1
|
Xia H, Song N, Liu D, Zhou R, Shangguan L, Chen X, Dai J. Exploring the stress response mechanisms to 2-phenylethanol conferred by Pdr1p mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:109. [PMID: 39090744 PMCID: PMC11295549 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) tolerance phenotype is crucial to the production of 2-PE, and Pdr1p mutation can significantly increase the tolerance of 2-PE in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear, hindering the rational design of superior 2-PE tolerance performance. RESULTS Here, the physiology and biochemistry of the PDR1_862 and 5D strains were analyzed. At 3.5 g/L 2-PE, the ethanol concentration of PDR1_862 decreased by 21%, and the 2-PE production of PDR1_862 increased by 16% than those of 5D strain. Transcriptome analysis showed that at 2-PE stress, Pdr1p mutation increased the expression of genes involved in the Ehrlich pathway. In addition, Pdr1p mutation attenuated sulfur metabolism and enhanced the one-carbon pool by folate to resist 2-PE stress. These metabolic pathways were closely associated with amino acids metabolism. Furthermore, at 3.5 g/L 2-PE, the free amino acids content of PDR1_862 decreased by 31% than that of 5D strain, among the free amino acids, cysteine was key amino acid for the enhancement of 2-PE stress tolerance conferred by Pdr1p mutation. CONCLUSIONS The above results indicated that Pdr1p mutation enhanced the Ehrlich pathway to improve 2-PE production of S. cerevisiae, and Pdr1p mutation altered the intracellular amino acids contents, in which cysteine might be a biomarker in response to Pdr1p mutation under 2-PE stress. The findings help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for 2-PE stress tolerance by Pdr1p mutation in S. cerevisiae, identify key metabolic pathway responsible for 2-PE stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huili Xia
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, Henan, China
| | - Na Song
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoqi Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, Henan, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Shangguan
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Dai
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Noda S, Mori Y, Ogawa Y, Fujiwara R, Dainin M, Shirai T, Kondo A. Metabolic and enzymatic engineering approach for the production of 2-phenylethanol in engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:130927. [PMID: 38830477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol, known for its rose-like odor and antibacterial activity, is synthesized via exogenous phenylpyruvate by the sequential reaction of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and aldehyde reductase. We first targeted ARO10, a phenylpyruvate decarboxylase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and identified a suitable aldehyde reductase gene. Co-expression of ARO10 and yahK in E. coli transformants yielded 1.1 g/L of 2-phenylethanol in batch culture. We hypothesized that there might be a bottleneck in PDC activity. The computer-based enzyme evolution was utilized to enhance production. The introduction of an amino acid substitution in ARO10 (ARO10 I544W) stabilized the aromatic ring of the phenylpyruvate substrate, increasing 2-phenylethanol yield 4.1-fold compared to wild-type ARO10. Cultivation of ARO10 I544W-expressing E. coli produced 2.5 g/L of 2-phenylethanol with a yield from glucose of 0.16 g/g after 72 h. This approach represents a significant advancement, achieving the highest yield of 2-phenylethanol from glucose using microbes to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Noda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujiwara
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mayumi Dainin
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Shirai
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun L, Gao Y, Sun R, Liu L, Lin L, Zhang C. Metabolic and tolerance engineering of Komagataella phaffii for 2-phenylethanol production through genome-wide scanning. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:107. [PMID: 39039584 PMCID: PMC11265028 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is one of the most widely used spices. Recently, 2-PE has also been considered a potential aviation fuel booster. However, the lack of scientific understanding of the 2-PE biosynthetic pathway and the cellular response to 2-PE cytotoxicity are the most important obstacles to the efficient biosynthesis of 2-PE. RESULTS Here, metabolic engineering and tolerance engineering strategies were used to improve the production of 2-PE in Komagataella phaffii. First, the endogenous genes encoding the amino acid permease GAP1, aminotransferase AAT2, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase KDC2, and aldehyde dehydrogenase ALD4 involved in the Ehrlich pathway and the 2-PE stress response gene NIT1 in K. phaffii were screened and characterized via comparative transcriptome analysis. Subsequently, metabolic engineering was employed to gradually reconstruct the 2-PE biosynthetic pathway, and the engineered strain S43 was obtained, which produced 2.98 g/L 2-PE in shake flask. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling analyses were utilized to screen for novel potential tolerance elements. Our results demonstrated that cells with knockout of the PDR12 and C4R2I5 genes exhibited a significant increase in 2-PE tolerance. To confirm the practical applications of these results, deletion of the PDR12 and C4R2I5 genes in the hyper 2-PE producing strain S43 dramatically increased the production of 2-PE by 18.12%, and the production was 3.54 g/L. CONCLUSION This is the highest production of 2-PE produced by K. phaffii via L-phenylalanine conversion. These identified K. phaffii endogenous elements are highly conserved in other yeast species, suggesting that manipulation of these homologues might be a useful strategy for improving aromatic alcohol production. These results also enrich the understanding of aromatic compound biosynthetic pathways and 2-PE tolerance, and provide new elements and strategies for the synthesis of aromatic compounds by microbial cell factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangcai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao Y, Li S, Shu Q, Yang X, Deng Y. Highly efficient production of 2-phenylethanol by wild-type Saccharomyces bayanus strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130867. [PMID: 38777235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a highly valuable aromatic alcohol utilized in fragrance, cosmetics and food industries. Due to the toxic by-products from chemical synthesis and the low productivity of the extraction method, bioproduction of 2-PE by yeast is considered promising. In this study, a wild-type Saccharomyces bayanus L1 strain producing 2-PE was isolated from soy sauce mash. Transcriptional analysis showed that 2-PE was synthesized via the Ehrlich pathway and Shikimate pathway in S. bayanus L1. By improving the fermentation conditions in shaking flasks, the maximum 2-PE titer reached 4.2 g/L with a productivity of 0.058 g/L/h within 72 h. In fed-batch fermentation, S. bayanus L1 strain produced 6.5 g/L of 2-PE within 60 h, achieving a productivity of 0.108 g/L/h. These findings suggest that S. bayanus L1 strain is an efficient 2-PE producer, paving the way for highly efficient 2-PE production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiyun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Quanxian Shu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fat & Oil Deep-processing, Shandong Bohi Industry Co., Ltd., 333, Binhe Road, Boxing Industrial Park, Binzhou, Shandong 256599, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fat & Oil Deep-processing, Shandong Bohi Industry Co., Ltd., 333, Binhe Road, Boxing Industrial Park, Binzhou, Shandong 256599, China
| | - Yu Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tong Q, Yang L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Liu X, Deng Y. Comprehensive investigations of 2-phenylethanol production by the filamentous fungus Annulohypoxylon stygium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:374. [PMID: 38878128 PMCID: PMC11180157 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an aromatic compound with a rose-like fragrance that is widely used in food and other industries. Yeasts have been implicated in the biosynthesis of 2-PE; however, few studies have reported the involvement of filamentous fungi. In this study, 2-PE was detected in Annulohypoxylon stygium mycelia grown in both potato dextrose broth (PDB) and sawdust medium. Among the 27 A. stygium strains investigated in this study, the strain "Jinjiling" (strain S20) showed the highest production of 2-PE. Under optimal culture conditions, the concentration of 2-PE was 2.33 g/L. Each of the key genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae shikimate and Ehrlich pathways was found to have homologous genes in A. stygium. Upon the addition of L-phenylalanine to the medium, there was an upregulation of all key genes in the Ehrlich pathway of A. stygium, which was consistent with that of S. cerevisiae. A. stygium as an associated fungus provides nutrition for the growth of Tremella fuciformis and most spent composts of T. fuciformis contain pure A. stygium mycelium. Our study on the high-efficiency biosynthesis of 2-PE in A. stygium offers a sustainable solution by utilizing the spent compost of T. fuciformis and provides an alternative option for the production of natural 2-PE. KEY POINTS: • Annulohypoxylon stygium can produce high concentration of 2-phenylethanol. • The pathways of 2-PE biosynthesis in Annulohypoxylon stygium were analyzed. • Spent compost of Tremella fuciformis is a potential source for 2-phenylethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Tong
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lizhi Yang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yuji Jiang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Youjin Deng
