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Oehlenschläger K, Schepp E, Stiefelmaier J, Holtmann D, Ulber R. Simultaneous fermentation and enzymatic biocatalysis-a useful process option? BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:67. [PMID: 38796486 PMCID: PMC11128117 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Biotransformation with enzymes and de novo syntheses with whole-cell biocatalysts each have specific advantages. These can be combined to achieve processes with optimal performance. A recent approach is to perform bioconversion processes and enzymatic catalysis simultaneously in one-pot. This is a well-established process in the biorefinery, where starchy or cellulosic material is degraded enzymatically and simultaneously used as substrate for microbial cultivations. This procedure leads to a number of advantages like saving in time but also in the needed equipment (e.g., reaction vessels). In addition, the inhibition or side-reaction of high sugar concentrations can be overcome by combining the processes. These benefits of coupling microbial conversion and enzymatic biotransformation can also be transferred to other processes for example in the sector of biofuel production or in the food industry. However, finding a compromise between the different requirements of the two processes is challenging in some cases. This article summarises the latest developments and process variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Oehlenschläger
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Emily Schepp
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Stiefelmaier
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Butyric Acid Production by Fermentation: Employing Potential of the Novel Clostridium tyrobutyricum Strain NRRL 67062. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of a novel strain of Clostridium tyrobutyricum NRRL 67062 to produce butyric acid during glucose fermentation was evaluated. The strain was evaluated for substrate and product inhibition in batch experiments using anaerobic tubes. To characterize glucose inhibition, initial glucose concentrations ranging from 60 to 250 g L−1 were used, and it was demonstrated that a glucose concentration of 250 g L−1 exerted strong inhibition on cell growth and fermentation. To evaluate butyric acid inhibition, the culture was challenged with 5–50 g L−1 of butyric acid at an initial pH of 6.5. These experiments were performed without pH control. When challenged with a butyric acid concentration of 50 g L−1, cell growth was slow; however, it produced 8.25 g L−1 of butyric acid. This suggested that the butyric acid tolerance of the culture was 58 g L−1. In a scaled-up batch experiment, which was performed in a 2.5 L fermentor with an initial glucose concentration of 100 g L−1, the pH was controlled at 6.5. In this experiment, the strain produced 57.86 g L−1 of butyric acid and 12.88 g L−1 of acetic acid, thus producing 70.74 g L−1 of total acids with a productivity of 0.69 g·L−1·h−1. A concentration of 70.74 g L−1 of acids equates to a yield of 0.71 g of acid per g consumed glucose. The maximum cell concentration was 3.80 g L−1, which may have been the reason for high productivity in the batch culture. Finally, corn steep liquor (CSL; a commercial nutrient solution) provided greater growth and acid production than the refined medium.
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Son J, Joo JC, Baritugo KA, Jeong S, Lee JY, Lim HJ, Lim SH, Yoo JI, Park SJ. Consolidated microbial production of four-, five-, and six-carbon organic acids from crop residues: Current status and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127001. [PMID: 35292386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production of platform organic acids has been heavily dependent on petroleum-based industries. However, petrochemical-based industries that cannot guarantee a virtuous cycle of carbons released during various processes are now facing obsolescence because of the depletion of finite fossil fuel reserves and associated environmental pollutions. Thus, the transition into a circular economy in terms of the carbon footprint has been evaluated with the development of efficient microbial cell factories using renewable feedstocks. Herein, the recent progress on bio-based production of organic acids with four-, five-, and six-carbon backbones, including butyric acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid (C4), 5-aminolevulinic acid and citramalic acid (C5), and hexanoic acid (C6), is discussed. Then, the current research on the production of C4-C6 organic acids is illustrated to suggest future directions for developing crop-residue based consolidated bioprocessing of C4-C6 organic acids using host strains with tailor-made capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Chan Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kei-Anne Baritugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seona Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Abd El-Malek F, Rofeal M, Zabed HM, Nizami AS, Rehan M, Qi X. Microorganism-mediated algal biomass processing for clean products manufacturing: Current status, challenges and future outlook. FUEL 2022; 311:122612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Gengatharan A, Dykes GA, Choo WS. Fermentation of red pitahaya extracts using Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for reduction of sugar content and concentration of betacyanin content. