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Li X, Sun Y, Xiong Q. Volatile compounds produced in smoked bacon inoculated with potential spoilage bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:93-103. [PMID: 37532681 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during meat storage are mainly derived from the decomposition of meat components and the metabolism of spoilage bacteria. VOCs produced in sterile bacon model substrate inoculated or un-inoculated with spoilage bacteria, Staphylococcus xylosus (P2), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (P6), Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (P9), Leuconostoc gelidum (P16) and Serratia liquefaciens (P20), previously isolated, were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, combinations of the strains (Pm) were also obtained. RESULTS In total, 54 volatile compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, ketones, alkanes, alkanes, organic acids, esters and so forth, were determined after 45 days of storage in bacon inoculated with potential spoilage bacteria using the HS-SPME/GC-MS method. VOC concentrations of alcohols and organic acids in groups inoculated with bacteria were remarkably higher (P < 0.05) compared to that in control samples. Specifically, some VOCs are closely related to the metabolic activity of the inoculated bacterial strains; for example, 2,3-butanediol was associated with P2, P16 and P20, and acetic acid was mainly related to P6 and P9. CONCLUSION The results of partial least squares regression indicated that there was a high correlation between the electronic nose sensors and VOCs of smoked inoculated potential spoilage bacteria. These compounds are potentially important for predicting deterioration of smoked bacon. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Value-Added Products from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Waste Plastics over Biochar-Based Catalyst: A State-of-the-Art Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As the only renewable carbon resource on Earth, lignocellulosic biomass is abundant in reserves and has the advantages of environmental friendliness, low price, and easy availability. The pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass can generate solid biochar with a large specific surface area, well-developed pores, and plentiful surface functional groups. Therefore, it can be considered as a catalyst for upgrading the other two products, syngas and liquid bio-oil, from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis, which has the potential to be an alternative to some non-renewable and expensive conventional catalysts. In addition, as another carbon resource, waste plastics can also use biochar-based catalysts for catalytic pyrolysis to solve the problem of accumulation and produce fuels simultaneously. This review systematically introduces the formation mechanism of biochar from lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis. Subsequently, the activation and modification methods of biochar catalysts, including physical activation, chemical activation, metal modification, and nonmetallic modification, are summarized. Finally, the application of biochar-based catalysts for lignocellulosic biomass and waste plastics pyrolysis is discussed in detail and the catalytic mechanism of biochar-based catalysts is also investigated.
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Improving Fuel Properties and Hydrocarbon Content from Residual Fat Pyrolysis Vapors over Activated Red Mud Pellets in Two-Stage Reactor: Optimization of Reaction Time and Catalyst Content. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15155595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic upgrading of vapors from pyrolysis of triglycerides materials is a promising approach to achieve better conversions of hydrocarbons and production of liquid biofuels. Catalytic cracking often shows incomplete conversion due to distillation of initial reaction products and the addition of a second catalytic reactor, whereas pyrolytic vapors are made in contact to a solid catalyst was applied to improve the physical-chemical properties and quality of bio-oil. This work investigated the effect of catalyst content and reaction time by catalytic upgrading from pyrolysis vapors of residual fat at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, on the yields of reaction products, physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, and acid value), and chemical composition of organic liquid products (OLP), over a catalyst fixed bed reactor, in semi pilot scale. Pellets of red mud chemically activated with 1.0 M HCl were used as catalysts. The thermal catalytic cracking of residual fat show OLP yields from 54.4 to 84.88 (wt.%), aqueous phase yields between 2.21 and 2.80 (wt.%), solid phase yields (coke) between 1.30 and 8.60 (wt.%), and gas yields from 11.61 to 34.22 (wt.%). The yields of OLP increases with catalyst content while those of aqueous, gaseous and solid phase decreases. For all experiments, the density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value of OLP decreases with reaction time. The GC-MS of liquid reaction products identified the presence of hydrocarbons and oxygenates. In addition, the hydrocarbon content in OLP increases with reaction time, while those of oxygenates decrease, reaching concentrations of hydrocarbons up to 95.35% (area.). The best results for the physicochemical properties and the maximum hydrocarbon content in OLP were obtained at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using a catalyst fixed bed reactor, with 5.0% (wt.) red mud pellets activated with 1.0 M HCl as catalyst.
