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Khare S, Singhal A, Rallapalli S, Mishra A. Bio-chelate assisted leaching for enhanced heavy metal remediation in municipal solid waste compost. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14238. [PMID: 38902389 PMCID: PMC11190260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Municipal solid waste compost, the circular economy's closed-loop product often contains excessive amounts of toxic heavy metals, leading to market rejection and disposal as waste material. To address this issue, the study develops a novel approach based on: (i) utilizing plant-based biodegradable chelating agent, L-glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid (GLDA) to remediate heavy metals from contaminated MSW compost, (ii) comparative assessment of GLDA removal efficiency at optimal conditions with conventional nonbiodegradable chelator EDTA, and (iii) enhanced pre- and post-leaching to evaluate the mobility, toxicity, and bioavailability of heavy metals. The impact of treatment variables, such as GLDA concentration, pH, and retention time, on the removal of heavy metals was investigated. The process was optimized using response surface methodology to achieve the highest removal effectiveness. The findings indicated that under optimal conditions (GLDA concentration of 150 mM, pH of 2.9, retention time for 120 min), the maximum removal efficiencies were as follows: Cd-90.32%, Cu-81.96%, Pb-91.62%, and Zn-80.34%. This process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Following GLDA-assisted leaching, the geochemical fractions were studied and the distribution highlighted Cd, Cu, and Pb's potential remobilization in exchangeable fractions, while Zn displayed integration with the compost matrix. GLDA-assisted leaching and subsequent fractions illustrated transformation and stability. Therefore, this process could be a sustainable alternative for industrial applications (agricultural fertilizers and bioenergy) and social benefits (waste reduction, urban landscaping, and carbon sequestration) as it has controlled environmental footprints. Hence, the proposed remediation strategy, chemically assisted leaching, could be a practical option for extracting heavy metals from MSW compost, thereby boosting circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Khare
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupam Singhal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srinivas Rallapalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA.
| | - Anant Mishra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Tran HT, Binh QA, Van Tung T, Pham DT, Hoang HG, Hai Nguyen NS, Xie S, Zhang T, Mukherjee S, Bolan NS. A critical review on characterization, human health risk assessment and mitigation of malodorous gaseous emission during the composting process. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124115. [PMID: 38718963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Composting has emerged as a suitable method to convert or transform organic waste including manure, green waste, and food waste into valuable products with several advantages, such as high efficiency, cost feasibility, and being environmentally friendly. However, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly malodorous gases, are the major concern and challenges to overcome in facilitating composting. Ammonia (NH3) and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and methyl mercaptan (CH4S), primarily contributed to the malodorous gases emission during the entire composting process due to their low olfactory threshold. These compounds are mainly emitted at the thermophilic phase, accounting for over 70% of total gas emissions during the whole process, whereas methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are commonly detected during the mesophilic and cooling phases. Therefore, the human health risk assessment of malodorous gases using various indexes such as ECi (maximum exposure concentration for an individual volatile compound EC), HR (non-carcinogenic risk), and CR (carcinogenic risk) has been evaluated and discussed. Also, several strategies such as maintaining optimal operating conditions, and adding bulking agents and additives (e.g., biochar and zeolite) to reduce malodorous emissions have been pointed out and highlighted. Biochar has specific adsorption properties such as high surface area and high porosity and contains various functional groups that can adsorb up to 60%-70% of malodorous gases emitted from composting. Notably, biofiltration emerged as a resilient and cost-effective technique, achieving up to 90% reduction in malodorous gases at the end-of-pipe. This study offers a comprehensive insight into the characterization of malodorous emissions during composting. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to address these issues on a larger scale and provides a promising outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Quach An Binh
- Advanced Applied Sciences Research Group, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Technology, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa City, Viet Nam
| | - Tra Van Tung
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Hong-Giang Hoang
- Faculty of Technology, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa City, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Son Hai Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Thai Nguyen, 23000, Viet Nam
| | - Shiyu Xie
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
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Sun S, Guo C, Wang J, Ren L, Qu J, Guan Q, Dou N, Zhang J, Chen Q, Wang Q, Wang J, Li J, Gao Z, Zhou B. Effect of initial moisture content, resulting from different ratios of vegetable waste to maize straw, on compost was mediated by composting temperatures and microbial communities at low temperatures. