G, Amoako KK, McAllister TA. Biodegradation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions in compost. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22233. [PMID: 36564427 PMCID: PMC9789035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the transmission risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions (PrPBSE), specified risk materials (SRM) that can harbour PrPBSE are prevented from entering the feed and food chains. As composting is one approach to disposing of SRM, we investigated the inactivation of PrPBSE in lab-scale composters over 28 days and in bin composters over 106-120 days. Lab-scale composting was conducted using 45 kg of feedlot manure with and without chicken feathers. Based on protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), after 28 days of composting, PrPBSE seeding activity was reduced by 3-4 log10 with feathers and 3 log10 without. Bin composters were constructed using ~ 2200 kg feedlot manure and repeated in 2017 and 2018. PMCA results showed that seeding activity of PrPBSE was reduced by 1-2 log10 in the centre, but only by 1 log10 in the bottom of bin composters. Subsequent assessment by transgenic (Tgbov XV) mouse bioassay confirmed a similar reduction in PrPBSE infectivity. Enrichment for proteolytic microorganisms through the addition of feathers to compost could enhance PrPBSE degradation. In addition to temperature, other factors including varying concentrations of PrPBSE and the nature of proteolytic microbial populations may be responsible for differential degradation of PrPBSE during composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwei Xu
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Sujeema Abeysekara
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Sandor Dudas
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for BSE, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Stefanie Czub
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for BSE, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Antanas Staskevicius
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232Canadian and WOAH Reference Laboratories for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Kingsley K. Amoako
- grid.418040.90000 0001 2177 1232National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- grid.55614.330000 0001 1302 4958Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB Canada
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Xu S, Amarakoon ID, Zaheer R, Smith A, Sura S, Wang G, Reuter T, Zvomuya F, Cessna AJ, Larney FJ, McAllister TA. Dissipation of antimicrobial resistance genes in compost originating from cattle manure after direct oral administration or post-excretion fortification of antimicrobials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:373-384. [PMID: 29215973 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1404337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dissipation of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) during composting of cattle manure generated through fortification versus administration of antimicrobials in feed was compared. Manure was collected from cattle fed diets containing (kg-1) dry matter (DM): (1) 44 mg chlortetracycline (CTC), (2) a mixture of 44 mg each of chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine (CTCSMZ), (3) 11 mg tylosin (TYL) or (4) Control, no antimicrobials. Manures were composted for 30 d with a single mixing after 16 d to generate the second heating cycle. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure 16S rDNA and tetracycline (tet), erythromycin (erm) and sulfamethazine (sul) genes. Temperature peaks ranged from 48 to 68°C across treatments in the first composting cycle, but except for the control, did not exceed 55°C in the second cycle. Copy numbers of 16S rDNA decreased (P < 0.05) during composting, but were not altered by antimcrobials. Except tet(L), all ARG decreased by 0.1-1.6 log10 g DM-1 in the first cycle, but some genes (tet[B], tet[L], erm[F], erm[X]) increased (P < 0.05) by 1.0-3.1 log10 g DM-1 in the second. During composting, levels of tet(M) and tet(W) in CTC, erm(A), erm(B) and erm(X) in TYL, and sul(1) in CTCSMZ remained higher (P < 0.05) in fed than fortified treatments. The dissipation of ARG during composting of manure fortified with antimicrobials differs from manure generated by cattle that are administered antimicrobials in feed, and does not always align with the dissipation of antimicrobial residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwei Xu
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Canada
| | - Inoka D Amarakoon
- b Department of Soil Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Canada
| | - Alanna Smith
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Canada
| | - Srinivas Sura
- c Cumming School of Medicine , University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - George Wang
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Canada
| | - Tim Reuter
- d Alberta Agriculture and Forestry , Lethbridge , Canada
| | - Francis Zvomuya
- b Department of Soil Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada
| | - Allan J Cessna
- e Saskatoon Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Francis J Larney
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- a Lethbridge Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Lethbridge , Canada
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Xu S, Sura S, Zaheer R, Wang G, Smith A, Cook S, Olson AF, Cessna AJ, Larney FJ, McAllister TA. Dissipation of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Composted and Stockpiled Beef Cattle Manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:528-536. [PMID: 27065400 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.03.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Windrow composting or stockpiling reduces the viability of pathogens and antimicrobial residues in manure. However, the impact of these manure management practices on the persistence of genes coding for antimicrobial resistance is less well known. In this study, manure from cattle administered 44 mg of chlortetracycline kg feed (dry wt. basis) (CTC), 44 mg of CTC and 44 mg of sulfamethazine kg feed (CTCSMZ), 11 mg of tylosin kg feed (TYL), and no antimicrobials (control) were composted or stockpiled over 102 d. Temperature remained ≥55°C for 35 d in compost and 2 d in stockpiles. Quantitative PCR was used to measure levels of 16S rRNA genes and tetracycline [(B), (C), (L), (M), (W)], erythromycin [(A), (B), (F), (X)], and sulfamethazine [(1), (2)] resistance determinants. After 102 d, 16S rRNA genes and all resistance determinants declined by 0.5 to 3 log copies per gram dry matter. Copies of 16S rRNA genes were affected ( < 0.05) by antimicrobials with the ranking of control > CTC = TYL > CTCSMZ. Compared with the control, antimicrobials did not increase the abundance of resistance genes in either composted or stockpiled manure, except (M) and (2) in CTCSMZ ( < 0.05). The decline in 16S rRNA genes and resistance determinants was higher ( < 0.05) in composted than in stockpiled manure. We conclude that composting may be more effective than stockpiling in reducing the introduction of antimicrobial resistance genes into the environment before land application of manure.