- Mycological Research Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bernardino AR, Grosso F, Torres CA, Reis MA, Peixe L. Exploring the biotechnological potential of Acinetobacter soli ANG344B: A novel bacterium for 2-phenylethanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 42:e00839. [PMID: 38633817 PMCID: PMC11021914 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2024.e00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A bacterium, Acinetobacter soli ANG344B, isolated from river water, exhibited an exceptional capacity to produce 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) using L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) as a precursor-a capability typically observed in yeasts rather than bacteria. Bioreactor experiments were conducted to evaluate the production performance, using glucose as the carbon source for cellular growth and L-Phe as the precursor for 2-PE production. Remarkably, A. soli ANG344B achieved a 2-PE concentration of 2.35 ± 0.26 g/L in just 24.5 h of cultivation, exhibiting a global volumetric productivity of 0.10 ± 0.01 g/L.h and a production yield of 0.51 ± 0.01 g2-PE/gL-Phe, a result hitherto reported only for yeasts. These findings position A. soli ANG344B as a highly promising microorganism for 2-PE production. Whole-genome sequencing of A. soli strain ANG344 revealed a genome size of 3.52 Mb with a GC content of 42.7 %. Utilizing the Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) server, 3418 coding genes were predicted, including genes coding for enzymes previously associated with the metabolic pathway of 2-PE production in other microorganisms, yet unreported in Acinetobacter species. Through gene mapping, 299 subsystems were identified, exhibiting 30 % subsystem coverage. The whole genome sequence data was submitted to NCBI GeneBank with the BioProject ID PRJNA982713. These draft genome data offer significant potential for exploiting the biotechnological capabilities of A. soli strain ANG344 and for conducting further comparative genomic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R.S. Bernardino
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- LAQV‑REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT/Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829‑516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Grosso
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana A.V. Torres
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria A.M. Reis
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CCP – Culture Collection of Porto-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan X, Zhang A, Guan Y, Jiao J, Ghanim M, Zhang Y, He X, Shi R. Comparative Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Differential Enrichment of Metabolites with Age in Panax notoginseng Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1441. [PMID: 38891250 PMCID: PMC11175106 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is a perennial plant well known for its versatile medicinal properties, including hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, estrogen-like, and antidepressant characteristics. It has been reported that plant age affects the quality of P. notoginseng. This study aimed to explore the differential metabolome and transcriptome of 2-year (PN2) and 3-year-old (PN3) P. notoginseng plant root samples. Principal component analysis of metabolome and transcriptome data revealed major differences between the two groups (PN2 vs. PN3). A total of 1813 metabolites and 28,587 genes were detected in this study, of which 255 metabolites and 3141 genes were found to be differential (p < 0.05) between PN2 vs. PN3, respectively. Among differential metabolites and genes, 155 metabolites and 1217 genes were up-regulated, while 100 metabolites and 1924 genes were down-regulated. The KEGG pathway analysis revealed differentially enriched metabolites belonging to class lipids ("13S-hydroperoxy-9Z, 11E-octadecadionic acid", "9S-hydroxy-10E, 12Z-octadecadionic acid", "9S-oxo-10E, 12Z-octadecadionic acid", and "9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecadionic acid"), nucleotides and derivatives (guanine and cytidine), and phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) were found to be enriched (p < 0.05) in PN3 compared to PN2. Further, these differentially enriched metabolites were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) regulated via linoleic acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis showed the up-regulation of key genes MAT, DMAS, SDH, gallate 1-beta-glucosyltransferase, and beta-D-glucosidase in various plants' secondary metabolic pathways and SAUR, GID1, PP2C, ETR, CTR1, EBF1/2, and ERF1/2 genes observed in phytohormone signal transduction pathway that is involved in plant growth and development, and protection against the various stressors. This study concluded that the roots of a 3-year-old P. notoginseng plant have better metabolome and transcriptome profiles compared to a 2-year-old plant with importantly enriched metabolites and genes in pathways related to metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and various biological processes. These findings provide insights into the plant's dynamic biochemical and molecular changes during its growth that have several implications regarding its therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Yan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of In-Forest Resource, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Ao Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of In-Forest Resource, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Yiming Guan
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China;
| | - Jinlong Jiao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of In-Forest Resource, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, 68 Hamaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Yayu Zhang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China;
| | - Xiahong He
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of In-Forest Resource, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Rui Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of In-Forest Resource, International Ecological Forestry Research Center of Kunming, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.Y.); (A.Z.); (J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bone KI, Puleo TR, Bandar JS. Direct C-H Hydroxylation of N-Heteroarenes and Benzenes via Base-Catalyzed Halogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9755-9767. [PMID: 38530788 PMCID: PMC11006572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are valued in many industries as both key constituents of end products and diversifiable synthetic building blocks. Accordingly, the development of reactions that complement and address the limitations of existing methods for the introduction of aromatic hydroxyl groups is an important goal. To this end, we apply base-catalyzed halogen transfer (X-transfer) to enable the direct C-H hydroxylation of mildly acidic N-heteroarenes and benzenes. This protocol employs an alkoxide base to catalyze X-transfer from sacrificial 2-halothiophene oxidants to aryl substrates, forming SNAr-active intermediates that undergo nucleophilic hydroxylation. Key to this process is the use of 2-phenylethanol as an inexpensive hydroxide surrogate that, after aromatic substitution and rapid elimination, provides the hydroxylated arene and styrene byproduct. Use of simple 2-halothiophenes allows for C-H hydroxylation of 6-membered N-heteroarenes and 1,3-azole derivatives, while a rationally designed 2-halobenzothiophene oxidant extends the scope to electron-deficient benzene substrates. Mechanistic studies indicate that aromatic X-transfer is reversible, suggesting that the deprotonation, halogenation, and substitution steps operate in synergy, manifesting in unique selectivity trends that are not necessarily dependent on the most acidic aryl position. The utility of this method is further demonstrated through streamlined target molecule syntheses, examples of regioselectivity that contrast alternative C-H hydroxylation methods, and the scalable recycling of the thiophene oxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Godoy P, Udaondo Z, Duque E, Ramos JL. Biosynthesis of fragrance 2-phenylethanol from sugars by Pseudomonas putida. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:51. [PMID: 38566218 PMCID: PMC10986128 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Petrochemicals contribute to environmental issues, with concerns ranging from energy consumption and carbon emission to pollution. In contrast, microbial biorefineries offer eco-friendly alternatives. The solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E serves as a suitable host for producing aromatic compounds, specifically L-phenylalanine and its derivative, 2-phenylethanol (2-PE), which find widespread applications in various industries. RESULTS This study focuses on enhancing 2-PE production in two L-phenylalanine overproducing strains of DOT-T1E, namely CM12-5 and CM12-5Δgcd (xylABE), which grow with glucose and glucose-xylose, respectively. To synthesize 2-PE from L-phenylalanine, these strains were transformed with plasmid pPE-1, bearing the Ehrlich pathway genes, and it was found higher 2-PE production with glucose (about 50-60 ppm) than with xylose (< 3 ppm). To understand the limiting factors, we tested the addition of phenylalanine and intermediates from the Ehrlich and shikimate pathways. The results identified intracellular L-phenylalanine as a key limiting factor for 2-PE production. To overcame this limitation, a chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase variant-insentive to feedback inhibition by aromatic amino acids-was introduced in the producing strains. This led to increased L-phenylalanine production and subsequently produced more 2-PE (100 ppm). Random mutagenesis of the strains also produced strains with higher L-phenylalanine titers and increased 2-PE production (up to 120 ppm). The improvements resulted from preventing dead-end product accumulation from shikimate and limiting the catabolism of potential pathway intermediates in the Ehrlich pathway. The study explored agricultural waste substrates, such as corn stover, sugarcane straw and corn-syrup as potential C sources. The best results were obtained using 2G substrates at 3% (between 82 and 100 ppm 2-PE), with glucose being the preferred sugar for 2-PE production among the monomeric sugars in these substrates. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study offer strategies to enhance phenylalanine production, a key substrate for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. The ability of P. putida DOT-T1E to thrive with various C-sources and its tolerance to substrates, products, and potential toxicants in industrial wastes, are highlighted. The study identified and overcome possible bottlenecks for 2-PE production. Ultimately, the strains have potential to become efficient microbial platforms for synthesizing 2-PE from agro-industrial waste materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Godoy
