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Sensing and Stimulation Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials in Implantable Brain-Computer Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065182. [PMID: 36982255 PMCID: PMC10048878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are crucial tools for translating basic neuroscience concepts into clinical disease diagnosis and therapy. Among the various components of the technological chain that increases the sensing and stimulation functions of implanted BCI, the interface materials play a critical role. Carbon nanomaterials, with their superior electrical, structural, chemical, and biological capabilities, have become increasingly popular in this field. They have contributed significantly to advancing BCIs by improving the sensor signal quality of electrical and chemical signals, enhancing the impedance and stability of stimulating electrodes, and precisely modulating neural function or inhibiting inflammatory responses through drug release. This comprehensive review provides an overview of carbon nanomaterials’ contributions to the field of BCI and discusses their potential applications. The topic is broadened to include the use of such materials in the field of bioelectronic interfaces, as well as the potential challenges that may arise in future implantable BCI research and development. By exploring these issues, this review aims to provide insight into the exciting developments and opportunities that lie ahead in this rapidly evolving field.
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Kulkarni T, Slaughter G. Application of Semipermeable Membranes in Glucose Biosensing. MEMBRANES 2016; 6:membranes6040055. [PMID: 27983630 PMCID: PMC5192411 DOI: 10.3390/membranes6040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose biosensors have received significant attention in recent years due to the escalating mortality rate of diabetes mellitus. Although there is currently no cure for diabetes mellitus, individuals living with diabetes can lead a normal life by maintaining tight control of their blood glucose levels using glucose biosensors (e.g., glucometers). Current research in the field is focused on the optimization and improvement in the performance of glucose biosensors by employing a variety of glucose selective enzymes, mediators and semipermeable membranes to improve the electron transfer between the active center of the enzyme and the electrode substrate. Herein, we summarize the different semipermeable membranes used in the fabrication of the glucose biosensor, that result in improved biosensor sensitivity, selectivity, dynamic range, response time and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Kulkarni
- Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Gymama Slaughter
- Bioelectronics Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Wei W, Song Y, Fan X, Zhang S, Wang L, Xu S, Wang M, Cai X. Simultaneous recording of brain extracellular glucose, spike and local field potential in real time using an implantable microelectrode array with nano-materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:114001. [PMID: 26871752 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the main substrate for neurons in the central nervous system. In order to efficiently characterize the brain glucose mechanism, it is desirable to determine the extracellular glucose dynamics as well as the corresponding neuroelectrical activity in vivo. In the present study, we fabricated an implantable microelectrode array (MEA) probe composed of platinum electrochemical and electrophysiology microelectrodes by standard micro electromechanical system (MEMS) processes. The MEA probe was modified with nano-materials and implanted in a urethane-anesthetized rat for simultaneous recording of striatal extracellular glucose, local field potential (LFP) and spike on the same spatiotemporal scale when the rat was in normoglycemia, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. During these dual-mode recordings, we observed that increase of extracellular glucose enhanced the LFP power and spike firing rate, while decrease of glucose had an opposite effect. This dual mode MEA probe is capable of examining specific spatiotemporal relationships between electrical and chemical signaling in the brain, which will contribute significantly to improve our understanding of the neuron physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Daggumati P, Matharu Z, Wang L, Seker E. Biofouling-Resilient Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for DNA Sensing. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8618-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Daggumati
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zimple Matharu
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Cordeiro C, de Vries M, Ngabi W, Oomen P, Cremers T, Westerink B. In vivo continuous and simultaneous monitoring of brain energy substrates with a multiplex amperometric enzyme-based biosensor device. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:677-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of glucose and l-lactate in vivo with graphene hybrids as the electrocatalyst. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Farina D, Alvau MD, Puggioni G, Calia G, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Sechi O, Rocchitta G, Desole MS, Serra PA. Implantable (Bio)sensors as new tools for wireless monitoring of brain neurochemistry in real time. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical microsensors are characterized by high sensitivity, while amperometric biosensors are very selective in virtue of the biological detecting element. Each sensor, specific for every neurochemical species, is a miniaturized high-technology device resulting from the combination of several factors: electrode material, shielding polymers, applied electrochemical technique, and in the case of biosensors, biological sensing material, stabilizers, and entrapping chemical nets. In this paper, we summarize the available technology for the in vivo electrochemical monitoring of neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate), bioenergetic substrates (glucose, lactate, and oxygen), neuromodulators (ascorbic acid and nitric oxide), and exogenous molecules such as ethanol. We also describe the most represented biotelemetric technologies in order to wirelessly transmit the signals of the above-listed neurochemicals. Implantable (Bio)sensors, integrated into miniaturized telemetry systems, represent a new generation of analytical tools that could be used for studying the brain’s physiology and pathophysiology and the effects of different drugs (or toxic chemicals such as ethanol) on neurochemical systems.
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Sikkander ARM, Vedhi C, Manisankar P. Electrochemical determination of calcium channel blocker drugs using multiwall carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1186/2228-5547-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Calcium channel blockers belonging to the dihydropyridine family have been used as a potent arterial vasodilator in the management of angina and cardiovascular diseases. In the design of glassy carbon electrode coatings for the study of the same, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are favored. They are known for the reduction and oxidation of electroactive species towards cathodic and anodic direction with the simultaneous enhancement of the peak current.