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McLaughlin MR, Brooks JP, Adeli A, Miles DM. Using broiler litter and swine manure lagoon effluent in sawdust-based swine mortality composts: Effects on nutrients, bacteria, and gaseous emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:265-280. [PMID: 26081729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disposition of mortalities challenges confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs), especially sow (farrowing) farms, which experience mortalities daily. Regulations and transportation costs may preclude incineration, landfill burial, and rendering; therefore, swine CAFOs in Mississippi in the Mid-South U.S. often compost mortalities. In this study, a farm-standard composting mix of sawdust (S) and water (W) was compared with mixes where N was supplied by broiler litter (L) and water was replaced with swine lagoon effluent (E). The objective was to assess the effects of these manure byproducts: 1) on nutrients and bacteria in composts destined for land application; and 2) on emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. Three replications of four mixes (SW, SLW, SE, SLE) were compared in microcosms comprising modified plastic recycling bins. The experiment was repeated three times in different seasons in one year. Mixes were compared for differences in temperature, water content, nutrients (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn), bacteria (Gram-, Gram+, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia coli), and emissions (NH3, CO2, CH4, N2O). Litter addition increased composting temperatures initially and after aerations; increased nutrient concentrations, except C, in start mixes and all except C and N, in finish mixes; increased Gram+ bacteria, Salmonella, and E. coli in start mixes, but only Gram+s in finish mixes; and increased emissions. Effluent addition increased early composting temperatures; had no effect on nutrients or bacteria, except increased C. perfringens in start, but not finish mixes; and had no effect on emissions. Nutrients in finish composts did not differ among mixes for N (average 3.3%), but litter composts had more P and K, and lower N:P than composts without litter. Improving mortality composting is of global importance as increasing livestock populations and intensive animal production systems require practical, safe, environmentally sound disposal of carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R McLaughlin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Post Office Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - J P Brooks
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Post Office Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - A Adeli
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Post Office Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - D M Miles
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Post Office Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
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Adkin A, Jones D, Eckford R, Edwards-Jones G, Williams A. A quantitative risk assessment for the safety of carcase storage systems for scrapie infected farms. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:940-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Adkin
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Weybridge UK
| | - D.L. Jones
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor Gwynedd UK
| | - R.L. Eckford
- Veterinary Advisor, Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer; Welsh Government; Wales UK
| | - G. Edwards-Jones
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor Gwynedd UK
| | - A.P. Williams
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor Gwynedd UK
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Glanville TD, Ahn HK, Richard TL, Harmon JD, Reynolds DL, Akinc S. Effect of envelope material on biosecurity during emergency bovine mortality composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:543-551. [PMID: 23334009 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The biosecurity of composting as an emergency disposal method for cattle mortalities caused by disease was evaluated by conducting full-scale field trials begun during three different seasons and using three different envelope materials. Process biosecurity was significantly affected by the envelope material used to construct the composting matrix. Internal temperatures met USEPA Class A time/temperature criteria for pathogen reduction in 89%, 67%, and 22%, respectively of seasonal test units constructed with corn silage, straw/manure, or ground cornstalks. In trials begun in the winter, survival times of vaccine strains of avian encephalomyelitis and Newcastle disease virus were noticeably shorter in silage test units than in the other two materials, but during summer/spring trials survival times in ground cornstalk and straw/manure test units were similar to those in test units constructed with silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Glanville
- Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3080, United States.