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:3611-3621. [PMID: 34366478 PMCID: PMC8292514 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to concentrate the betacyanin in red pitahaya extracts by removing the coexisting sugars by fermentation. Four lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei, L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) and a yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were screened to determine their efficiency to reduce sugar content in red pitahaya extracts for concentration of their betacyanin content. A reduction of sugar content (19.8-56.4%) and increase in the yield of betacyanins were observed in all extracts as compared to the control, which was not innoculated with any microorganisms after 1 day of fermentation. The lowest total sugar content (26.40 g/L) was observed in extracts fermented by S. cerevisiae. Extracts fermented by S. cerevisiae also showed greater numbers of microbial cells (10.75 log CFU/mL) and a lower pH value (3.54) compared to those (6.89-8.48 log CFU/mL and pH 4.64-5.42) of the Lactobacillus spp. after 1 day of fermentation. An optimization step using response surface methodology (RSM) was then conducted using S. cerevisiae. Temperature, time and agitation speed were found to have a significant effect on the total sugar content and BC of concentrated betacyanins from red pitahaya, while the yield of betacyanins was significantly influenced by temperature and agitation speed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05116-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Gengatharan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Garys A. Dykes
- Graduate Research School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Malaysia
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Zheng Y, Zhang T, Lu Y, Wang L. Monascus pilosus YX-1125: An efficient digester for directly treating ultra-high-strength liquor wastewater and producing short-chain fatty acids under multiple-stress conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 331:125050. [PMID: 33812744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-strength liquor wastewater (UHS-LWW) is rich in organic matter, and the required treatment is expensive. Here, an extremophilic strain Monascus pilosus YX-1125 was isolated for the direct conversion of UHS-LWW to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Strain YX-1125 is an efficient SCFA producer with carbohydrate metabolic flexibility under multiple-stress conditions. Moreover, strain YX-1125 could tolerate up to 75 g/L, 100 g/L, and 50 g/L of ethanol, organic acids, and salt, respectively, without inhibition. In repeated-cycle fermentations, 17.8 g/L of butyric acid and 2.0 g/L of propionic acid were produced from UHS-LWW at the fifth cycle, which are the highest concentrations of wastewater-derived SCFAs reported to date. After SCFA recovery, a 98.9% COD reduction was achieved, which is estimated to reduce treatment costs by 91.7%. Results indicate that M. pilosus YX-1125 is a promising strain for the direct treatment of UHS-LWW, and for converting it into valuable biochemicals without any pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zheng
- Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua University, Jiangsu Province 215163, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Moutai Institute, Renhuai 564500, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Li'ao Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO. Principles and practice of designing microbial biocatalysts for fuel and chemical production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 49:6158391. [PMID: 33686428 PMCID: PMC9118985 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The finite nature of fossil fuels and the environmental impact of its use have raised interest in alternate renewable energy sources. Specifically, non-food carbohydrates, such as lignocellulosic biomass, can be used to produce next generation biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol and other non-ethanol fuels like butanol. However, currently there is no native microorganism that can ferment all lignocellulosic sugars to fuel molecules. Thus, research is focused on engineering improved microbial biocatalysts for production of liquid fuels at high productivity, titer and yield. A clear understanding and application of the basic principles of microbial physiology and biochemistry are crucial to achieve this goal. In this review, we present and discuss the construction of microbial biocatalysts that integrate these principles with ethanol-producing Escherichia coli as an example of metabolic engineering. These principles also apply to fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars to other chemicals that are currently produced from petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lonnie O Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Li W, Cheng P, Zhang JB, Zhao LM, Ma YB, Ding K. Synergism of microorganisms and enzymes in solid-state fermentation of animal feed. A review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/133151/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stutts LR, Vermerris W. Elucidating Anthracnose Resistance Mechanisms in Sorghum-A Review. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1863-1876. [PMID: 33100146 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-20-0132-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most cultivated cereal crop in the world, traditionally providing food, feed, and fodder, but more recently also fermentable sugars for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineola, the causal agent of anthracnose disease in sorghum, is prevalent in the warm and humid climates where much of the sorghum is cultivated and poses a serious threat to sorghum production. The use of anthracnose-resistant sorghum germplasm is the most environmentally and economically sustainable way to protect sorghum against this pathogen. Even though multiple anthracnose resistance loci have been mapped in diverse sorghum germplasm in recent years, the diversity in C. sublineola pathotypes at the local and regional levels means that these resistance genes are not equally effective in different areas of cultivation. This review summarizes the genetic and cytological data underlying sorghum's defense response and describes recent developments that will enable a better understanding of the interactions between sorghum and C. sublineola at the molecular level. This includes releases of the sorghum genome and the draft genome of C. sublineola, the use of next-generation sequencing technologies to identify gene expression networks activated in response to infection, and improvements in methodologies to validate resistance genes, notably virus-induced and transgenic gene silencing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Stutts
- Graduate Program in Plant Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, UF Genetics Institute, and Florida Center for Renewable Fuels and Chemicals, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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Stoklosa RJ, Moore C, Latona RJ, Nghiem NP. Butyric Acid Generation by Clostridium tyrobutyricum from Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia (LMAA) Pretreated Sweet Sorghum Bagasse. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:761-776. [PMID: 33188509 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is an under-utilized feedstock for biochemical conversion to biofuels or high value chemicals. One such chemical that can be generated biochemically and applied to a wide array of industries from pharmaceuticals to the production of liquid transportation fuels is butyric acid. This work investigated cultivating the butyric acid producing strain Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 on low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreated SSB. Pretreated SSB hydrolysate was detoxified and supplemented with urea for shake flask batch fermentation to show that up to 11.4 g/L butyric acid could be produced with a selectivity of 87% compared to other organic acids. Bioreactor fermentation with pH control showed high biomass growth, but a similar output of 11.3 g/L butyric acid was achieved. However, the butyric acid productivity increased to 0.251 g/L∙hr with a butyric acid yield of 0.29 g/g sugar consumed. This butyric acid output represented an 83% theoretical yield. Further improvements in butyric acid titer and yield can be achieved by optimizing nutrient supplementation and incorporating fed-batch fermentation processing of pretreated SSB hydrolysate. Construction of ZGO:Sr NR- and ZGC@PDA NP-driven ratiometric aptasensor for CEA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Stoklosa
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Carrington Moore
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.,Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Renee J Latona
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Nhuan P Nghiem
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
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Recent advances in n-butanol and butyrate production using engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:138. [PMID: 32794091 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acidogenic clostridia naturally producing acetic and butyric acids has attracted high interest as a novel host for butyrate and n-butanol production. Among them, Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a hyper butyrate-producing bacterium, which re-assimilates acetate for butyrate biosynthesis by butyryl-CoA/acetate CoA transferase (CoAT), rather than the phosphotransbutyrylase-butyrate kinase (PTB-BK) pathway widely found in clostridia and other microbial species. To date, C. tyrobutyricum has been engineered to overexpress a heterologous alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts butyryl-CoA to n-butanol. Compared to conventional solventogenic clostridia, which produce acetone, ethanol, and butanol in a biphasic fermentation process, the engineered C. tyrobutyricum with a high metabolic flux toward butyryl-CoA produced n-butanol at a high yield of > 0.30 g/g and titer of > 20 g/L in glucose fermentation. With no acetone production and a high C4/C2 ratio, butanol was the only major fermentation product by the recombinant C. tyrobutyricum, allowing simplified downstream processing for product purification. In this review, novel metabolic engineering strategies to improve n-butanol and butyrate production by C. tyrobutyricum from various substrates, including glucose, xylose, galactose, sucrose, and cellulosic hydrolysates containing the mixture of glucose and xylose, are discussed. Compared to other recombinant hosts such as Clostridium acetobutylicum and Escherichia coli, the engineered C. tyrobutyricum strains with higher butyrate and butanol titers, yields and productivities are the most promising hosts for potential industrial applications.