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141808. [PMID: 38548086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the huge amounts and perishable character of vegetable wastes, composting is one of the best options for recycling vegetable wastes post-harvest. The initial moisture content (MC) is critical for optimizing composting process, but the effect of high MC in undehydrated vegetable wastes on composting was rarely reported. For this, the plant-scale windrows were prepared by mixing cauliflower waste and maize straw at different ratios to control initial MC of 70 % (T1-70) and 80 % (T2-80), respectively, and composted in winter. As composting progressed, substantial organic matter degradation, progressive humification, decreases in electrical conductivity and increases of pH and germination index (GI) were observed in both treatments. Nonetheless, T1-70 accelerated heating rate early during composting, prolonged high temperature period (>50 °C) by 30 d, thus increased the harmless level of composting, and significantly improved the humification of end-products compared to T2-80. Results also revealed that T1-70 activated more indigenous microbes and enhanced microbial interactions early during composting, with the fungi enriched in T1-70 playing an important role in accelerating the composting process. Remarkably, the difference in composting temperatures, humification degree, and microbial communities between the two treatments was most significant during the maturation phase. In this phase, MWH_CFBk5, Planktosalinus, Pseudopedobacter, and Luteimonas enriched in T1-70 were positively correlated with humification indices. It is suggested that the effect of initial MC, resulting from different ratios of vegetable waste to maize straw, on their composting was mediated by the composting temperature and microbial communities at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li Ren
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianping Qu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qi Guan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Nongxiao Dou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qiuhua Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | | | - Jieming Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zheng Gao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China; National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Zheng H, Wang M, Fan Y, Yang J, Zhao Z, Chen H, Ye Z, Zheng Z, Yu K. Reuse of composted food waste from rural China as vermicomposting substrate: effects on earthworms, associated microorganisms, and economic benefits. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2685-2697. [PMID: 36846968 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2184728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTAerobic composting of food waste (FW) from rural China using a composting device results in a substantial financial burden on the government. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of mitigating this cost using vermicomposting of composted FW. The specific aims were to elucidate the effects of composted FW on earthworm growth and reproduction, reveal the changes in the physical and chemical properties of earthworm casts during vermicomposting, identify the microbial community structure associated with vermicomposting, and perform a financial analysis based on the yield of earthworms and earthworm casts. Mixing composted FW and mature cow dung in an equal ratio achieved the highest earthworm reproduction rate, where 100 adult earthworms produced 567 juvenile earthworms and 252 cocoons in 40 d. Earthworms reduce salt content of vermicomposting substrates by assimilating Na+ and promoting humification by transforming humin into humic and fulvic acid, thus producing earthworm casts with a high generation index > 80%. When composted FW was added to a vermicomposting substrate, a distinctive microbial community structure with alkaliphilic, halophilic, and lignocellulolytic microorganisms dominated the microflora. The dominant bacterial species was Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, and the dominant fungal species changed from Kernia nitida to Coprinopsis scobicola. Furthermore, microbial genes for refractory organic matter and fat degradation were observed in Vibrio cholerae, Kernia nitida, and Coprinopsis scobicola. Financial analysis showed that vermicomposting has the potential to reduce the cost associated with FW disposal from $ 57 to $ 18/t.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabao Zheng
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Fan
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqun Zhao
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengyuan Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Ye
- Office of Qingshanhu strict, Government of Linan district, Linan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanwang Zheng
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Sunda Public Environmental Protection Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefei Yu
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, People's Republic of China
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Ao M, Ngullie N. Overview of municipal solid waste management in sub-tropical climatic region of North Eastern India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:23307-23321. [PMID: 38436851 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is perceived as a global issue regardless of the place of waste generation. The amount of unmanaged waste is increasing rapidly, along with its impact on the environment and human health. In hilly areas, specifically the North Eastern Region (NER) states of India, due to the unique topography coupled with socio-economic factors, there are inadequate waste management practices marked by insufficient infrastructure, minimal research studies, and limited data availability. This paper comprehensively reviews the existing status of MSWM practices and waste treatment technologies, identifies the challenges, and discusses the prospective approaches for MSWM in NER states of India. NER, is characterized by its hilly terrain and has the most diverse demographic profile in the country. The study highlights the notable increase in waste generation in the urban population in NER. The total amount of waste generated in NER is about 2907 tons per day, with a collection rate of 86.96%, treatment at 31.09%, and landfilling at 33.67%. The biodegradable fraction makes up the majority of waste composition (more than 50%) in NER, followed by recyclables and inert. The existing MSWM consists of waste collection, transportation, and disposal with limited source segregation and treatment. All the states of NER practice open dumping and burning as the primary waste treatment and disposal system. The study discusses the challenges and prospects to ensure effective MSWM in NER. This review is a region-specific study that considers cultural diversity, topography, and socio-economic dynamics. The outcome of this review will be helpful to the researchers and policymakers in making appropriate waste management plans and improve the MSWM system in NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moanaro Ao
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumoukedima, 797103, India
| | - Nzanthung Ngullie
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumoukedima, 797103, India.