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda 1, 1808, Granada, Spain
| | - Zulema Udaondo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Estrella Duque
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda 1, 1808, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan L Ramos
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda 1, 1808, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu YY, Wu CD. Regioselective Ring-Opening of Terminal Epoxides Catalyzed by a Porous Metal Silicate Material. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1166-1174. [PMID: 38159291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reductive ring-opening of epoxides is a green pathway for synthesizing highly value-added alcohols. In this study, we present a practically applicable approach for the synthesis of anti-Markovnikov-type alcohols with high yields from aliphatic and aromatic epoxides under mild conditions by developing porous metal silicate (PMS) catalysts. A PMS material PMS-20 consists of cobalt and nickel bimetal redox-active sites, exhibiting exceptional catalytic activity and selectivity in the reductive ring-opening of terminal epoxides with >99% yield of primary alcohols. Comparing with the existing methods using noble metals, PMS-20 exhibits broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance by synergistic work between cobalt and nickel species, which is clarified by dual chamber cell system characterization and theoretical calculation results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-De Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zheng R, Xie M, Keyhani NO, Xia Y. An insect chemosensory protein facilitates locust avoidance to fungal pathogens via recognition of fungal volatiles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127389. [PMID: 37827395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Locusts (Locusta migratoria) are one of the most destructive insect pests worldwide. Entomopathogenic fungi can infect and kill locusts, with Metarhizium acridum having evolved as a specialized acridid pathogen. However, locusts have evolved countermeasures to limit or avoid microbial pathogens, although the underlying molecular mechanisms behind these defenses remain obscure. Here, we demonstrate that L. migratoria exhibit avoidance behaviors towards M. acridum contaminated food via recognition of fungal volatiles, with locust perception of the volatile mediated by the LmigCSP60 chemosensory protein. RNAi-knockdown of LmigCSP60 lowered locust M. acridum avoidance behavior and increased infection and mortality. The fungal volatile, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), was identified to participate in locust behavioral avoidance. RNAi-knockdown of LmigCSP60 reduced antennal electrophysiological responses to PEA and impaired locust avoidance to the compound. Purified LmigCSP60 was able to bind a set of fungal volatiles including PEA. Furthermore, reduction of PEA emission by M. acridum via construction of a targeted gene knockout mutant of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ΔMaAdh strain) that contributes to PEA production reduced locust avoidance behavior towards the pathogen. These findings identify an olfactory circuit used by locusts to detect and avoid potential microbial pathogens before they are capable of initiating infection and highlight behavioral and olfactory adaptations affecting the co-evolution of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renwen Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China; School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Mushan Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticides, Chongqing 401331, China; Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen L, Li K, Chen H, Li Z. Reviewing the Source, Physiological Characteristics, and Aroma Production Mechanisms of Aroma-Producing Yeasts. Foods 2023; 12:3501. [PMID: 37761210 PMCID: PMC10529235 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavor is an essential element of food quality. Flavor can be improved by adding flavoring substances or via microbial fermentation to impart aroma. Aroma-producing yeasts are a group of microorganisms that can produce aroma compounds, providing a strong aroma to foods and thus playing a great role in the modern fermentation industry. The physiological characteristics of aroma-producing yeast, including alcohol tolerance, acid tolerance, and salt tolerance, are introduced in this article, beginning with their origins and biological properties. The main mechanism of aroma-producing yeast is then analyzed based on its physiological roles in the fermentation process. Functional enzymes such as proteases, lipases, and glycosidase are released by yeast during the fermentation process. Sugars, fats, and proteins in the environment can be degraded by these enzymes via pathways such as glycolysis, methoxylation, the Ehrlich pathway, and esterification, resulting in the production of various aromatic esters (such as ethyl acetate and ethyl caproate), alcohols (such as phenethyl alcohol), and terpenes (such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and squalene). Furthermore, yeast cells can serve as cell synthesis factories, wherein specific synthesis pathways can be introduced into cells using synthetic biology techniques to achieve high-throughput production. In addition, the applications of aroma yeast in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries are summarized, and the future development trends of aroma yeasts are discussed to provide a theoretical basis for their application in the food fermentation industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Ke Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Huitai Chen
- Hunan Guoyuan Liquor Industry Co., Ltd., Yueyang 414000, China;
| | - Zongjun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.C.); (K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou R, Song Q, Xia H, Song N, Yang Q, Zhang X, Yao L, Yang S, Dai J, Chen X. Isolation and Identification of Non- Saccharomyces Yeast Producing 2-Phenylethanol and Study of the Ehrlich Pathway and Shikimate Pathway. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:878. [PMID: 37754986 PMCID: PMC10532961 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
2-phenylethanol (2-PE) has been widely utilized as an aromatic additive in various industries, including cosmetics, beer, olive oil, tea, and coffee, due to its rose-honey-like aroma. However, no reports have investigated the production of 2-PE by Starmerella bacillaris. Here, S. bacillaris (syn., Candida zemplinina, and named strain R5) was identified by analysis of morphology, physiology and biochemistry, and 26S rRNA and ITS gene sequence. Then, based on the analysis of whole-genome sequencing and comparison with the KEGG database, it was inferred that strain R5 could synthesize 2-PE from L-phe or glucose through the Ehrlich pathway or shikimate pathway. For further verification of the 2-PE synthesis pathway, strain R5 was cultured in M3 (NH4+), M3 (NH4+ + Phe), and M3 (Phe) medium. In M3 (Phe) medium, the maximum concentration of 2-PE reached 1.28 g/L, which was 16-fold and 2.29-fold higher than that in M3 (NH4+) and M3 (Phe + NH4+) media, respectively. These results indicated that 2-PE could be synthesized by strain R5 through the shikimate pathway or Ehrlich pathway, and the biotransformation from L-phe to 2-PE was more efficient than that from glucose. The qRT-PCR results suggested that compared to M3 (Phe + NH4+) medium, the mRNA expression levels of YAT were 124-fold and 86-fold higher in M3 (Phe) and M3 (NH4+) media, respectively, indicating that the transport of L-phe was inhibited when both NH4+ and Phe were present in the medium. In the M3 (Phe) and M3 (Phe + NH4+) media, the mRNA expression level of ADH5 was higher than PDC, hisC, GOT1, and YAT, and it was 2.6 times higher and 2.48 times higher, respectively, compared to the M3 (NH4+) medium, revealing that the key gene catalyzing the dehydrogenation of benzaldehyde to 2-PE is ADH5. Furthermore, strain R5 exhibits tolerance to high concentrations of 2-PE, reaching 3 g/L, which conferred an ideal tolerance to 2-PE. In summary, the synthesis pathway of 2-PE, mainly for the Ehrlich pathway, was proved for the first time in S. bacillaris, which had not been previously explored and provided a basis for non-Saccharomyces yeast-producing 2-PE and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (R.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Qingyi Song
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (R.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Huili Xia
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (R.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Na Song
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (R.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Qiao Yang
- ABI Group, Donghai Laboratory, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- ABI Group, Donghai Laboratory, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Lan Yao
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (R.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Jun Dai
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (R.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (N.S.); (L.Y.)