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Xu W, Reuter T, Xu Y, Hsu YH, Stanford K, McAllister TA. Field scale evaluation of bovine-specific DNA as an indicator of tissue degradation during cattle mortality composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:4800-6. [PMID: 21316954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Currently, mortality compost is managed by temperature as extent of tissue degradation is difficult to assess. In the present study, field-scale mortality compost was constructed with composted brain tissue (Brain) and compost adjacent to brain tissue (CAB) sampled over 230 d. Following genomic DNA extraction, bovine-specific mitochondrial DNA (Mt-DNA) and bacterial 16S rDNA fragments were quantified using real-time PCR. Genomic DNA yield of Brain and CAB decreased rapidly (89-98%) and stabilized after 7 d. Compared to d 0, Brain Mt-DNA rapidly decreased (84-91% reduction on d 7). In CAB, Mt-DNA dramatically increased until d 28 (up to 34,500 times) thereafter decreasing by 77-93% on d 112. Quantification of bovine Mt-DNA indicates tissue degradation was initially characterized by rapid decomposition and release of cell contents into surrounding compost matrix followed by further degradation of Mt-DNA by flourishing microorganisms. Consequently, bovine Mt-DNA copies in compost matrix were reliable indicators of tissue degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Biodegradation of specified risk material and characterization of actinobacterial communities in laboratory-scale composters. Biodegradation 2011; 22:1029-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-011-9461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Akdeniz N, Koziel JA, Glanville TD, Ahn H, Crawford BP. Air sampling methods for VOCs related to field-scale biosecure swine mortality composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:3599-602. [PMID: 21084186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as markers of biosecure carcass degradation is a promising method to test progress and completion of the composting process. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of using existing aeration ducts in composting units as practical sampling locations. The secondary objective was to test the feasibility of using marker VOC concentrations in aeration ducts to elucidate information about airflow patterns inside composting units. Marker VOC concentrations were significantly higher in the upper aeration duct and this duct can typically be used to collect air samples instead of placing special air sampling probes inside the composting units. Occasionally, the airflow direction inside composting units can change. Marker VOC concentrations can be used to decide the airflow direction inside the composting units. In this study, higher VOC concentrations were measured from the upper aeration duct, and this duct was shown to be an outlet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Akdeniz
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Xu W, Reuter T, Xu Y, Alexander TW, Gilroyed B, Jin L, Stanford K, Larney FJ, McAllister TA. Use of quantitative and conventional PCR to assess biodegradation of bovine and plant DNA during cattle mortality composting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6248-6255. [PMID: 19746721 DOI: 10.1021/es900310c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mortality composting requires assessing the biodegradation efficacy of carcasses and other materials of animal and plant origin. Biosecure (plastic-wrapped) compost structures were built containing 16 cattle carcasses placed on 40 cm straw and covered with 160-cm of feedlot manure. Compost was collected from depths of 80 and 160 cm (P80, P160) and DNA degradation assessed over 147 days of static composting, and during 180 days of active composting. Residual soft tissues from carcasses were collected on day 147. At P80, copies of a 171-bp bovine mitochondrial DNA (Mt171) and 138-bp plant Rubisco gene fragment (Rub138) were reduced compared to initial copy numbers (CN) by 79% and 99% after 147 days, respectively. At P160, Mt171, and Rub138 decreased compared to initial CN by 20% and 99% by day 147, respectively. After 327 days, degradation of Mt171 increased to 91% compared to initial CN. Compared to fresh tissues, residual tissues at day 147 had a 99% reduction in genomic DNA yield. Yield of DNA was related to copies of a 760-bp bovine mitochondrial fragment (Mt760) which were > 93% reduced at both P80 and P160 after 147 day. Secondary composting improved decomposition of bovine tissues and Mt760 was not detectable after 207 days. A 99% reduction in genomic DNA of composted tissue and > 93% reduction of Mt760 suggests almost complete decomposition of carcass soft tissue after 147 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, DalianUniversity of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Xu W, Reuter T, Inglis GD, Larney FJ, Alexander TW, Guan J, Stanford K, Xu Y, McAllister TA. A biosecure composting system for disposal of cattle carcasses and manure following infectious disease outbreak. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:437-50. [PMID: 19202014 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During outbreaks of infectious animal diseases, composting may be an effective method of disposing of mortalities and potentially contaminated manure. Duplicate biosecure structures containing 16 cattle (Bos taurus) mortalities (343 kg average weight) were constructed with carcasses placed on a 40-cm straw layer and overlaid with 160 cm of feedlot manure. At a depth of 80 cm (P80), compost heated rapidly, exceeding 55 degrees C after 8 d and maintained temperatures of 55 to 65 degrees C for > 35 d. Temperatures at 160 cm (P160) failed to exceed 55 degrees C, but remained above 40 degrees C for >4 mo. To investigate rates of microbial inactivation, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were inoculated in manure (E. coli O157:H7 and C. jejuni approximately 10(8) CFU g(-1); NDV, approximately 10(6) EID(50) g(-1)), embedded at P80 and P160 and retrieved at intervals during composting. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and NDV were undetectable after 7 d at both depths. The C. jejuni DNA was detected up to 84 d at P80 and >147 d at P160. To estimate degradation of recalcitrant substrates, bovine brain, hoof, and rib bones were also embedded at P80 and P160 and retrieved at intervals. Residues of soft tissues remained in carcasses after opening at 147 d and bovine tissue decomposition ranked as brain > hoof > bone. More than 90% dry matter (DM) of brain disappeared after 7 d and 80% DM of hoof decomposed after 56 d. High degradation of cattle carcasses, rapid suppression of E. coli O157:H7 and NDV and reduction in viable cell densities of >6 logs for C. jejuni demonstrates that the biosecure composting system can dispose of cattle carcasses and manure in an infectious disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
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