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Srivastava PK, Tiwari GN, Sinha ASK. Enhanced vermicomposting of rice straw and pressmud with biogas slurry employing Eisenia fetida: Production, characterization, growth, and toxicological risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120032. [PMID: 38184874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The biogas plant plays a dual role: it directly provides energy and indirectly promotes organic farming through outlet slurry. However, agricultural biomass wastes such as rice straws (RS) and pressmud (PM), which can't be used as fertilizers on their own, were vermicomposted (60 days) with biogas slurry (BS), using earthworm, into four blends: T1(BS, 100%), T2(3:2, BS: RS), T3(3:2, BS: PM), and T4(3:1:1, BS: RS: PM). The characterization, elemental analysis, and toxicological risk assessment of derived vermimanure were carried out using various analytical tools, such as an organic elemental analyzer such as CHNS, FT-IR, FESEM-EDXA, XPS, and ICP-OES. The pH, electrical conductivity, and C/N values were within 7.1-7.8, 3.2-6.0 dSm-1, and 12-15, respectively, for all treatments. The proportions of N (38%), P (70%), K (58%), Mg (67%), Ca (42%), and ash (44%), increased significantly (P < 0.05) over the initial feedstocks. The ecological risks of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in all feedstocks were found to be under WHO-permitted levels. The growth performance of earthworms was also considerably higher (P < 0.05) over the control feedstock group. The analytical methods verified that feedstock T4 (3:1:1, BS: RS: PM) was more porous, containing NH4+, PO43-, K+, and other nutrients. Pellets of all vermimanure groups keep 65-75% of the original volume. As well, when these pellets have been employed for agronomy and dispersed in the field, they will cause less dust than traditional or powdered compost or manure. In comparison to the control group, the synergistic approach of RS, PM, and BS in vermimanure significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced seed germination (83%), vigour index (42.5%), and decreased mean germination time by 27%. Furthermore, pot trials with Abelmoschus esculentus seed indicated that seedlings cultivated with 40% vermimanure of T4 (3:1:1, BS: RS: PM) mixed soil showed high growth in shoot, root, and plant yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Amethi, Jais 229304, India.
| | - Gopal Nath Tiwari
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Amethi, Jais 229304, India; Sodha Energy Research Park, BERS Public School, Jawahar Nagar, Chikahar, Ballia 221701, India
| | - Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biochemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Amethi, Jais 229304, India
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Xuehan F, Xiaojun G, Weiguo X, Ling Z. Effect of the addition of biochar and wood vinegar on the morphology of heavy metals in composts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118928-118941. [PMID: 37922076 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
In the experiment, the morphology of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni, HMs) was characterized using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) were used to characterize the correlation between environmental factors and metal morphology in the rotting compost from several angles. The results showed that the humus treated with wood vinegar solution had a high degree of humification and rich aromatic structure. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that the degree of humus aromatization gradually increased during the composting process, which enhanced the complexation of humus (HS) with HMs but had less effect on Ni. In addition, the optimum concentration of wood vinegar (WV) was determined to be 1.75%. The results of the study showed that in the Pb passivation treatment group, the proportion of soluble (Red) and exchangeable states (Exc) converted to oxidized (Oxi) and residual states (Res) was 8%, 14%, 6%, 1%, and 12% in the CK, T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatment groups, respectively; in the Cr passivation treatment group, the proportion of Cr-Red and Cr-Exc converted to oxidized and residual states was 31%, 33%, 25%, 29%, and 25%; in the Cd passivation treatment group, the proportions of Cd-Red and Cd-Exc converted to oxidized and residual states were 5%, 15%, 4%, 9%, and 11%, respectively; whereas the Ni treatment group did not show any significant passivation effect. The proportion of Pb-Oxi was relatively stable, Cr-Oxi was converted to Cr-Res, whereas Cd showed the conversion of Cd-Oxi to Cd-Exc. SUVA254 and SUVA280 showed significant positive correlations with Pb-Res, Cr-Res and Ni-Res, and significant positive correlations with moisture content (MC); whereas MC was significantly negatively correlated with each form of HMs. Total potassium (TK), total nitrogen (TN), and both carbon (TOC) were negatively correlated with Pb-Res and Pb-Exc. Structural equation modeling verified the relationship between environmental factors and HMs, and the composting results showed that the addition of biochar (BC) and a higher percentage of WV could increase compost decomposition and passivate HMs to improve its agronomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Xuehan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tarim University, Arar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering in General Universities, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guo Xiaojun