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Butyric acid production with high selectivity coupled with acetic acid consumption in sugar-glycerol mixture fermentation by Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC25755. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang L, Chauliac D, Moritz BE, Zhang G, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of butyric acid at high titer and productivity. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:62. [PMID: 30949238 PMCID: PMC6429758 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several anaerobic bacteria produce butyric acid, a commodity chemical with use in chemical, pharmaceutical, food and feed industries, using complex media with acetate as a co-product. Butyrate titer of various recombinant Escherichia coli did not exceed 10 g l-1 in batch fermentations in any of the media tested. RESULTS A recombinant E. coli (strain LW393) that produced butyrate as the major fermentation product was constructed with genes from E. coli, Clostridium acetobutylicum and Treponema denticola. Strain LW393 produced 323 ± 6 mM (28.4 ± 0.4 g l-1) butyric acid in batch fermentations in mineral salt medium with glucose as C source at a yield of 0.37 ± 0.01 g (g glucose consumed)-1. Butyrate accounted for 90% of the total products produced by the culture. Supplementing this medium with yeast extract further increased butyric acid titer to 375 ± 4 mM. Average volumetric productivity of butyrate with xylose as C source was 0.89 ± 0.07 g l-1 h-1. CONCLUSIONS The butyrate titer reported in this study is about 2.5-3-times higher than the values reported for other recombinant E. coli and this is achieved in mineral salt medium with an expectation of lower purification and production cost of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Diane Chauliac
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- Present Address: Galactic, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brelan E. Moritz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Guimin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Lonnie O. Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - K. T. Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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Oh HJ, Kim KY, Lee KM, Lee SM, Gong G, Oh MK, Um Y. Enhanced butyric acid production using mixed biomass of brown algae and rice straw by Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC25755. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:446-453. [PMID: 30469134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A brown alga Saccharina japonica and rice straw are attractive feedstock for microbial butyric acid production. However, inefficient fermentation of mannitol (a dominant component in S. japonica) and toxicity of inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysate are limitations. This study demonstrated that mixed biomass with S. japonica and rice straw was effective in butyric acid production over those restrictions. Mannitol was consumed only when acetic acid was present. Notably, acetic acid was not produced but consumed along with mannitol. By mixing S. japonica and rice straw to take advantage of glucose and acetic acid in rice straw, Clostridium tyrobutyricum effectively consumed mannitol by utilizing acetic acid in hydrolysate and acetic acid derived from glucose with the enhanced butyric acid production. Furthermore, cell growth was restored owing to the decreased inhibitor concentration. The results demonstrate the potential of butyric acid production from mixed biomass of macroalgae/lignocellulose overcoming the drawbacks of single biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Oh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtaek Gong
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Wang L, York SW, Ingram LO, Shanmugam KT. Simultaneous fermentation of biomass-derived sugars to ethanol by a co-culture of an engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:269-276. [PMID: 30448678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms ferment xylose at high rate only when glucose concentration in the medium falls below a critical level. Since the specific productivity of product is highest during exponential to early stationary phase of growth, a glucose utilization negative ethanologenic E. coli (strain LW419a) was constructed for high rate of xylose fermentation in combination with Turbo yeast. This co-culture fermented all the released sugars in an acid/enzyme-treated sugar cane bagasse slurry (10% solids) to an ethanol titer of 24.9 ± 0.8 g.L-1 (70% of the theoretical yield) in <30 h. Ethanol titer increased to 48.6 ± 1.04 g.L-1 (yield, 0.45 g.g-1 sugars) at a solids content of 20% and the highest rate of xylose consumption was 1.58 ± 0.21 g.L-1.h-1. This study demonstrates the potential of a co-culture of strain LW419a and yeast to rapidly ferment all the sugars in pretreated biomass slurries to ethanol at their respective highest rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Sean W York
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - Lonnie O Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
| | - K T Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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16