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Siddiqi H, Mishra A, Maiti P, Dipamitra Behera I, Meikap BC. In-situ and ex-situ co-pyrolysis studies of waste biomass with spent motor oil: Elucidating the role of physical inhibition and mixing ratio to enhance fuel quality. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 358:127364. [PMID: 35618191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous renewable energy generation is an imperative part of sustainable hazardous waste management. Therefore, the present work explicates the co-pyrolysis of rice stubble (RS) waste biomass and spent motor oil (SMO) to upgrade the obtained bio-oil. Moreover, two different modes, namely, in-situ and ex-situ, were implemented to analyze the effect of physical inhibition. Monothetic analysis approach was followed to determine optimum process conditions. A substantial increment of ∼ 85% was observed in bio-oil yield for RS: SMO (1:1) in-situ operation whilst the only RS biomass pyrolysis. Moreover, the HHV increased by ∼ 2.15 times after co-pyrolysis with a considerable reduction (62.70%) in water content. Consequently, the paraffin content increased to 79.14 vol% with an iso-paraffin index of 0.285. Subsequently, a possible reaction mechanism is also proposed to evaluate results comprehensively. Altogether, the co-pyrolysis of these feedstocks resulted in improved aliphatic content and reduced oxygenates, encouraging its adequacy as an alternate fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Siddiqi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Asmita Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Payal Maiti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Ipsita Dipamitra Behera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - B C Meikap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Howard College, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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Singh‐Morgan A, Puente‐Urbina A, van Bokhoven JA. Technology Overview of Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin: Current State and Potential for Scale-Up. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200343. [PMID: 35474609 PMCID: PMC9400966 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural polymer obtained from lignocellulosic biomass and rich in aromatic substructures. When efficiently depolymerized, it has great potential in the production of value-added chemicals. Fast pyrolysis is a promising depolymerization method, but current studies focus mainly on small quantities of lignin. In this Review, to determine the potential for upscaling, systems used in the most relevant unit operations of fast pyrolysis of lignin are evaluated. Fluidized-bed reactors have the most potential. It would be beneficial to combine them with the following: slug injectors for feeding, hot particle filters, cyclones, and fractional condensation for product separation and recovery. Moreover, upgrading lignin pyrolysis oil would allow the necessary quality parameters for particular applications to be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh‐Morgan
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh EH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Allen Puente‐Urbina
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable ChemistryPaul Scherrer Institute OSUA 201Forschungsstrasse 1115232VilligenSwitzerland
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Wang Y, Akbarzadeh A, Chong L, Du J, Tahir N, Awasthi MK. Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil production: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134181. [PMID: 35248592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic pyrolysis has been widely explored for bio-oil production from lignocellulosic biomass owing to its high feasibility and large-scale production potential. The aim of this review was to summarize recent findings on bio-oil production through catalytic pyrolysis using lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock. Lignocellulosic biomass, structural components and fundamentals of biomass catalytic pyrolysis were explored and summarized. The current status of bio-oil yield and quality from catalytic fast pyrolysis was reviewed and presented in the current review. The potential effects of pyrolysis process parameters, including catalysts, pyrolysis conditions, reactor types and reaction modes on bio-oil production are also presented. Techno-economic analysis of full-scale commercialization of bio-oil production through the catalytic pyrolysis pathway was reviewed. Further, limitations associated with current practices and future prospects of catalytic pyrolysis for production of high-quality bio-oils were summarized. This review summarizes the process of bio-oil production from catalytic pyrolysis and provides a general scientific reference for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Li Chong
- Biomass Energy Engineering Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinyu Du
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450011, China
| | - Nadeem Tahir
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Fan Y, Lei M, Han Y, Zhang Z, Kong X, Xu W, Li M, Zhang H, Xiao R, Liu C. Elucidating radical-mediated pyrolysis behaviors of preoxidized lignins. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 350:126908. [PMID: 35227917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effect of lignin preoxidation on subsequent radical-mediated pyrolysis was discussed in this study. Technical hot-water-extracted lignin was preoxidized by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in diverse degrees and pyrolyzed under different temperatures. Characterizations indicated that preoxidation increased lignin oxygen contents and converted α-hydroxyls to α-carbonyls. These structural modifications caused by preoxidation reduced the thermal stability and pyrolysis reactivity of lignin, shifting lignin thermal decomposition to the low temperature region and inhibiting lignin pyrolysis into bio-oil fractions. However, recognition of species and yields of specific compounds via analytical pyrolysis declared that although preoxidation reduced product yields, it did not alter the reaction pathways. The fixed bed experiments proved the above findings and gave the gas compositions, mainly CO2 derived through decarbonylation. Both radicals in chars and bio-oils were monitored, and char radical concentrations were proportional to the preoxidation degrees. This work sorted out the performances of lignin pyrolysis after preoxidation and determined their negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China; China Energy Engineering Group Jiangsu Power Design Institute Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211102, PR China
| | - Zhengxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Weicong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
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Brar KK, Raheja Y, Chadha BS, Magdouli S, Brar SK, Yang YH, Bhatia SK, Koubaa A. A paradigm shift towards production of sustainable bioenergy and advanced products from Cannabis/hemp biomass in Canada. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022; 14:1-22. [PMID: 35342682 PMCID: PMC8934023 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The global cannabis (Cannabis sativa) market was 17.7 billion in 2019 and is expected to reach up to 40.6 billion by 2024. Canada is the 2nd nation to legalize cannabis with a massive sale of $246.9 million in the year 2021. Waste cannabis biomass is managed using disposal strategies (i.e., incineration, aerobic/anaerobic digestion, composting, and shredding) that are not good enough for long-term environmental sustainability. On the other hand, greenhouse gas emissions and the rising demand for petroleum-based fuels pose a severe threat to the environment and the circular economy. Cannabis biomass can be used as a feedstock to produce various biofuels and biochemicals. Various research groups have reported production of ethanol 9.2-20.2 g/L, hydrogen 13.5 mmol/L, lipids 53.3%, biogas 12%, and biochar 34.6% from cannabis biomass. This review summarizes its legal and market status (production and consumption), the recent advancements in the lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) pre-treatment (deep eutectic solvents (DES), and ionic liquids (ILs) known as "green solvents") followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) for the efficient conversion efficiency of pre-treated biomass. Recent advances in the bioconversion of hemp into oleochemicals, their challenges, and future perspectives are outlined. A comprehensive insight is provided on the trends and developments of metabolic engineering strategies to improve product yield. The thermochemical processing of disposed-off hemp lignin into bio-oil, bio-char, synthesis gas, and phenol is also discussed. Despite some progress, barricades still need to be met to commercialize advanced biofuels and compete with traditional fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalpreet Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