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tarim University, Arar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering in General Universities, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xu Weiguo
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tarim University, Arar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering in General Universities, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhou Ling
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Tarim University, Arar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Engineering in General Universities, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
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Lalthlansanga C, Pottipati S, Sreeram Meesala N, Mohanty B, Kalamdhad AS. Evaluating the potential of biodegradation of swine manure through rotary drum composting utilizing different bulking agents. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129751. [PMID: 37714491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the pig industry and the concurrent increase in pig units have posed a significant waste management challenge, particularly in the form of piggery waste. In this study, the potential of three different bulking agents (sawdust, dry leaves, and rice straw) for the biodegradation of piggery waste was evaluated through rotary drum composting (RDC). Following the composting time of 20 days, evaluations of macro and micronutrient concentrations and the C/N ratio revealed stable, matured compost that could be used in farming. However, the saw dust amended RDC (RDC1) outperformed among the studied trails; the total nitrogen content of 1.54%, total phosphorus of 7.68 g kg-1, and total potassium of 23.45 g kg-1 demonstrated the bioproduct produced through RDC1 resulted in superior-quality end product achieved in only 20 days in comparison with other bulking agents studied. Further, the outcomes of the study can serve the swine livestock sector through effective bioconversion of the waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lalthlansanga
- National Institute of Technology, Mizoram, Aizawl 796012, Mizoram, India; State Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj, Aizawl 796001, Mizoram, India.
| | - Suryateja Pottipati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nava Sreeram Meesala
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Jing L, Kakati LN, Ao B, Kiewhuo P. Augmentation of plant biomass productivity using epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida as soil nutrient facilitators. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18648. [PMID: 37903848 PMCID: PMC10616193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for organic food production, the earthworm is used as a soil nutrient facilitator. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of epigeic earthworms Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia. fetida on soil nutrients and the consequent improvement of biomass productivity and yield of Capsicum chinense Jacq and Zea mays L. The experiment was conducted in 5 L and 15 L capacity plastic pots for C. chinense and Z. mays with 150 g and 300 g of half-decomposed cow dung, respectively. It was observed that the weekly harvest rate of ripened chili was 17.59 g, 13.91 g, and 9.24 g in P. excavatus, control, and E. fetida pot showing 26.49% higher in P. excavatus. Also, the total kernel count per corn was significantly different (F(2, 9) = 37.78, p < 0.05), with the highest kernel present in P. excavatus(333.5 ± 13.5), followed by E. fetida(261.5 ± 16.5) and control (235 ± 22). The impact of P. excavatus was more perceptible in C. chinense, indicated by higher leaf biomass (69.16%), root length (30.14%), and fruit harvest (71.03%). However, the effect of E. fetida was noticed more in Z. mays (stem length, 19.24%, stem biomass, 14.39%, root biomass, 20.9%, kernel count, 41.91%, and kernel weight, 95.07%). Enhanced plant productivity was also supported by an increasing soil nutrient turnover in organic carbon (OC) (25.76% and 23.4%), Phosphorus (P) (31.03% and 25.67%), and Potassium (K) (41.67% and 12.26) in P. excavatus and E. fetida worked soil respectively. The findings indicate that earthworms have a notable impact on plant biomass productivity by promoting the mineralization of soil nutrients and imply on possibility of organic cultivation of seasonal vegetables without using synthetic fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirikum Jing
- Department of Zoology, Don Bosco College, Kohima, Nagaland, India
- Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, India
| | - Lakhmi Nandan Kakati
- Faculty of Science, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati-26, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Bendang Ao
- Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, India
| | - Patricia Kiewhuo
- Department of Zoology, Don Bosco College, Kohima, Nagaland, India
- Department of Zoology, Nagaland University, Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, India