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Zheng W, Liu X, Zhu L, Huang H, Wang T, Jiang L. Pretreatment with γ-Valerolactone/[Mmim]DMP and Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Corncob and Its Application in Immobilized Butyric Acid Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11709-11717. [PMID: 30296065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Corncob is a widely available raw material with high carbohydrate and low lignin content. To improve corncob conversion to the fermentable sugars, a novel method encompassing pretreatment using the γ-valerolactone (GVL)/1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphite ([Mmim]DMP) system integrated with cellulase hydrolysis was developed and optimized. It is confirmed that lignin was extracted efficiently after combined pretreatment and that the subsequent enzymatic saccharification efficiency could be significantly enhanced, resulting in the yield of 94.9% glucose from cellulose and 53.3% xylose from xylan, respectively. Furthermore, the above fermentable sugars were used as carbon source for Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in macroporous Ca-alginate-lignin beads with the extracted lignin as the active ingredient to evaluate the fermentability of butyric acid. The results showed that high butyrate productivity of 0.47 g/L/h and yield of 0.45 g/g were obtained after 10 repeated batches of fermentation, demonstrating an effective process for the production of butyric acid from abundant corncob waste-biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Xujie Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
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17
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Jiang L, Fu H, Yang HK, Xu W, Wang J, Yang ST. Butyric acid: Applications and recent advances in its bioproduction. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2101-2117. [PMID: 30266343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyric acid is an important C4 organic acid with broad applications. It is currently produced by chemosynthesis from petroleum-based feedstocks. However, the fermentative production of butyric acid from renewable feedstocks has received growing attention because of consumer demand for green products and natural ingredients in foods, pharmaceuticals, animal feed supplements, and cosmetics. In this review, strategies for improving microbial butyric acid production, including strain engineering and novel fermentation process development are discussed and compared regarding product yield, titer, purity and productivity. Future perspectives on strain and process improvements for butyric acid production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hopen K Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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18
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Xiao Z, Cheng C, Bao T, Liu L, Wang B, Tao W, Pei X, Yang ST, Wang M. Production of butyric acid from acid hydrolysate of corn husk in fermentation by Clostridium tyrobutyricum: kinetics and process economic analysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:164. [PMID: 29946355 PMCID: PMC6003175 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyric acid is an important chemical currently produced from petrochemical feedstocks. Its production from renewable, low-cost biomass in fermentation has attracted large attention in recent years. In this study, the feasibility of corn husk, an abundant agricultural residue, for butyric acid production by using Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in a fibrous bed bioreactor (FBB) was evaluated. RESULTS Hydrolysis of corn husk (10% solid loading) with 0.4 M H2SO4 at 110 °C for 6 h resulted in a hydrolysate containing ~ 50 g/L total reducing sugars (glucose:xylose = 1.3:1.0). The hydrolysate was used for butyric acid fermentation by C. tyrobutyricum in a FBB, which gave 42.6 and 53.0% higher butyric acid production from glucose and xylose, respectively, compared to free-cell fermentations. Fermentation with glucose and xylose mixture (1:1) produced 50.37 ± 0.04 g L-1 butyric acid with a yield of 0.38 ± 0.02 g g-1 and productivity of 0.34 ± 0.03 g L-1 h-1. Batch fermentation with corn husk hydrolysate produced 21.80 g L-1 butyric acid with a yield of 0.39 g g-1, comparable to those from glucose. Repeated-batch fermentations consistently produced 20.75 ± 0.65 g L-1 butyric acid with an average yield of 0.39 ± 0.02 g g-1 in three consecutive batches. An extractive fermentation process can be used to produce, separate, and concentrate butyric acid to > 30% (w/v) sodium butyrate at an economically attractive cost for application as an animal feed supplement. CONCLUSION A high concentration of total reducing sugars at ~ 50% (w/w) yield was obtained from corn husk after acid hydrolysis. Stable butyric acid production from corn husk hydrolysate was achieved in repeated-batch fermentation with C. tyrobutyricum immobilized in a FBB, demonstrating that corn husk can be used as an economical substrate for butyric acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chu Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Lujie Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Pei
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Minqi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
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19