- Centre Technologique Des Residue Industriels (CTRI), 433 Boulevard du college, Rouyn-Noranda, J9X0E1 Canada
| | - Yashika Raheja
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005 India
| | | | - Sara Magdouli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
- Centre Technologique Des Residue Industriels (CTRI), 433 Boulevard du college, Rouyn-Noranda, J9X0E1 Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Koubaa
- Institut de Recherche Sur Les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Université, Rouyn-Noranda, 445 Boulevard de l’ Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X5E4 Canada
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Duan D, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Zhou T, Xu Z, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Wang C, Ruan R. Corncob pyrolysis: Improvement in hydrocarbon group types distribution of bio oil from co-catalysis over HZSM-5 and activated carbon. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 141:8-15. [PMID: 35085868 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite and activated carbon (AC) have been demonstrated as promising and facile catalysts in degrading biomass into high-value added chemicals and bio-fuels, while the effects of combining zeolite and AC on the catalytic degradation of biomass have not been well understood. Here, co-catalytic pyrolysis of corncob over HZSM-5 and AC to produce aromatic-rich bio-oils was investigated for the first time. The effects of HZSM-5/AC ratio, pyrolysis temperature and catalyst/corncob ratio on products yields and components were explored. The optimal conversion condition was HZSM-5/AC ratio of 2:1, pyrolysis temperature of 500 ℃ and catalyst/corncob ratio of 1:1. Up to 97.47% of the obtained bio-oil chemicals were jet-fuel ranged hydrocarbons, in which the selectivity of aromatics was 96.56%. The results revealed the existence of synergistic effect between HZSM-5 and AC. The present work suggested an economical and novel pathway to produce transportation jet fuel to ultimately expand the biomass application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengle Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yongchuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Tengyue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, North Fourth Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Selvam S M, Paramasivan B. Microwave assisted carbonization and activation of biochar for energy-environment nexus: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131631. [PMID: 34315073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional thermochemical conversion techniques for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass is often non-selective and energy inefficient. Microwave assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is cost and energy-efficient technology aimed for value-added bioproducts recovery from biomass with less environmental impacts. The present review emphasizes the performance of MAP in terms of product yield, characteristics and energy consumption and further it compares it with conventional pyrolysis. The significant role of biochar as catalyst in microwave pyrolysis for enhancing the product selectivity and quality, and the influence of microwave activation on product composition identified through sophisticated techniques has been highlighted. Besides, the application of MAP based biochar as soil conditioner and heavy metal immobilization has been illustrated. MAP accomplished at low temperature creates uniform thermal gradient than conventional mode, thereby producing engineered char with hotspots that could be used as catalysts for gasification, energy storage, etc. The stability, nutrient content, surface properties and adsorption capacity of biochar was enhanced by microwave activation, thus facilitating its use as soil conditioner. Many reviews until now on MAP mostly dealt with operational conditions and product yield with limited focus on comparative energy consumption with conventional mode, analytical techniques for product characterization and end application especially concerning agriculture. Thus, the present review adds on to the current state of art on microwave assisted pyrolysis covering all-round aspects of production followed by characterization and applications as soil amendment for increasing crop productivity in addition to the production of value-added chemicals, thus promoting process sustainability in energy and environment nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Selvam S
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Paramasivan
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 769008, India.
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11
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Fan Y, Lei M, Zhang Z, Kong X, Xu W, Han Y, Li M, Liu C, Xiao R. Unmasking radical-mediated lignin pyrolysis after benzyl hydroxyl shielding. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125944. [PMID: 34537528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Whether lignin benzyl hydroxyl shielding could promote its pyrolysis to phenolic compounds was investigated in this paper. Lignin benzyl hydroxyl was first preoxidized by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone and stabilized by propionaldehyde respectively, then pyrolysis was conducted with milled wood lignin as a control. Organic stable radicals in pyrolytic chars were further detected to reveal lignin pyrolysis chemistry. Results showed that benzyl hydroxyl shielding process weakened lignin thermal stability, and decreased liquid yields regardless of the frequency of lignin β-O-4 linkages. In addition, char yield grew after benzyl hydroxyl shielding. Radical concentration was inversely proportional to β-O-4 content which indicated the non-negligible impact of shielded benzyl hydroxyl on lignin pyrolysis. Furthermore, gases from propionaldehyde stabilized lignin quenched its radicals. This work confirmed that lignin β-O-4 linkages and shielded benzyl hydroxyl both played the great role in radical-mediated pyrolysis, but the enhancement of liquid products could not be achieved via benzyl hydroxyl shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Zhengxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Weicong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
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Wu Q, Jiang L, Wang Y, Dai L, Liu Y, Zou R, Tian X, Ke L, Yang X, Ruan R. Pyrolysis of soybean soapstock for hydrocarbon bio-oil over a microwave-responsive catalyst in a series microwave system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125800. [PMID: 34438288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel Silicon carbide (SiC) foam ceramic based ZSM-5/SiC nanowires microwave-responsive catalyst was developed to upgrade the pyrolysis volatiles in a microwave-assisted series system (both the pyrolysis and catalytic systems were heated by microwave). The growth of SiC nanowires was helpful for the ZSM-5 growth on the SiC foam ceramic. Because the specific surface area of SiC foam ceramic was improved. The dielectric properties of the composite catalyst were improved due to the growth of SiC nanowires. Bio-oil composition analysis showed that area percentage of hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons could reach 80.89% and 40.48% at catalytic temperature of 450 ℃and 500 ℃, respectively. The microwave-responsive composite catalyst had good aromatization performance in microwave-assisted series system due to high dielectric properties and specific surface area. The composite catalyst performed well after five-cycle regeneration, and the hydrocarbon content could still reach 76.40%, which is 80.89% for the original catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Leilei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul MN 55108, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Rongge Zou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Xiaojie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Linyao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul MN 55108, USA
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13
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Abstract
The issue of sustainability is a growing concern and has led to many environmentally friendly chemical productions through a great intensification of the use of biomass conversion processes. Thermal conversion of biomass is one of the most attractive tools currently used, and pyrolytic treatments represent the most flexible approach to biomass conversion. In this scenario, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be a solid choice for the production of multi-chemical mixtures known as bio-oils. Bio-oils could represent a promising new source of high-value species ranging from bioactive chemicals to green solvents. In this review, we have summarized the most recent developments regarding bio-oil production through microwave-induced pyrolytic degradation of biomasses.