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Keng ZX, Tan JJM, Phoon BL, Khoo CC, Khoiroh I, Chong S, Supramaniam C, Singh A, Pan GT. Aerated Static Pile Composting for Industrial Biowastes: From Engineering to Microbiology. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:938. [PMID: 37627823 PMCID: PMC10451741 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrated the feasibility of an industrial-scale aerated static pile composting system for treating one of the common biowastes-soybean curd residue. The mixing ratios of the feedstock were optimized to achieve a carbon-nitrogen ratio and a moisture level in the ranges of 25-35 and 60-70%, respectively. This open-air composting system required 6-7 months to obtain a mature compost. Solvita and seed germination tests further confirmed the maturity of the compost, with 25% compost extract concentration yielding the best germination index in the absence of phytotoxicity. The bacterial and fungal compositions of the compost piles were further examined with metagenomic analysis. Thermoactinomyces spp., Oceanobacillus spp., and Kroppenstedtia spp. were among the unique bacteria found, and Diutina rugosa, Thermomyces dupontii, and Candida taylorii were among the unique fungi found in the compost piles, suggesting the presence of good microorganisms for degrading the organic biowastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xiang Keng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Broga Road, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.X.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Jamie Jean Minn Tan
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Broga Road, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.J.M.T.); (C.C.K.)
| | - Bao Lee Phoon
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, IPS Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Chee Chang Khoo
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Broga Road, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.J.M.T.); (C.C.K.)
| | - Ianatul Khoiroh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Broga Road, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.X.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Siewhui Chong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Broga Road, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.X.K.); (I.K.)
- Xodus Group, Level 1/1 William Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | | | - Ajit Singh
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Broga Road, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia; (J.J.M.T.); (C.C.K.)
| | - Guan-Ting Pan
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Pottipati S, Jat N, Kalamdhad AS. Bioconversion of Eichhornia crassipes into vermicompost on a large scale through improving operational aspects of in-vessel biodegradation process: Microbial dynamics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 374:128767. [PMID: 36822559 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Eichhornia crassipes is a common, abundant aquatic weed biomass found globally. The present study examined optimum biodegradation procedures through batch studies (550 L rotating drum composter) and the resulting best combination on a large scale (5000 L rotary drum composter). The pilot scale rotary drum reactor was commenced with cow manure and then treated for 3 months with 250 kg/day of homogenously mixed E. crassipes and dry leaves. The rotary drum's inlet and outlet temperatures were 60 °C and 39 °C, respectively, suggesting thermophilic conditions with a 7-day waste retention duration. Eisenia fetida was used for vermicomposting the outlet material for 20 days, raising the nitrogen content to 3.2%. Bacterial diversity (16S-rRNA) sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota are the most predominant. After 27 days, the volume dropped by 71%, and the product was stable and soil-safe. Large-scale optimised biodegradation may be a better way to handle aquatic weed biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryateja Pottipati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Neeraj Jat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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12
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Thirunavukkarasu A, Sivashankar R, Nithya R, Sathya AB, Priyadharshini V, Kumar BP, Muthuveni M, Krishnamoorthy S. Sustainable organic waste management using vermicomposting: a critical review on the prevailing research gaps and opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:364-381. [PMID: 36744572 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00324d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Logistic growth of human population, exponential rate in agronomic industries and feeble waste management practices have resulted in the massive generation of organic wastes. Vermicomposting is one of the eco-biotechnological practices to efficiently transform them into stable and nutrient-rich organic manure with the synergetic actions of earthworms and soil microbiota. Vermicompost, a derivative product has the desirable physicochemical traits such as excellent porosity, buffering actions, aeration and water holding capacity. Also the presences of enzymic and microbial secretions contribute to growth and disease resistance of the crops. Owing to the benefits of soil nutrients restoration and effective organic waste management, vermicomposting has gained much attention among the scientific researchers and organic farmers. The present review is intended to provide comprehensive information on the site selection, screening of earthworms, different modes of operation and their desirable micro-environmental conditions. Also, the review has critically identified the prevailing research gaps viz. limited studies on the substrate formulation or optimization designs, poor control on the operational variables, lack of field-level investigations, technological feasibility of scale-up process, economic viability and cost-benefit analysis. Prospective researches can be made on these hotspots to identify the vermicomposting as a successful and profitable business model in the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raja Sivashankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - Rajarathinam Nithya