- ABI Group, Donghai Laboratory, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (Q.Y.); (X.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
- College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, No. 28, Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (R.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.X.); (N.S.); (L.Y.)
- College of Bioengineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, No. 28, Nanli Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430068, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yin S, Huang M, Wang J, Liu B, Ren Q. Microbial Community Dynamics and the Correlation between Specific Bacterial Strains and Higher Alcohols Production in Tartary Buckwheat Huangjiu Fermentation. Foods 2023; 12:2664. [PMID: 37509756 PMCID: PMC10379207 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat is a healthy grain rich in nutrients and medicinal ingredients and consequently is commonly used for Huangjiu brewing. In order to reveal the correlation between microbial succession and higher alcohols production, in this study, Huangjiu fermentation was conducted using Tartary buckwheat as the raw material and wheat Qu as the starter culture. Microbial community dynamics analysis indicated that the bacterial diversity initially decreased rapidly to a lower level and then increased and maintained at a higher level during fermentation. Lactococcus was the dominant bacteria and Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, Cyanobacteria, and Oxalobacteraceae were the bacterial genera with higher abundances. In sharp contrast, only 13 fungal genera were detected during fermentation, and Saccharomyces showed the dominant abundance. Moreover, 18 higher alcohol compounds were detected by GC-MS during fermentation. Four compounds (2-phenylethanol, isopentanol, 1-hexadecanol, and 2-phenoxyethanol) were stably detected with high concentrations during fermentation. The compound 2-ethyl-2-methyl-tridecanol was detected to be of the highest concentration in the later period of fermentation. Correlation analysis revealed that the generation of 2-phenylethanol, isopentanol, 1-hexadecanol, and 2-phenoxyethanol were positively correlated with Granulicatella and Pelomonas, Bacteroides, Pseudonocardia and Pedomicrobium, and Corynebacterium, respectively. The verification fermentation experiments indicated that the improved wheat Qu QT3 and QT4 inoculated with Granulicatella T3 and Acidothermus T4 led to significant increases in the contents of 2-phenylethanol and pentanol, as well as isobutanol and isopentanol, respectively, in the Tartary buckwheat Huangjiu. The findings benefit understanding of higher alcohols production and flavor formation mechanisms in Huangjiu fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu N, Xia W, Wang G, Song Y, Gao X, Liang J, Wang Y. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 37143059 PMCID: PMC10158149 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol is a specific aromatic alcohol with a rose-like smell, which has been widely used in the cosmetic and food industries. At present, 2-phenylethanol is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. The preference of consumers for "natural" products and the demand for environmental-friendly processes have promoted biotechnological processes for 2-phenylethanol production. Yet, high 2-phenylethanol cytotoxicity remains an issue during the bioproduction process. RESULTS Corynebacterium glutamicum with inherent tolerance to aromatic compounds was modified for the production of 2-phenylethanol from glucose and xylose. The sensitivity of C. glutamicum to 2-phenylethanol toxicity revealed that this host was more tolerant than Escherichia coli. Introduction of a heterologous Ehrlich pathway into the evolved phenylalanine-producing C. glutamicum CALE1 achieved 2-phenylethanol production, while combined expression of the aro10. Encoding 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase originating from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the yahK encoding alcohol dehydrogenase originating from E. coli was shown to be the most efficient. Furthermore, overexpression of key genes (aroGfbr, pheAfbr, aroA, ppsA and tkt) involved in the phenylpyruvate pathway increased 2-phenylethanol titer to 3.23 g/L with a yield of 0.05 g/g glucose. After introducing a xylose assimilation pathway from Xanthomonas campestris and a xylose transporter from E. coli, 3.55 g/L 2-phenylethanol was produced by the engineered strain CGPE15 with a yield of 0.06 g/g xylose, which was 10% higher than that with glucose. This engineered strain CGPE15 also accumulated 3.28 g/L 2-phenylethanol from stalk hydrolysate. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we established and validated an efficient C. glutamicum strain for the de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from corn stalk hydrolysate. This work supplied a promising route for commodity 2-phenylethanol bioproduction from nonfood lignocellulosic feedstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanglu Wang
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilei Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhan Y, Xu H, Tan HT, Ho YS, Yang D, Chen S, Ow DSW, Lv X, Wei F, Bi X, Chen S. Systematic Adaptation of Bacillus licheniformis to 2-Phenylethanol Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0156822. [PMID: 36752618 PMCID: PMC9972911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01568-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The compound 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a bulk flavor and fragrance with a rose-like aroma that can be produced by microbial cell factories, but its cellular toxicity inhibits cellular growth and limits strain performance. Specifically, the microbe Bacillus licheniformis has shown a strong tolerance to 2-PE. Understanding these tolerance mechanisms is crucial for achieving the hyperproduction of 2-PE. In this report, the mechanisms of B. licheniformis DW2 resistance to 2-PE were studied by multi-omics technology coupled with physiological and molecular biological approaches. 2-PE induced reactive oxygen species formation and affected nucleic acid, ribosome, and cell wall synthesis. To manage 2-PE stress, the antioxidant and global stress response systems were activated; the repair system of proteins and homeostasis of the ion and osmotic were initiated. Furthermore, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and NADPH synthesis pathways were upregulated; correspondingly, scanning electron microscopy revealed that cell morphology was changed. These results provide deeper insights into the adaptive mechanisms of B. licheniformis to 2-PE and highlight the potential targets for genetic manipulation to enhance 2-PE resistance. IMPORTANCE The ability to tolerate organic solvents is essential for bacteria producing these chemicals with high titer, yield, and productivity. As exemplified by 2-PE, bioproduction of 2-PE represents a promising alternative to chemical synthesis and plant extraction approaches, but its toxicity hinders successful large-scale microbial production. Here, a multi-omics approach is employed to systematically study the mechanisms of B. licheniformis DW2 resistance to 2-PE. As a 2-PE-tolerant strain, B. licheniformis displays multifactorial mechanisms of 2-PE tolerance, including activating global stress response and repair systems, increasing NADPH supply, changing cell morphology and membrane composition, and remodeling metabolic pathways. The current work yields novel insights into the mechanisms of B. licheniformis resistance to 2-PE. This knowledge can also be used as a clue for improving bacterial performances to achieve industrial-scale production of 2-PE and potentially applied to the production of other relevant organic solvents, such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hween Tong Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dave Siak-Wei Ow