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14
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Kumar M, You S, Beiyuan J, Luo G, Gupta J, Kumar S, Singh L, Zhang S, Tsang DCW. Lignin valorization by bacterial genus Pseudomonas: State-of-the-art review and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124412. [PMID: 33249259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The most prominent aromatic feedstock on Earth is lignin, however, lignin valorization is still an underrated subject. The principal preparatory strategies for lignin valorization are fragmentation and depolymerization which help in the production of fuels and chemicals. Owing to lignin's structural heterogeneity, these strategies result in product generation which requires tedious separation and purification to extract target products. The bacterial genus Pseudomonas has been dominant for its lignin valorization potency, owing to a robust enzymatic machinery that is used to funnel variable lignin derivatives into certain target products such as polyhydroxyalkanotes (PHAs) and cis, cis-muconic acid (MA). In this review, the potential of genus Pseudomonas in lignin valorization is critically reviewed along with the advanced genetic techniques and tools to ease the use of lignin/lignin-model compounds for the synthesis of bioproducts. This review also highlights the research gaps in lignin biovalorization and discuss the challenges and possibilities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; CSIR - National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Siming You
- University of Glasgow, James Watt School of Engineering, Glasgow G12 8 QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jingzi Beiyuan
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juhi Gupta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR - National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR - National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Wu L, Xue X, Yu H, Zhang C, Wei X, Liang J, Sun Y. Catalytic pyrolysis of poplar sawdust: Excellent hydrocarbon selectivity and activity of hollow zeolites. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 317:123954. [PMID: 32799089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hollow zeolites were investigated for catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of biomass to produce hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil. A series of hollow ZSM-5 catalysts were synthesized via a dissolution-recrystallization strategy. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N2 sorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption experiments. The hollow zeolite was effective for increasing the hydrocarbon fraction in bio-oil. In particular, hollow HS-ZSM-5(50) afforded the highest hydrocarbon yield (6.8 wt%), which was ~3 times of that achieved with solid ZSM-5(50). The hollowness, acidity, and the presence of secondary wall mesopores in the hollow zeolite were found to affect bio-oil production. The hollow regions stabilized more active biomass intermediates and inhibited their repolymerization to coke, while the interior acid sites continually converted these intermediates to aromatic hydrocarbons. Secondary wall mesopores compromise the hollow space and hinder consecutive catalysis, resulting in phenols as the main product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangfei Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haozhe Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Changsen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaocui Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yifei Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
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16
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Liu X, Bouxin FP, Fan J, Budarin VL, Hu C, Clark JH. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin towards Phenolic Chemicals: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4296-4317. [PMID: 32662564 PMCID: PMC7540457 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficient valorization of lignin could dictate the success of the 2nd generation biorefinery. Lignin, accounting for on average a third of the lignocellulosic biomass, is the most promising candidate for sustainable production of value-added phenolics. However, the structural alteration induced during lignin isolation is often depleting its potential for value-added chemicals. Recently, catalytic reductive depolymerization of lignin has appeared to be a promising and effective method for its valorization to obtain phenolic monomers. The present study systematically summarizes the far-reaching and state-of-the-art lignin valorization strategies during different stages, including conventional catalytic depolymerization of technical lignin, emerging reductive catalytic fractionation of protolignin, stabilization strategies to inhibit the undesired condensation reactions, and further catalytic upgrading of lignin-derived monomers. Finally, the potential challenges for the future researches on the efficient valorization of lignin and possible solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and TechnologyMinistry of EducationDepartment of ChemistrySichuan UniversityWangjiang RoadChengdu610064P.R. China
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Florent P. Bouxin
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Vitaliy L. Budarin
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and TechnologyMinistry of EducationDepartment of ChemistrySichuan UniversityWangjiang RoadChengdu610064P.R. China
| | - James H. Clark
- Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
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17
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Ma H, Li T, Wu S, Zhang X. Effect of the interaction of phenolic hydroxyl with the benzene rings on lignin pyrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 309:123351. [PMID: 32289658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, lignin with different phenolic hydroxyl contents and five model compounds are pyrolyzed to investigate the effect of the interaction of phenolic hydroxyl with a benzene ring on lignin pyrolysis. The results demonstrated that phenolic hydroxyl can reduce the stability of lignin and promote the elimination of the side chain on lignin during pyrolysis. The repolymerization during lignin pyrolysis, which results in increased activation energy and char yield during pyrolysis, can be mainly attributed to phenolic hydroxyl. Meanwhile, the repolymerization because of phenolic hydroxyl is obviously affected by the electron cloud density of the benzene ring. The repolymerization caused by the phenolic hydroxyl can be effectively reduced by increasing the electron cloud density. Furthermore, regulation of the product distribution obtained via lignin pyrolysis by changing the electron cloud density of the benzene ring and the phenolic hydroxyl content in lignin is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Plant Resources of Nanchang, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