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
| | | | | | - Balakrishnan Prem Kumar
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
| | - Murugan Muthuveni
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
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Patra RK, Behera D, Mohapatra KK, Sethi D, Mandal M, Patra AK, Ravindran B. Juxtaposing the quality of compost and vermicompost produced from organic wastes amended with cow dung. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114119. [PMID: 36007568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Composting is a propitious technology to change bio-degradable solid waste into organic fertilizers. Considering this, five types of organic waste viz., leaf litter (Tectona grandis), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), cauliflower waste (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), coir pith, and mushroom spent waste were composted with and without the use of earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The reaction (pH) and electrical conductivity of compost and vermicompost ranged from 6.98 to 7.45 and 6.97 to 7.36, 0.11 to 0.21 dSm-1, and 0.11 to 0.25 dSm-1, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand both the compost and vermicompost ranged from 687 to 1170 mg l-1 and 633-980 mg l-1 respectively. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged from, 75 to 121 (c mol (p+) kg-1, and 80 to 127 (c mol (p+) kg-1, respectively. The C:N of compost and vermicompost varied from 16:1 to 33:1 and 12:1 to 19:1, respectively. The organic carbon content was decreased (18.3-38.7%), while secondary and micronutrient contents increased over the initial concentration. The NH4+ and NO3- content of compost and vermicompost ranged from 270 to 510 mg kg-1 and 230-430 mg kg-1, 560 to 105 mg kg-1, and 690-1100 mg kg-1, respectively. The nitrification index (NH4+/NO3-) ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 in composts and 0.3 to 0.6 in vermicomposts. The dehydrogenase and urease activity varied from 685 to 1696 μg g-1 hr-1 and 938-2549 μg TPF g-1 day-1 respectively. The bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population were 2-3, 0.3-0.7 and 3-8 times more in vermicompost over the corresponding compost. This study confirmed that compared to compost, vermicompost showed better nutrients and microbial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Kumar Patra
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Denish Behera
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mohapatra
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Debadatta Sethi
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Mitali Mandal
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Alok Kumar Patra
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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14
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Sun P, Liu B, Ahmed I, Yang J, Zhang B. Composting effect and antibiotic removal under a new temperature control strategy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:89-98. [PMID: 36063581 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new temperature control strategy in the co-composting process to accelerate operation cycle and remove antibiotics from mixed organic wastes. The evaluation of the composting process showed that composting with temperature control (TC) was completed within 14 days. The final compost of TC exhibited a 10% higher degradation of organic matters, more humus formation and 11.25% lower heavy metals concentration than conventional composting (CC), which fully met the Chinese National Agricultural Organic Fertilizer Standard requirements. The degradation extent and kinetic of macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones showed that the removal efficiency of total antibiotics in TC was 23.58% higher than CC, with less half-life, which was significantly correlated with higher temperature. Particularly, the highest removal was observed for sulfonamides (87.45%) in TC, the half-life of which was reduced by 75.95% compared with CC. The higher degradation rate was attributed to enhanced decomposition of unstable antibiotics and degrading activity of microbes at high temperature. The microbiological analysis showed that the external heating led to a distinct composition and succession of bacterial community in TC. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota were dominant and the emergence of Patescibacteria and Chloroflexi at cooling period in TC proved that the later composting environment was in an oligotrophic state. Current research provided a promising rapid composting approach for high-quality fertilizer production and antibiotic management in organic waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Botao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200240, China.