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cheng J, Zhang K, Li J, Hou Y. Using δF IP as a potential biomarker for risk assessment of environmental pollutants in aquatic ecosystem: A case study of marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137621. [PMID: 36566796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased hazardous substances application causes more environmental pollution and risks for human health. Microalgae are the important biological groups in marine ecosystem, and considered to be sensitive to environmental pollutants. Therefore, toxicity test on marine microalgae could provide the most efficient method for aquatic toxicity assessment, and could also be used as the early warning signals in aquatic ecosystem. In view of this, our study aimed at investigating the toxicity potential of two typical organic compounds, and screening out novel photosynthetic indicators for the risk assessment of environmental pollutants. In this study, benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol were chosen as the target organic compounds, and preliminary toxicity mechanism of these organic compounds on marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 was investigated with chlorophyll fluorescence technology. Results showed that PCC7002 could be affected by benzyl alcohol or 2-phenylethanol stress, and the toxicity effect was concentration-dependent. And external benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol stress damaged the oxygen evolving complex, and suppressed electron transport at the donor and receptor sides of photosystem II (PSII), influencing the absorption, transfer, and application of light energy. Furthermore, potential biomarkers were screened by half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on the basis of pearson correlation coefficient analysis, and fluorescence intensity difference between the I-step and P-step of OJIP curve (δFIP) seems to be the most sensitive indicator for external stress. This study would be of significant interest to the biomarker community, and pave the way for the practical resource for marine pollution monitoring and assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Kaidian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570100, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiashun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xia H, Kang Y, Ma Z, Hu C, Yang Q, Zhang X, Yang S, Dai J, Chen X. Evolutionary and reverse engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals a Pdr1p mutation-dependent mechanism for 2-phenylethanol tolerance. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:269. [PMID: 36564756 PMCID: PMC9789650 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol (2-PE), a higher alcohol with a rose-like odor, inhibits growth of the producer strains. However, the limited knowledge regarding 2-PE tolerance mechanisms renders our current knowledge base insufficient to inform rational design. RESULTS To improve the growth phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under a high 2-PE concentration, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was used to generate an evolved 19-2 strain. Under 2-PE stress, its OD600 and growth rate increased by 86% and 22% than that of the parental strain, respectively. Through whole genome sequencing and reverse engineering, transcription factor Pdr1p mutation (C862R) was revealed as one of the main causes for increased 2-PE tolerance. Under 2-PE stress condition, Pdr1p mutation increased unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio by 42%, and decreased cell membrane damage by 81%. Using STRING website, we identified Pdr1p interacted with some proteins, which were associated with intracellular ergosterol content, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ATP-binding cassette transporter. Also, the results of transcriptional analysis of genes encoded these proteins confirmed that Pdr1p mutation induced the expression of these genes. Compared with those of the reference strain, the ergosterol content of the PDR1_862 strain increased by 72%-101%, and the intracellular ROS concentration decreased by 38% under 2-PE stress. Furthermore, the Pdr1p mutation also increased the production of 2-PE (11% higher). CONCLUSIONS In the present work, we have demonstrated the use of ALE as a powerful tool to improve yeast tolerance to 2-PE. Based on the reverse engineering, transcriptional and physiological analysis, we concluded that Pdr1p mutation significantly enhanced the 2-PE tolerance of yeast by regulating the fatty acid proportion, intracellular ergosterol and ROS. It provides new insights on Pdr1p mediated 2-PE tolerance, which could help in the design of more robust yeasts for natural 2-PE synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huili Xia
- grid.411410.10000 0000 8822 034XKey Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Kang
- grid.411410.10000 0000 8822 034XKey Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zilin Ma
- grid.411410.10000 0000 8822 034XKey Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiyu Hu
- grid.411410.10000 0000 8822 034XKey Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- grid.443668.b0000 0004 1804 4247ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- grid.443668.b0000 0004 1804 4247ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang China
| | - Shihui Yang
- grid.34418.3a0000 0001 0727 9022State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei China
| | - Jun Dai
- grid.411410.10000 0000 8822 034XKey Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068 People’s Republic of China ,grid.443668.b0000 0004 1804 4247ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022 Zhejiang China ,grid.34418.3a0000 0001 0727 9022State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei China
| | - Xiong Chen
- grid.411410.10000 0000 8822 034XKey Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Versatility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 41CM in the Brewery Sector: Use as a Starter for “Ale” and “Lager” Craft Beer Production. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craft breweries tend to use special raw materials and also special ingredients (spices, herbs, fruits) to typify beers, but the metabolic activities of yeasts play a primary role in defining the sensory characteristics of this beverage. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus are yeast species usually used for ale and lager beer production. The selection and use of new yeast starters with peculiar technological and enzymatic characteristics could represent the key point for the production of beers with good and distinctive organoleptic properties. In this study, the fermentative performance of S. cerevisiae 41CM yeast isolated from the vineyard environment for ale and lager craft beer production on a laboratory scale was evaluated. The commercial yeast S. cerevisiae Fermentis S-04 and S. pastorianus Weihenstephan 34/70 were used as reference strains. S. cerevisiae 41CM showed fermentative kinetics similar to commercial starters, both in lager (12 °C) and ale (20 °C) brewing. In all beers brewed, the largest percentage of volatile compounds synthesized during the fermentation were alcohols, followed by esters, terpenes, and aldehydes. In particular, S. cerevisiae 41CM starter contributed a higher relative percentage of esters in the ale beer than that detected in the lager beer, without ever synthesizing unwanted volatile compounds.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang G, Wang M, Yang J, Li Q, Zhu N, Liu L, Hu X, Yang X. De novo Synthesis of 2-phenylethanol from Glucose by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6825456. [PMID: 36370454 PMCID: PMC9923381 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2- PE) is an aromatic alcohol with wide applications, but there is still no efficient microbial cell factory for 2-PE based on Escherichia coli. In this study, we constructed a metabolically engineered E. coli capable of de novo synthesis of 2-PE from glucose. Firstly, the heterologous styrene-derived and Ehrlich pathways were individually constructed in an L-Phe producer. The results showed that the Ehrlich pathway was better suited to the host than the styrene-derived pathway, resulting in a higher 2-PE titer of ∼0.76 ± 0.02 g/L after 72 h of shake flask fermentation. Furthermore, the phenylacetic acid synthase encoded by feaB was deleted to decrease the consumption of 2-phenylacetaldehyde, and the 2-PE titer increased to 1.75 ± 0.08 g/L. As phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important precursor for L-Phe synthesis, both the crr and pykF genes were knocked out, leading to ∼35% increase of the 2-PE titer, which reached 2.36 ± 0.06 g/L. Finally, a plasmid-free engineered strain was constructed based on the Ehrlich pathway by integrating multiple ARO10 cassettes (encoding phenylpyruvate decarboxylases) and overexpressing the yjgB gene. The engineered strain produced 2.28 ± 0.20 g/L of 2-PE with a yield of 0.076 g/g glucose and productivity of 0.048 g/L/h. To our best knowledge, this is the highest titer and productivity ever reported for the de novo synthesis of 2-PE in E. coli. In a 5-L fermenter, the 2-PE titer reached 2.15 g/L after 32 h of fermentation, suggesting that the strain has the potential to efficiently produce higher 2-PE titers following further fermentation optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinchu Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd. Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianmei Hu
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Yang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Xuepeng Yang, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Dongfeng Road 5, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China. Tel.: +86-152-3712-7687; Fax: +86-0371-8660-8262; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Miao Z, Hao H, Yan R, Wang X, Wang B, Sun J, Li Z, Zhang Y, Sun B. Individualization of Chinese alcoholic beverages: Feasibility towards a regulation of organic acids. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