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18
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Hu M, Cui B, Xiao B, Luo S, Guo D. Insight into the Ex Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass over Char Supported Metals Catalyst: Syngas Production and Tar Decomposition. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071397. [PMID: 32708401 PMCID: PMC7407590 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using char-supported nanoparticles metals (Fe and Ni) catalyst for syngas production and tar decomposition was investigated. The characterizations of fresh Fe-Ni/char catalysts were determined by TGA, SEM–EDS, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and XPS. The results indicated that nanoparticles metal substances (Fe and Ni) successfully impregnated into the char support and increased the thermal stability of Fe-Ni/char. Fe-Ni/char catalyst exhibited relatively superior catalytic performance, where the syngas yield and the molar ratio of H2/CO were 0.91 Nm3/kg biomass and 1.64, respectively. Moreover, the lowest tar yield (43.21 g/kg biomass) and the highest tar catalytic conversion efficiency (84.97 wt.%) were also obtained under the condition of Ni/char. Ultimate analysis and GC–MS were employed to analyze the characterization of tar, and the results indicated that the percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons appreciably increased with the significantly decrease in oxygenated compounds and nitrogenous compounds, especially in Fe-Ni/char catalyst, when compared with no catalyst pyrolysis. After catalytic pyrolysis, XPS was employed to investigate the surface valence states of the characteristic elements in the catalysts. The results indicated that the metallic oxides (MexOy) were reduced to metallic Me0 as active sites for tar catalytic pyrolysis. The main reactions pathway involved during ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of biomass based on char-supported catalyst was proposed. These findings indicate that char has the potential to be used as an efficient and low-cost catalyst toward biomass pyrolysis for syngas production and tar decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China;
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Baihui Cui
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Bo Xiao
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Shiyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Dabin Guo
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Recent Insights into Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis: A Critical Review on Pretreatment, Characterization, and Products Upgrading. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis process has been considered to be an efficient approach for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil and value-added chemicals. Bio-oil refers to biomass pyrolysis liquid, which contains alkanes, aromatic compounds, phenol derivatives, and small amounts of ketone, ester, ether, amine, and alcohol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy resource for carbon that is readily available in the environment. This review article provides an outline of the pyrolysis process including pretreatment of biomass, pyrolysis mechanism, and process products upgrading. The pretreatment processes for biomass are reviewed including physical and chemical processes. In addition, the gaps in research and recommendations for improving the pretreatment processes are highlighted. Furthermore, the effect of feedstock characterization, operating parameters, and types of biomass on the performance of the pyrolysis process are explained. Recent progress in the identification of the mechanism of the pyrolysis process is addressed with some recommendations for future work. In addition, the article critically provides insight into process upgrading via several approaches specifically using catalytic upgrading. In spite of the current catalytic achievements of catalytic pyrolysis for providing high-quality bio-oil, the production yield has simultaneously dropped. This article explains the current drawbacks of catalytic approaches while suggesting alternative methodologies that could possibly improve the deoxygenation of bio-oil while maintaining high production yield.
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20
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Biomass Pyrolysis Technology by Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis, Catalytic Co-Pyrolysis and Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis: A Review. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aggravation of the energy crisis and environmental problems, biomass resource, as a renewable carbon resource, has received great attention. Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is a promising technology, which can convert solid biomass into high value liquid fuel, bio-char and syngas. Catalyst plays a vital role in the rapid pyrolysis, which can increase the yield and selectivity of aromatics and other products in bio-oil. In this paper, the traditional zeolite catalysts and metal modified zeolite catalysts used in CFP are summarized. The influence of the catalysts on the yield and selectivity of the product obtained from pyrolysis was discussed. The deactivation and regeneration of the catalyst were discussed. Catalytic co-pyrolysis (CCP) and microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) are new technologies developed in traditional pyrolysis technology. CCP improves the problem of hydrogen deficiency in the biomass pyrolysis process and raises the yield and character of pyrolysis products, through the co-feeding of biomass and hydrogen-rich substances. The pyrolysis reactions of biomass and polymers (plastics and waste tires) in CCP were reviewed to obtain the influence of co-pyrolysis on composition and selectivity of pyrolysis products. The catalytic mechanism of the catalyst in CCP and the reaction path of the product are described, which is very important to improve the understanding of co-pyrolysis technology. In addition, the effects of biomass pretreatment, microwave adsorbent, catalyst and other reaction conditions on the pyrolysis products of MAP were reviewed, and the application of MAP in the preparation of high value-added biofuels, activated carbon and syngas was introduced.