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15
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Chaitanya Maturi K, Haq I, Kalamdhad AS. Performance assessment of in-vessel composter through heavy metal immobilization and humification of Parthenium hysterophorus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127626. [PMID: 35850388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bioconversion of Parthenium hysterophorus was performed through rotary drum composter and examined the mechanism of humification and heavy metals immobilization in the process. The 20th day compost contains a significant increase in humic substances of 28.7% compared to the initial day mix. The bioavailable fractions of heavy metals have reduced by 30 to 55% in the 20th day compost compared to the initial day mix. The leaching potential of cadmium has been reduced by 69% in the 20th day compost. The immobile fractions (F5) of Cd, Ni and Pb have been increased to 100, 99 and 78% in the 20th day compost. The mitotic index was increased by 1.7 and 51.6% in 25% dosed compost extract compared to the control and P. hysterophorus extract respectively. The transition of heavy metals to immobile fraction indicated the biodegradation capability of P. hysterophorus through rotary drum composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Chaitanya Maturi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Izharul Haq
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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16
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Udume OA, Abu GO, Stanley HO, Vincent-Akpu IF, Momoh Y. Impact of composting factors on the biodegradation of lignin in Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth): A response surface methodological (RSM) investigation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10340. [PMID: 36097472 PMCID: PMC9463370 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a hydrophyte weed that causes havoc in the aquatic ecosystem as an invasive plant that can obstruct waterways and bring about nutrient imbalance. This study aims to address how this invasive hydrophyte can be physically harvested and biochemically transformed into a bioproduct that can enhance the restoration of damaged soil. Biocomposting, a low-cost biotechnological technique, was designed to degrade the lignocellulosic Eichhornia crassipes biomass and transform it into a valuable bioproduct. The process used response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the aggregate effect of moisture content, turning frequency, and microbial isolate (Chitinophaga terrae) inoculum size on the breakdown of lignin over 21 days. The moisture content (A), (45, 55, 65) % v/w, inoculum size (B), (5, 7.5, 10)% v/v, and turning frequency (C), (1, 3, 5) days were considered independent variables, while percentage lignin degradation was considered a response variable. The optimal conditions for lignin breakdown were 65.7 percent (v/w) moisture, 7.5 percent (v/v) inoculum concentration, and 5-day interval turning. The R2 score of 0.9733 demonstrates the model's integrity and reliability. Thus, the RSM approach resulted in a fine grain dark brown Nutri-compost that proved effective in enhancing soil fertility. This procedure is recommended for a scale-up process where large quantities of the hydrophyte could be treated for conversion into Nutri compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogochukwu Ann Udume
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Gideon O. Abu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Herbert O. Stanley
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma F. Vincent-Akpu
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Momoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Pottipati S, Kundu A, Kalamdhad AS. Performance evaluation of a novel two-stage biodegradation technique through management of toxic lignocellulosic terrestrial weeds. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 144:191-202. [PMID: 35381446 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the biodegradation of two potentially toxic terrestrial weeds Parthenium hysterophorus and Lantana camara, implementing a novel two-stage biodegradation technique; Rotary drum composting followed by vermicomposting (RV). The RV approach was refined for a 7-day thermophilic degradation in an in-vessel rotary drum composter, followed by a 20-day mesophilic degradation utilizing Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae vermi-monocultures. However, rotary drum composting (RDC) was performed for both the weeds (for 27 days), facilitating only initial thermophilic degradation to compare the efficacy of the RV technique. Lignocelluloses analysis revealed that cellulose degradation doubled during RV technique, indicating efficient biodegradation in reactors administered with E. fetida vermiculture compared to RDC (19.60 to 42.80% and 26.80 to 66.50% in P. hysterophorus and L. camara feedstocks). Further, these results also correlated with the X-Ray diffractograms of all trials showing the degradation of crystalline cellulose at 2θ: 20-50° for RV. Moreover, to ensure product safety, the analyzed total heavy metals content also unveiled the advantage of RV over RDC as validated by the accumulation of higher concentrations of zinc (45% and 33% in P. hysterophorus and L. camara feedstocks) and lead (55% and 45% in P. hysterophorus and L. camara feedstocks) in reactors with E. fetida. The material's seed germination index increased to 80% in the final product of all trials in the RV technique, indicating the diminishing of the phytotoxic nature. Subsequently, pot studies also indicated that the RV technique was coherent in managing noxious weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryateja Pottipati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Ashmita Kundu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajay S Kalamdhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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18
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Application of Optimization and Modeling for the Enhancement of Composting Processes. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composting is a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to digesting organic waste and turning it into organic fertilizer. It is a biological process in which polymeric waste materials contained in organic waste are biodegraded by fungi and bacteria. Temperature, pH, moisture content, C/N ratio, particle size, nutrient content and oxygen supply all have an impact on the efficiency of the composting process. To achieve optimal composting efficiency, all of these variables and their interactions must be considered. To this end, statistical optimization techniques and mathematical modeling approaches have been developed over the years. In this paper, an overview of optimization and mathematical modeling approaches in the field of composting processes is presented. The advantages and limitations of optimization and mathematical modeling for improving composting processes are also addressed.
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