The Consumption of Amino Acids and Production of Volatile Aroma Compounds by Yarrowia lipolytica in Brewers’ Wort. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is well known for its versatile production of metabolites from various substrates, but, although isolated from, e.g., wild-fermented Belgian Sour beers, it is rarely considered a starter culture in fermented beverages. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the ability of Y. lipolytica to ferment brewers’ wort containing iso-α-acid for 7 days at low and high aeration and at 20 °C and 30 °C, with a special focus on amino acid consumption and production of volatile aroma compounds. Y. lipolytica was able to grow in the wort under all four conditions, although the growth was inhibited. Furthermore, it only consumed glucose and fructose, and no ethanol was formed. Moreover, under high aeration conditions, Y. lipolytica consumed 75–80% of the amino acids in the wort. Interestingly, no esters were produced during the fermentations, and only five higher alcohols (1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, and 2-phenylethanol), two aldehydes (3-methylbutanal and (E)-2-nonenal), two ketones (cyclopentanone and 9-oxabicyclo [6.1.0]nonan-4-one), one fatty acid (3-methyl-butanoic acid), and one benzene derivate (1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene) were produced. These results may contribute to the potential use of Y. lipolytica in a traditional brewery for the production of novel beers; e.g., alcohol-free beer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rapamycin enhanced the production of 2-phenylethanol during whole-cell bioconversion by yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6471-6481. [PMID: 36098787 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE), a higher alcohol with a rose-like odor, has been widely utilized in food, perfume, and beverages. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most promising microorganisms for the biosynthesis of natural 2-PE. However, the growth of S. cerevisiae is generally inhibited by 2-PE, which makes its production in yeast cell factories challenging. Here, the whole-cell bioconversion was used to avert growth inhibition, leading to an increase in the concentration and productivity of 2-PE. Moreover, rapamycin (Rap) addition further improved the efficiency of 2-PE synthesis. The concentration of 2-PE (2.20 g/L) was 1.68-fold higher than that in the absence of Rap during the whole-cell bioconversion by S. cerevisiae BY4741. RT-qPCR results showed that Rap addition increased the transcription of ARO9, ARO10, ADH2, GAP1, ARO80, GLN3, and GDH2. When the GLN3 was knocked out, the transcriptional levels of the genes were dramatically decreased, and the concentration of 2-PE significantly decreased to 0.21 g/L. The results indicated that Rap enhanced the flux of the Ehrlich pathway, and Gln3 exerted a central role in the regulation of Rap. Furthermore, commercial yeast (S. cerevisiae FY202001) was selected to verify the applicability of Rap. In the presence of Rap, 3.67 g/L 2-PE was obtained by whole-cell bioconversion in flask, which was increased by 9% than that in the absence of Rap. Finally, the 2-PE titer reached 4.93 g/L by whole-cell bioconversion in a 5 L bioreactor, with a yield of 84 mol% from L-phenylalanine and a productivity of 0.103 g/L h, which was far higher than that of the currently reported in S. cerevisiae. These findings provided a new idea for the efficient synthesis of 2-PE. KEY POINTS: • Whole-cell bioconversion was used to produce 2-PE. • The regulation of the Ehrlich pathway by Rap provides a theoretical basis for developing an effective yeast cell factory to produce 2-PE. • The 2-PE productivity of 0.103 g/L h is far higher than that of the currently reported in S. cerevisiae .
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo D, Wu S, Fu X, Pan H. De Novo Biosynthesis of Methyl Cinnamate in Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7736-7741. [PMID: 35709502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methyl cinnamate with a fruity balsamic odor is an important fragrance ingredient in perfumes and cosmetics. Chemical processes are currently the only means of producing methyl cinnamate. But consumers prefer natural flavors. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop microbial cell factories for the production of methyl cinnamate. In this study, we established for the first time a biosynthetic pathway in engineered Escherichia coli for production of methyl cinnamate from glucose. We further increased the methyl cinnamate production to 302 mg/L by increasing the availability of the metabolic precursors. Finally, the titer was increased to 458 mg/L in a two-phase culture system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daoyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shaoting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sekar BS, Li X, Li Z. Bioproduction of Natural Phenethyl Acetate, Phenylacetic Acid, Ethyl Phenylacetate, and Phenethyl Phenylacetate from Renewable Feedstock. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102645. [PMID: 35068056 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural phenethyl acetate (PEA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), ethyl phenylacetate (Et-PA), and phenethyl phenylacetate (PE-PA) are highly desirable aroma chemicals, but with limited availability and high price. Here, green, sustainable, and efficient bioproduction of these chemicals as natural products from renewable feedstocks was developed. PEA and PAA were synthesized from l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) via novel six- and five-enzyme cascades, respectively. Whole-cell-based cascade biotransformation of 100 mm l-Phe in a two-phase system (aqueous/organic: 1 : 0.5 v/v) containing ethyl oleate or biodiesel as green solvent gave 13.6 g L-1 PEA (83.1 % conv.) and 11.6 g L-1 PAA (87.1 % conv.), respectively. Coupled fermentation and biotransformation approach produced 10.4 g L-1 PEA and 9.2 g L-1 PAA from glucose or glycerol, respectively. The biosynthesized PAA was converted to natural Et-PA and PE-PA by esterification using lipases with ethanol or 2-phenylethanol derived from sugar, affording 2.7 g L-1 Et-PA (83.1 % conv.) and 4.6 g L-1 PE-PA (96.3 % conv.), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xirui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bao W, Li X, Liu J, Zheng R, Liu L, Zhang H. The Characterization of an Efficient Phenylpyruvate Decarboxylase KDC4427, Involved in 2-Phenylethanol and IAA Production from Bacterial Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0266021. [PMID: 35377224 PMCID: PMC9045302 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02660-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PPDC) is a crucial enzyme that plays important roles in 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) biosynthesis. In our previous study, we screened a highly efficient PPDC KDC4427 from the novel 2-PE-producing strain Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087. Meanwhile, its decarboxylation activity of indolylpyruvate (IPyA) was also higher than other indolylpyruvate decarboxylases (IPDCs) reported so far. In this study, KDC4427 protein was purified and characterized, and its catalytic mechanisms were analyzed by biological methods. The optimum pH and temperature of KDC4427 was pH 6.5 and 35°C, respectively. The enzyme activity was relatively stable between pH 6 and 8 and over the range of temperatures from 25°C to 45°C. KDC4427 showed the highest catalytic efficiency on phenylpyruvic acid (PPA); meanwhile, it also showed high activity for IPyA and 2-ketobutanoic acid, and it was found that KDC4427 belongs to IPDCs by phylogenetic tree analysis. The coverage of the three-dimensional structure of KDC4427 and EcIPDC from Enterobacter cloacae was 96%. Leucine 542, one of the residues in the substrate-binding pocket, is replaced by isoleucine in KDC4427 compared with EcIPDC. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the transition from leucine to isoleucine was unlikely to make KDC4427 have high catalytic activity for PPA and IPyA; the mutants at glutamate 468 almost completely lost catalytic activities for both PPA and IPyA, indicating that this glutamate was essential for the catalytic activity. Additionally, alanine 387 plays an important role in the substrate selectivity of KDC4427. IMPORTANCE Compared with the chemical synthesis of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) by condensation of ethylene oxide and benzene, the biological synthesis of 2-PE is a potential method to replace the traditional process. This makes biotransformation gradually become the main way to produce high-quality 2-PE. Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PPDC) is the critical enzyme in 2-PE biosynthesis, and it is a momentous point of penetration to increase the production of 2-PE. In this regard, KDC4427 can catalyze phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) to phenylacetaldehyde more efficiently than any other PPDC previously reported. Moreover, it has high activity of indolepyruvate decarboxylases (IPDCs), which will be a great breakthrough in the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). With this study, we offer insights into the KDC4427 catalytic mechanism and significantly expand the toolbox of available α-ketoacid decarboxylases for application in biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Bao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vázquez MB, Matencio A, Bianchinotti MV, García-Carmona F, López-Nicolás JM. Enhanced production of 2-phenylethanol by salicylic acid and cyclodextrins in cell suspension cultures of the unexplored filamentous fungus Monochaetinula geoffroeana. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1609-1618. [PMID: 34405402 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol (PEA) is a higher aromatic alcohol with a rose-like odor, which is used in several industries. Although PEA can be synthesized, consumers are increasingly concerned about the toxicity of chemically synthesized products, and prefer natural aroma compound. PEA occurs naturally in the environment but concentrations are too low to justify extraction. RESULTS The present study offers a novel biological source of PEA: the filamentous fungi Monochaetinula geoffroeana. We report the highest recorded yield of PEA of fungal origin to date: 6.52 g L-1 . The volatility and low water solubility of PEA can affect its use in many industries, for which reason complexation studies of PEA and cyclodextrins were carried out using the phase solubility technique. PEA formed 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes with natural and modified CDs, the highest encapsulation constant being obtained with MβCD (K1:1 = 299.88 L mol-1 ). The complexation process significantly increased the water solubility of PEA. A computational study showed a high degree of correlation between computed scores and experimental values. Furthermore, this study reports the role of salicylic acid as an effective elicitor for improved PEA production by the studied fungi. Supplementation with 10 μmol L-1 salicylic acid increased PEA production from 6.52 to 10.54 g L-1 . CONCLUSION The best treatment to enhance PEA production by M. geoffroeana under laboratory conditions was to use salicylic acid 10 μmol L-1 . Due to the commercial importance of PEA, further investigation is needed to improve PEA production by M. geoffroeana and to optimize culture conditions in order to standardize yields. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrián Matencio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel López-Nicolás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Deeper Insight into the Volatile Profile of Rosa willmottiae with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and GC–MS Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041240. [PMID: 35209030 PMCID: PMC8874665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the distribution center of Rosa in the world, China has abundant wild germplasm resources, which can contribute to the breeding of modern roses. To explore the potential value of wild roses distributed in the Sichuan–Tibet region, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to determine the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Rosa willmottiae flowers at three flowering stages (bud stage, initial flowering stage, full flowering stage). Meanwhile, we compared the VOCs of R. willmottiae with different phenotypes (double flowers and single flowers). A total of 74 volatile compounds were identified. The results show that the essential substances belong to alcohols and terpenoids. The main volatile organic compounds are 2-phenyl ethanol (20.49%), benzyl alcohol (10.69%), β-maaliene (8.66%), geranyl acetate (8.47%), and (+)-α-long pinene (6.127%). Different flowering stages had great influence on the volatile profile, from the bud stage to full flowering stage; the content of terpenoids released decreased by 6.17%, whereas alcohols and esters increased by 8.58% and 11.56%, respectively. The chemical diversity and the content of the main components with a different phenotype were not significantly different. Our result will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Rosa willmottiae in Sichuan and Tibet.
Collapse
|
29
|
Optimization of 2-Phenylethanol Production from Sweet Whey Fermentation Using Kluyveromyces marxianus. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for natural products benefits the development of bioprocesses to obtain value-added compounds using residues such as sweet whey, which is rich in lactose. The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus can ferment sweet whey to obtain 2-phenylethanol (2-PhEtOH), which is a superior alcohol with a rose aroma. Such fermentation only requires the addition of L-phenylalanine (precursor) and (NH4)2SO4 (salt). Therefore, it was sought to improve the fermentation conditions to produce 2-PhEtOH, which, in turn, would achieve the maximum decrease in the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the fermentation medium. With the use of the Response Surface Methodology and the application of a Central Composite Design for optimization, two parameters were evaluated as a function of time: salt concentration and precursor. The experimental data were adjusted to a second order polynomial, identifying that the precursor concentration presents a statistically significant effect. The best conditions were: 4.50 g/L of precursor and 0.76 g/L of salt, with a maximum production of 1.2 g/L (2-PhEtOH) at 48 h and achieving a maximum percentage of COD removal of 76% at 96 h. Finally, the optimal conditions were experimentally validated, recommending the use of the model.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhan Y, Shi J, Xiao Y, Zhou F, Wang H, Xu H, Li Z, Yang S, Cai D, Chen S. Multilevel metabolic engineering of Bacillus licheniformis for de novo biosynthesis of 2-phenylethanol. Metab Eng 2022; 70:43-54. [PMID: 35038552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to its pleasant rose-like scent, 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) has been widely used in the fields of cosmetics and food. Microbial production of 2-PE offers a natural and sustainable production process. However, the current bioprocesses for de novo production of 2-PE suffer from low titer, yield, and productivity. In this work, a multilevel metabolic engineering strategy was employed for the high-level production of 2-PE. Firstly, the native alcohol dehydrogenase YugJ was identified and characterized for 2-PE production via genome mining and gene function analysis. Subsequently, the redirection of carbon flux into 2-PE biosynthesis by combining optimization of Ehrlich pathway, central metabolic pathway, and phenylpyruvate pathway enabled the production of 2-PE to a titer of 1.81 g/L. Specifically, AroK and AroD were identified as the rate-limiting enzymes of 2-PE production through transcription and metabolite analyses, and overexpression of aroK and aroD efficiently boosted 2-PE synthesis. The precursor competing pathways were blocked by eliminating byproduct formation pathways and modulating the glucose transport system. Under the optimal condition, the engineered strain PE23 produced 6.24 g/L of 2-PE with a yield and productivity of 0.14 g/g glucose and 0.13 g/L/h, respectively, using a complex medium in shake flasks. This work achieves the highest titer, yield, and productivity of 2-PE from glucose via the phenylpyruvate pathway. This study provides a promising platform that might be widely useful for improving the production of aromatic-derived chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Haixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bioproduction of 2-Phenylethanol through Yeast Fermentation on Synthetic Media and on Agro-Industrial Waste and By-Products: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11010109. [PMID: 35010235 PMCID: PMC8750221 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its pleasant rosy scent, the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) has a huge market demand. Since this valuable compound is used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, consumers and safety regulations tend to prefer natural methods for its production rather than the synthetic ones. Natural 2-PE can be either produced through the extraction of essential oils from various flowers, including roses, hyacinths and jasmine, or through biotechnological routes. In fact, the rarity of natural 2-PE in flowers has led to the inability to satisfy the large market demand and to a high selling price. Hence, there is a need to develop a more efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly biotechnological approach as an alternative to the conventional industrial one. The most promising method is through microbial fermentation, particularly using yeasts. Numerous yeasts have the ability to produce 2-PE using l-Phe as precursor. Some agro-industrial waste and by-products have the particularity of a high nutritional value, making them suitable media for microbial growth, including the production of 2-PE through yeast fermentation. This review summarizes the biotechnological production of 2-PE through the fermentation of different yeasts on synthetic media and on various agro-industrial waste and by-products.