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21
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Abstract
Since the late 1980s, the scientific community has been attracted to microwave energy as an alternative method of heating, due to the advantages that this technology offers over conventional heating technologies. In fact, differently from these, the microwave heating mechanism is a volumetric process in which heat is generated within the material itself, and, consequently, it can be very rapid and selective. In this way, the microwave-susceptible material can absorb the energy embodied in the microwaves. Application of the microwave heating technique to a chemical process can lead to both a reduction in processing time as well as an increase in the production rate, which is obtained by enhancing the chemical reactions and results in energy saving. The synthesis and sintering of materials by means of microwave radiation has been used for more than 20 years, while, future challenges will be, among others, the development of processes that achieve lower greenhouse gas (e.g., CO2) emissions and discover novel energy-saving catalyzed reactions. A natural choice in such efforts would be the combination of catalysis and microwave radiation. The main aim of this review is to give an overview of microwave applications in the heterogeneous catalysis, including the preparation of catalysts, as well as explore some selected microwave assisted catalytic reactions. The review is divided into three principal topics: (i) introduction to microwave chemistry and microwave materials processing; (ii) description of the loss mechanisms and microwave-specific effects in heterogeneous catalysis; and (iii) applications of microwaves in some selected chemical processes, including the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts.
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22
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Tan YL, Hameed BH, Abdullah AZ. Deoxygenation of pyrolysis vapour derived from durian shell using catalysts prepared from industrial wastes rich in Ca, Fe, Si and Al. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134902. [PMID: 31753498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts prepared from industrial wastes rich in Fe, Ca, Si, and Al were used in catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapour derived from durian shell and their effect on product yield and properties were compared. With same silica-to-alumina ratio, catalyst prepared from oil palm ash (AS-OPA) with lower Fe and Ca contents gave higher liquid yield (8.32 wt%) with alcohols (28.90%), hydrocarbons (46.00%), and nitrogen-containing compounds (21.46%) while catalyst prepared from electric arc furnace slag (AS-EAF) with higher Fe and Ca contents produced lower liquid yield (50.21 wt%) with high amount of esters (25.80%) and hydrocarbons (72.82%). The presence of AS-OPA and AS-EAF catalysts enhanced deoxygenation degree of bio-oil to 81.13% and 85.49%, respectively. The catalytic performance of AS-EAF at different temperatures (400-600 °C) and AS-EAF/durian shell ratios (1:30, 2:30, 3:30) was investigated. Increasing catalytic temperature enhanced production of bio-oil, reduced oxygenates and enhanced formation of esters. The liquid yield and yield of esters decreased with increasing catalyst loading. Hydrocarbons (mainly neopentane) were the major chemical compounds found in bio-oil produced over AS-EAF. Besides that, AS-EAF showed good deoxygenation performance with highest selectivity of hydrocarbons at 500 °C and AS-EAF/durian shell ratio of 2:30. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of durian shell using waste-derived catalysts is an effective waste management strategy as the bio-oil produced can be a potential alternative source of energy or chemical feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - B H Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - A Z Abdullah
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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23
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Cao Y, Chen SS, Zhang S, Ok YS, Matsagar BM, Wu KCW, Tsang DCW. Advances in lignin valorization towards bio-based chemicals and fuels: Lignin biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121878. [PMID: 31377047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most promising renewable sources for aromatic hydrocarbons, while effective depolymerization towards its constituent monomers is a particular challenge because of the structural complexity and stability. Intensive research efforts have been directed towards exploiting effective valorization of lignin for the production of bio-based platform chemicals and fuels. The present contribution aims to provide a critical review of key advances in the identification of exact lignin structure subjected to various fractionation technologies and demonstrate the key roles of lignin structures in depolymerization for unique functionalized products. Various technologies (e.g., thermocatalytic approaches, photocatalytic conversion, and mechanochemical depolymerization) are reviewed and evaluated in terms of feasibility and potential for further upgrading. Overall, advances in pristine lignin structure analysis and conversion technologies can facilitate recovery and subsequent utilization of lignin towards tailored commodity chemicals and fungible fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Season S Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Babasaheb M Matsagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Zou R, Wang Y, Jiang L, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Dai L, Ke L, Liu Y, Ruan R. Microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of lignin and waste oil catalyzed by hierarchical ZSM-5/MCM-41 catalyst to produce aromatic hydrocarbons. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121609. [PMID: 31212171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted catalytic fast co-pyrolysis (MACFP) of lignin and waste oil with SiC as microwave absorbent and hierarchical ZSM-5/MCM-41 as catalyst were implemented in a microwave-induced reactor. ZSM-5/MCM-41 is a kind of composite catalyst with MCM-41 as shell and ZSM as core. The effects of catalyst temperature, the ratio of feedstock-to-catalyst and the ratio of two reactants (lignin and waste oil) on product distribution and yield were studied. The study shows that catalytic co-pyrolysis is a complex reaction process, and many reaction conditions could affect the final reaction results. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: catalytic temperature 400 °C, the feedstock-to-catalyst ratio of 10:1 and the ratio of lignin to waste oil of 2:1. Under this reaction condition, the conversion of feedstocks reached 76.00%, the proportion of aromatics was 50.31% and the selectivity of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) was 42.83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongge Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhenting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qiuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Leilei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Linyao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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25