Results
The MWCNT-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited a sharp anodic peak potential at around at 0.5 V for amlodipine (AMLD) andnimodipine (NIMD), and 0.4 V for felodipine (FELD) in the cyclic voltammograms. The antihypertensive drugs were determined using a simple two-step procedure developed which comprised a preconcentration step followed by the differential pulse stripping voltammetric quantification. Concentration calibrations were linear within the range from 0.01 to 0.3 μg/mL for AMLD and FELD, and 0.025 to 0.3 μg/mL for NIMD.
Conclusion
The lower limit detection (LOD) was found to be very low on modified electrode. The LOD is 0.005 μg/mL for AMLD and FELD, and 0.01 μg/mL for NIMD. The prepared electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of antihypertensive drugs leading to a remarked improvement in sensitivity. An electrochemical sensor featuring the MWCNT-modified electrode was applied successfully as the result for the calcium channel blocker determination in pharmaceutical samples.
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Qiu C, Wang X, Liu X, Hou S, Ma H. Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase immobilized on nanostructured gold thin films and its application to bioelectrochemical glucose sensor. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Sheng QL, Luo K, Liu RX, Zheng JB. Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase Immobilized at a Novel Composite Material β-Cyclodextrin/poly(4-aminothiophenol)/Au Nanoparticle Modified Electrode. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rothwell SA, O'Neill RD. Effects of applied potential on the mass of non-conducting poly(ortho-phenylenediamine) electro-deposited on EQCM electrodes: comparison with biosensor selectivity parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5413-21. [PMID: 21359356 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to determine the mass of poly-(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) layers electro-deposited at different applied potentials in neutral buffered monomer solution, conditions that produce the insulating form of the polymer used as a permselective membrane in biosensor applications. There was a systematic increase in the total, steady state PoPD mass deposited for fixed applied potentials from 0.05 to 0.6 V vs. SCE, followed by a plateau up to 0.8 V. Comparison of PoPD mass and permselectivity parameters indicates that the ability of the passivating form of PoPD to block interference species in biosensor applications is not related in a simple way to the mass of material deposited on the surface. Instead, effects of the applied electropolymerisation potential in driving the electro-oxidation of oPD dimers and oligomers formed during the electro-deposition process are likely to have a more direct impact on the selectivity characteristics of the PoPD layer. The results highlight the usefulness of apparent permeabilities, especially of ascorbic acid, in revealing differences between PoPD layers electro-deposited under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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McLamore ES, Shi J, Jaroch D, Claussen JC, Uchida A, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Donkin SS, Banks MK, Buhman KK, Teegarden D, Rickus JL, Porterfield DM. A self referencing platinum nanoparticle decorated enzyme-based microbiosensor for real time measurement of physiological glucose transport. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:2237-45. [PMID: 20965716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the central molecule in many biochemical pathways, and numerous approaches have been developed for fabricating micro biosensors designed to measure glucose concentration in/near cells and/or tissues. An inherent problem for microsensors used in physiological studies is a low signal-to-noise ratio, which is further complicated by concentration drift due to the metabolic activity of cells. A microsensor technique designed to filter extraneous electrical noise and provide direct quantification of active membrane transport is known as self-referencing. Self-referencing involves oscillation of a single microsensor via computer-controlled stepper motors within a stable gradient formed near cells/tissues (i.e., within the concentration boundary layer). The non-invasive technique provides direct measurement of trans-membrane (or trans-tissue) analyte flux. A glucose micro biosensor was fabricated using deposition of nanomaterials (platinum black, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Nafion) and glucose oxidase on a platinum/iridium microelectrode. The highly sensitive/selective biosensor was used in the self-referencing modality for cell/tissue physiological transport studies. Detailed analysis of signal drift/noise filtering via phase sensitive detection (including a post-measurement analytical technique) are provided. Using this highly sensitive technique, physiological glucose uptake is demonstrated in a wide range of metabolic and pharmacological studies. Use of this technique is demonstrated for cancer cell physiology, bioenergetics, diabetes, and microbial biofilm physiology. This robust and versatile biosensor technique will provide much insight into biological transport in biomedical, environmental, and agricultural research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S McLamore
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Physiological Sensing Facility, Purdue University, 1203 W, State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Rothwell SA, Kinsella ME, Zain ZM, Serra PA, Rocchitta G, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Contributions by a novel edge effect to the permselectivity of an electrosynthesized polymer for microbiosensor applications. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3911-8. [PMID: 19371060 DOI: 10.1021/ac900162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pt electrodes of different sizes (2 x 10(-5)-2 x 10(-2) cm(2)) and geometries (disks and cylinders) were coated with the ultrathin non-conducting form of poly(o-phenylenediamine), PPD, using amperometric electrosynthesis. Analysis of the ascorbic acid (AA) and H(2)O(2) apparent permeabilities for these Pt/PPD sensors revealed that the PPD deposited near the electrode insulation (Teflon or glass edge) was not as effective as the bulk surface PPD for blocking AA access to the Pt substrate. This discovery impacts on the design of implantable biosensors where electrodeposited polymers, such as PPD, are commonly used as the permselective barrier to block electroactive interference by reducing agents present in the target medium. The undesirable "edge effect" was particularly marked for small disk electrodes which have a high edge density (ratio of PPD-insulation edge length to electrode area), but was essentially absent for cylinder electrodes with a length of >0.2 mm. Sample biosensors, with a configuration based on these findings (25 microm diameter Pt fiber cylinders) and designed for brain neurotransmitter L-glutamate, behaved well in vitro in terms of Glu sensitivity and AA blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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