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Chi X, Li J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Antwi P. Hyper-production of butyric acid from delignified rice straw by a novel consolidated bioprocess. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 254:115-120. [PMID: 29413911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel consolidated bioprocess for hyper-production of butyric acid from delignified rice straw without exogenous enzymes involved was developed by co-fermentation of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 and C. thermobutyricum ATCC 49875. Feasibility of the consolidated bioprocess was approved by batch fermentations, with the optimum pH of 6.5. Fed-batch fermentation with a constant pH of 6.5 at 55 °C could enhance the butyric acid yield to a remarkable 33.9 g/L with a selectivity as high as 78%. Metabolic analysis of the co-culture indicated that sugars liberated by C. thermocellum ATCC 27405 were effectively converted to butyric acid by C. thermobutyricum ATCC 49875. Secondary metabolism of C. thermobutyricum ATCC 49875 also contributed to the hyper-production of butyric acid, resulting in the re-assimilation of by-products such as acetic acid and ethanol. This work provides a more effective fermentation process for butyric acid production from lignocellulosic biomass for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agriculture University, 59 Mucai Road, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Philip Antwi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
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20
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Luo H, Yang R, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Liu Z, Huang M, Zeng Q. Recent advances and strategies in process and strain engineering for the production of butyric acid by microbial fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 253:343-354. [PMID: 29329775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Butyric acid is an important platform chemical, which is widely used in the fields of food, pharmaceutical, energy, etc. Microbial fermentation as an alternative approach for butyric acid production is attracting great attention as it is an environmentally friendly bioprocessing. However, traditional fermentative butyric acid production is still not economically competitive compared to chemical synthesis route, due to the low titer, low productivity, and high production cost. Therefore, reduction of butyric acid production cost by utilization of alternative inexpensive feedstock, and improvement of butyric acid production and productivity has become an important target. Recently, several advanced strategies have been developed for enhanced butyric acid production, including bioprocess techniques and metabolic engineering methods. This review provides an overview of advances and strategies in process and strain engineering for butyric acid production by microbial fermentation. Additionally, future perspectives on improvement of butyric acid production are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Rongling Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Qingwei Zeng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
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21
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Kim M, Kim KY, Lee KM, Youn SH, Lee SM, Woo HM, Oh MK, Um Y. Butyric acid production from softwood hydrolysate by acetate-consuming Clostridium sp. S1 with high butyric acid yield and selectivity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:1208-1214. [PMID: 27474955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the butyric acid production from softwood hydrolysate by acetate-consuming Clostridium sp. S1. Results showed that Clostridium sp. S1 produced butyric acid by simultaneously utilizing glucose and mannose in softwood hydrolysate and, more remarkably, it consumed acetic acid in hydrolysate. Clostridium sp. S1 utilized each of glucose, mannose, and xylose as well as mixed sugars simultaneously with partially repressed xylose utilization. When softwood (Japanese larch) hydrolysate containing glucose and mannose as the main sugars was used, Clostridium sp. S1 produced 21.17g/L butyric acid with the yield of 0.47g/g sugar and the selectivity of 1 (g butyric acid/g total acids) owing to the consumption of acetic acid in hydrolysate. The results demonstrate potential of Clostridium sp. S1 to produce butyric acid selectively and effectively from hydrolysate not only by utilizing mixed sugars simultaneously but also by converting acetic acid to butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hun Youn
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Min Woo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Microbial Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Current Processes and Market. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8469357. [PMID: 27556042 PMCID: PMC4983341 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8469357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological production of organic acids from conversion of biomass derivatives has received increased attention among scientists and engineers and in business because of the attractive properties such as renewability, sustainability, degradability, and versatility. The aim of the present review is to summarize recent research and development of short chain fatty acids production by anaerobic fermentation of nonfood biomass and to evaluate the status and outlook for a sustainable industrial production of such biochemicals. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid have many industrial applications and are currently of global economic interest. The focus is mainly on the utilization of pretreated lignocellulosic plant biomass as substrate (the carbohydrate route) and development of the bacteria and processes that lead to a high and economically feasible production of VFA. The current and developing market for VFA is analyzed focusing on production, prices, and forecasts along with a presentation of the biotechnology companies operating in the market for sustainable biochemicals. Finally, perspectives on taking sustainable product of biochemicals from promise to market introduction are reviewed.
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