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Yang W, Li X, Du X, Deng Y, Dai H. Effective low-temperature hydrogenolysis of lignin using carbon-supported ruthenium and formic acid as reducing agent. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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26
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Jiang L, Wang Y, Dai L, Yu Z, Yang Q, Yang S, Jiang D, Ma Z, Wu Q, Zhang B, Liu Y, Ruan R. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and soapstock in a downdraft reactor using a novel ZSM-5/SiC composite catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 279:202-208. [PMID: 30735929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A ZSM-5/SiC composite catalyst was synthesized and characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy in this study. The composite catalyst had the characteristics of ZSM-5 and SiC, and the surface of SiC grew evenly with a layer of ZSM-5. The effect of the composite catalyst on the product distribution and chemical composition in a co-pyrolysis downdraft system was investigated. In a down system with a catalytic temperature of 450 °C, a feed-to-catalyst ratio of 2:1, and a soybean-soapstock-to-straw ratio of 1:1, the proportions of alkanes, olefins, aromatics, and phenoxy compounds were 6.82%, 4.5%, 73.56% and 11.11%, respectively. The composite catalyst combined the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 and SiC, increasing the proportion of aromatics and decreasing the proportion of oxygen-containing compound in the bio-oil. Moreover, the composite catalyst maintained its activity after reusing several times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
| | - Leilei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhenting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Sha Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Deyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhiyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qiuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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27
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Wang Y, Tian X, Zeng Z, Dai L, Zhang S, Jiang L, Wu Q, Yang X, Liu Y, Zhang B, Yu Z, Wen P, Fu G, Ruan R. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of Alternanthera philoxeroides and peanut soapstock via a new continuous fast microwave pyrolysis system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 88:102-109. [PMID: 31079622 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Continuous fast microwave catalytic co-pyrolysis of Alternanthera philoxeroides and peanut soapstock was studied using HZSM-5 as catalyst. The effects of catalyst temperature, feedstock-to-catalyst ratio, and A. philoxeroides-to-peanut soapstock ratio on the yield and composition of bio-oil were studied. Experimental results showed that the optimum catalyst temperature was 400 °C. The catalyst increased the proportion of aromatics but reduced the bio-oil yield. The optimum feedstock-to-catalyst ratio was 2:1. A. philoxeroides presented a significant synergistic effect with peanut soapstock, which facilitated the production of aromatics in the bio-oil. The optimum A. philoxeroides-to-peanut soapstock ratio was 1:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpu Wang
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Xiaojie Tian
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zihong Zeng
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Leilei Dai
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shumei Zhang
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiuhao Wu
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zhenting Yu
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Pingwei Wen
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Guiming Fu
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Nanchang University, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang 330047, China; Nanchang University, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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28
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State RN, Volceanov A, Muley P, Boldor D. A review of catalysts used in microwave assisted pyrolysis and gasification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 277:179-194. [PMID: 30670346 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The review describes different catalysts and reactor-types used in microwave-assisted thermochemical biomass conversion. We present comparative review of various catalytic experiments and experimental conditions using catalysts in both in situ and ex situ processes. In situ catalytic processes are more frequently used due to simpler experimental set up. However, the process leads to higher catalytic deactivation rate and catalyst recovery is difficult. Catalysts used in ex situ processes require a more complex experimental set-up, the advantage being the fact that optimum temperature can be obtained to achieve best results catalyst recovery is facile, and its deactivation occurs at a lower rate. The catalysts described herein represent just a small part of the catalyst types/family that can be theoretically used. Commonly used catalysts are zeolites, metal oxides, various salts or carbon type materials but other materials or improvements of those mentioned need to be tested in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan Nicolae State
- Faculty of Power Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Volceanov
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Sciences, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pranjali Muley
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 149 E.B. Doran, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Dorin Boldor
- Faculty of Power Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Romania; Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 149 E.B. Doran, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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29
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Zhang Y, Yi W, Fu P, Li Z, Wang N, Tian C. Numerical simulation and experiment on catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors in V-shaped downer reactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 274:207-214. [PMID: 30508747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors is an effective utilization technology of biomass energy. Based on the disadvantages of commonly used reactors, the V-shaped downer reactors were designed to increase gas-solid two-phase turbulent intensity, contact frequency and then increase the catalytic efficiency in short residence time. The catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapors in V-shaped downer reactors in terms of hydrodynamics, chemical reaction and residence time distribution were analyzed by CFD simulation and experiment. The results indicate that the solid concentration gradient decreases while flowing down. The overall mass fraction of the bio-oil vapors is around 50%. The mean residence time of catalysts in the V-shaped reactor is 2.0 s-3.0 s. The effects on product yield and residence time distribution were investigated for optimizing product selectivity and the performance of catalysts. In this paper the optimal flow rates of gas and catalysts are vg = 1.2 m s-1, vs = 0.4 m s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China.
| | - Weiming Yi
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Fu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihe Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyan Tian
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
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30
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Chen L, Yu Z, Xu H, Wan K, Liao Y, Ma X. Microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris and wood sawdust using different additives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:34-39. [PMID: 30399608 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris (CV), wood sawdust (WS) and their blends with additives were investigated. There was a higher liquid and solid yield with silicon carbide (SiC) than activated carbon (AC) in most of samples. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis with additives behaved a positive effect on deoxygenation and aromatization, but not apparent denitrification. With the increase of CV proportion, aromatic hydrocarbons decreased, but aliphatic hydrocarbons increased using AC. High selectivity of phenols was reached at the sample of WS (relative content as 43.6%) using SiC; High selectivity of alkenes was reached at the sample of CV (relative content as 31.2%) and alkanes at the blend sample of 70% CV and 30% WS (relative content as 9.45%). Bio-oil and biochar from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of WS had higher calorific value than that of CV both with AC and SiC. Calorific value of bio-oil decreased by 33.3% after mixing CV with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuangyu Wan
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Liao
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, 510640 Guangzhou, China
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31
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Yu Z, Wang Y, Jiang L, Dai L, Liu Y, Ruan R, Wen P, Zhao Y, Duan D, Zou R, Wu Q, Li Y. Conversion of woody oil into bio-oil in a downdraft reactor using a novel silicon carbide foam supported MCM41 composite catalyst. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19729-19739. [PMID: 35519387 PMCID: PMC9065455 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02441g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of a SiC-MCM41 composite catalyst by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process and the composite catalyst had the characteristics of MCM41 and SiC, and the surface of SiC grew evenly with a layer of MCM41 after characterization of the catalysts by various means (X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, scanning electron microscopy). The catalyst was applied in the pyrolysis of waste oil to investigate how it influences the bio-oil component proportion compared with no catalyst, only SiC, only MCM41 catalysis and the catalytic effect was also investigated at different temperatures and different catalyst to feed ratios. In a downdraft system with a pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C, a catalyst to feed ratio of 1 : 2, and a catalytic temperature of 400 °C, 32.43% C5–C12 hydrocarbons and 41.10% mono-aromatics were obtained. The composite catalyst combined the catalytic effect of SiC and MCM41 because it increased the amount of C5–C12 hydrocarbons and decreased the amount of oxygen-containing compounds in bio-oil. After repeated uses, the composite catalyst still retained the catalytic properties. Main flow chart of the pyrolysis process using SiC-MCM41 catalyst.![]()
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32
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Wang H, Pu Y, Ragauskas A, Yang B. From lignin to valuable products-strategies, challenges, and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:449-461. [PMID: 30266464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of effective approaches for the valorization of lignin to valuable products attracts broad interests of a growing scientific community. By fully unlocking the potential of the world's most abundant resource of bio-aromatics, it could improve the profitability and carbon efficiency of the entire biorefinery process, thus accelerate the replacement of fossil resources with bioresources in our society. The successful realization of this goal depends on the development of technologies to overcome the following challenges, including: 1) efficient biomass pretreatment and lignin separation technologies that overcomes its diverse structure and complex chemistry challenges to obtain high purity lignin; 2) advanced chemical analysis for precise quantitative characterization of the lignin in chemical transformation processes; 3) novel approaches for conversion of biomass-derived lignin to valuable products. This review summarizes the latest cutting-edge innovations of lignin chemical valorization with the focus on the aforementioned three key aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Wang
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Center of Biomass Engineering/College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Arthur Ragauskas
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA; Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Oil produced by the pyrolysis of biomass and co-pyrolysis of biomass with waste synthetic polymers has significant potential as a substitute for fossil fuels. However, the relatively poor properties found in pyrolysis oil—such as high oxygen content, low caloric value, and physicochemical instability—hampers its practical utilization as a commercial petroleum fuel replacement or additive. This review focuses on pyrolysis catalyst design, impact of using real waste feedstocks, catalyst deactivation and regeneration, and optimization of product distributions to support the production of high value-added products. Co-pyrolysis of two or more feedstock materials is shown to increase oil yield, caloric value, and aromatic hydrocarbon content. In addition, the co-pyrolysis of biomass and polymer waste can contribute to a reduction in production costs, expand waste disposal options, and reduce environmental impacts. Several promising options for catalytic pyrolysis to become industrially viable are also discussed.
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Zhou N, Liu S, Zhang Y, Fan L, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chen P, Ruan R. Silicon carbide foam supported ZSM-5 composite catalyst for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:257-264. [PMID: 30025322 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Considering a series of issues facing the application of catalysts in large scale catalytic fast pyrolysis systems, a novel composite catalyst of ZSM-5 coatings on SiC foam supports was developed and tested for ex-situ catalytic upgrading of the pyrolytic vapors. Different configurations of catalysts placement were compared and the results showed the composite catalyst could significantly improve the bio-oil quality without significantly reducing the yield. The effect of catalyst to biomass ratio on the product yields and bio-oil composition was studied and the results showed that increasing catalyst to biomass ratio could improve the quality of bio-oil at the cost of its yield. In addition, the composite catalyst can maintain its activity until a catalyst to biomass ratio of 1/10, outperforming ZSM-5 in other configurations reported in literature. Furthermore, the composite catalysts could be regenerated and reused while well preserving its material properties and catalytic activity after seven reaction-regeneration cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yaning Zhang
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Biochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, No. 18, Fatouxili 3 Area, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Yunpu Wang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
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35
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Wang Y, Wu Q, Duan D, Ruan R, Liu Y, Dai L, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Zeng Z, Jiang L, Yu Z. Ex-situ catalytic upgrading of vapors from fast microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of Chromolaena odorata and soybean soapstock. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:306-312. [PMID: 29677658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of Chromolaena odorata (C. odorata) and soybean soapstock with HZSM-5 as an ex-situ catalyst was investigated. Effects of catalytic temperature, feedstock: catalyst ratio and C. odorata: soybean soapstock ratio on the yield and composition of the bio-oil were discussed. Results showed that catalytic temperature greatly influenced the bio-oil yield. Co-pyrolysis of C. odorata and soybean soapstock improved the bio-oil yield, and the maximum bio-oil yield of 55.14% was obtained at 250 °C. However, the addition of HZSM-5 decreased bio-oil yield but improved the quality of bio-oil. Moreover, the proportion of oxygen-containing compounds decreased dramatically with the addition of soybean soapstock. The C. odorata: soybean soapstock ratio of 1:2 and feedstock: catalyst ratio of 2:1 were the optimal condition to upgrade the bio-oil. In addition, the resulted biochar contained various essential elements and could be used as soil repair agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Dengle Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Leilei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zihong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhenting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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