Collapse
|
32
|
El-Sayed AM, Ganji S, Unelius CR, Gemeno C, Ammagarahalli B, Butler RC, Hoffmann C. Feeding Volatiles of Larval Sparganothis pilleriana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Attract Heterospecific Adults of the European Grapevine Moth. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1286-1293. [PMID: 34551073 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants release volatiles in response to caterpillar feeding. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) attract natural enemies of the herbivores and repel or attract conspecific adult herbivores in a tri-trophic interaction which has been considered to be an indirect plant defense against herbivores. Recently, we demonstrated the attraction of male and female European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to a blend of phenylacetonitrile and acetic acid, two compounds identified as HIPVs in heterospecific apple-leafroller interactions. The ecological basis of our findings is not clearly understood. Thus, this work was undertaken to investigate HIPVs in the grapevine-leafroller interaction and study the response of heterospecific adults L. botrana, to these volatiles. We collected headspace volatiles emitted from uninfested grapevines and grapevines infested with larvae of a generalist herbivore, the grapevine leafroller moth, Sparganothis pilleriana (Denis & Schiffermüller), and analyzed them using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Infested grape leaves released three compounds (phenylacetonitrile, indole, and 2-phenylethanol) not found from uninfested leaves. Nine different blends, comprising a full factorial set of the three compounds with each blend containing acetic acid, were tested in a field-cage trial. Only lures containing phenylacetonitrile caused a significant increase in trap catches compared to the other lures and blank traps. Electroantennographic tests show that L. botrana can detect the compounds. The results confirm our hypothesis that phenylacetonitrile is released during grapevines infestation with herbivores, and attracts adult L. botrana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M El-Sayed
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Suresh Ganji
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar,Sweden
| | - C Rikard Unelius
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar,Sweden
| | - César Gemeno
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida Agotecnio-CERCA-Center, 25198 Lleida,Spain
| | - Byrappa Ammagarahalli
- Excellent Team for Mitigation, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16500,Czech Republic
| | - Ruth C Butler
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Christoph Hoffmann
- Julius Kühn-Institute-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Laboratory of Zoology and Integrated Production in Viticulture, D-76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ye J, Tian S, Lv L, Ding Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Li L. Production and purification of 2-phenylethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using tobacco waste extract as a substrate. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:800-806. [PMID: 34596913 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-phenylethanol (2-PE), which is extracted naturally from plant or biotechnology processing, is widely used in the food and cosmetics industries. Due to the high cost of 2-PE production, the valorization of waste carbon to produce 2-PE has gained increasing attention. Here, 2-PE was produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using tobacco waste extract (TWE) as the substrate. Considering the toxicity of nicotine and its inhibition of 2-PE, the tolerance of S. cerevisiae was first evaluated. The results suggested that the production of 2-PE by S. cerevisiae in TWEs could be carried out at 2·0 mg ml-1 nicotine concentrations and may be inhibited by 1·0 mg ml-1 2-PE. Thus, the compounds in the TWEs prepared at different temperatures were detected, and the results revealed that the TWEs prepared at 140°C contained 2·18 mg ml-1 of nicotine, had total sugar concentrations of 26·8 mg ml-1 and were suitable for 2-PE production. Due to feedback regulation, the 2-PE production was only 1·11 mg ml-1 , and the remaining glucose concentration remained at 13·78 mg ml-1 , which indicated insufficient glucose utilization. Then, in situ product recovery was further implemented to remove this inhibition; the glucose utilization (the remaining concentration decreased to 3·64 mg ml-1 ) increased, and the 2-PE production increased to 1·65 mg ml-1 . The 2-PE produced in the fermentation broth was first isolated by elution from the resin with 75% ethanol and then by removing the impurities with 2·5% activated charcoal, and pure 2-PE was identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The results of this study suggest that TWE could be an alternative carbon source for 2-PE production. This could provide an outlet tobacco waste as well as reducing the price of natural 2-PE, although more strategies need to be explored to improve the production yield of 2-PE by using TWE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ye
- Key Laboratory of Translational Tumor Medicine in Fujian Province, Putian University, Putian City, Fujian Province, China
| | - S Tian
- Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - L Lv
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Y Ding
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - J Xu
- Key Laboratory of Translational Tumor Medicine in Fujian Province, Putian University, Putian City, Fujian Province, China
| | - J Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - L Li
- Inner Mongolia Kunming Cigarette Limited Liability Company, Inner Mongolia, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tan M, Caro Y, Shum Cheong Sing A, Reiss H, Francois JM, Petit T. Selection by UV Mutagenesis and Physiological Characterization of Mutant Strains of the Yeast Saprochaete suaveolens (Former Geotrichum fragrans) with Higher Capacity to Produce Flavor Compounds. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1031. [PMID: 34947014 PMCID: PMC8704521 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e. low molecular weight organic acids, alcohols and esters, are considered as potential and sustainable sources of natural aromas that can replace commonly used artificial flavors in food and other industrial sectors. Although research generally focuses on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, other so-called unconventional yeasts (NCY) are beginning to attract the attention of researchers, particularly for their ability to produce alternative panels of VOCs. With this respect, a Saprochaete suaveolens strain isolated from dragon fruit in Reunion Island was shown to produce α-unsaturated esters from branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) such as isobutyl, isoamyl or ethyl tiglate, which are rarely found in other yeasts strains. Given that β-oxidation allows the growth of S. suaveolens on BCAAs as sole carbon source, we developped a method based on UV mutagenesis to generate mutants that can no longer grow on BCAAs, while redirecting the carbon flow towards esterification of α-unsaturated esters. Among the 15,000 clones generated through UV irradiation, we identified nine clones unable to grow on BCAAs with one of them able to produce eight times more VOCs as compared to the wild-type strain. This higher production of α-unsaturated esters in this mutant strain coincided with an almost complete loss of enoyl-CoA hydratase activity of the β-oxidation pathways and with a twofold increase of acyl-CoA hydrolase with not significant changes in the enzymes of the Ehrlich pathway. Moreover, from our knowledge, it constituted the first example of VOCs enhancement in a microbial strain by UV mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tan
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels—CHEMBIOPRO, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CEDEX 9, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.T.); (Y.C.); (A.S.C.S.); (H.R.)
- IUT de La Réunion, Département Hygiène, Sécurité, Environnement (HSE), 40 Avenue de Soweto, CEDEX 9, BP 373, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, France
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), UMR-CNRS5504 & UMR-INRA 792, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Yanis Caro
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels—CHEMBIOPRO, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CEDEX 9, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.T.); (Y.C.); (A.S.C.S.); (H.R.)
- IUT de La Réunion, Département Hygiène, Sécurité, Environnement (HSE), 40 Avenue de Soweto, CEDEX 9, BP 373, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Alain Shum Cheong Sing
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels—CHEMBIOPRO, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CEDEX 9, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.T.); (Y.C.); (A.S.C.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Héloïse Reiss
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels—CHEMBIOPRO, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CEDEX 9, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.T.); (Y.C.); (A.S.C.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Jean-Marie Francois
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), UMR-CNRS5504 & UMR-INRA 792, INSA, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse White Biotechnology, UMS:INRA INSA CNRS, 135 Avenue de Rangeuil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels—CHEMBIOPRO, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CEDEX 9, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.T.); (Y.C.); (A.S.C.S.); (H.R.)
- IUT de La Réunion, Département Hygiène, Sécurité, Environnement (HSE), 40 Avenue de Soweto, CEDEX 9, BP 373, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhu L, Xu S, Li Y, Shi G. Improvement of 2-phenylethanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by evolutionary and rational metabolic engineering. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258180. [PMID: 34665833 PMCID: PMC8525735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is a valuable aromatic compound with favorable flavors and good properties, resulting in its widespread application in the cosmetic, food and medical industries. In this study, a mutant strain, AD032, was first obtained by adaptive evolution under 2-PE stress. Then, a fusion protein from the Ehrlich pathway, composed of tyrB from Escherichia coli, kdcA from Lactococcus lactis and ADH2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was constructed and expressed. As a result, 3.14 g/L 2-PE was achieved using L-phenylalanine as a precursor. To further increase 2-PE production, L-glutamate oxidase from Streptomyces overexpression was applied for the first time in our research to improve the supply of α-ketoglutarate in the transamination of 2-PE synthesis. Furthermore, we found that the disruption of the pyruvate decarboxylase encoding gene PDC5 caused an increase in 2-PE production, which has not yet been reported. Finally, assembly of the efficient metabolic modules and process optimization resulted in the strain RM27, which reached 4.02 g/L 2-PE production from 6.7 g/L L-phenylalanine without in situ product recovery. The strain RM27 produced 2-PE (0.8 mol/mol) with L-phenylalanine as a precursor, which was considerably high, and displayed manufacturing potential regarding food safety and process simplification aspects. This study suggests that innovative strategies regarding metabolic modularization provide improved prospects for 2-PE production in food exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linghuan Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, the Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li C, Dong G, Bian M, Liu X, Gong J, Hao J, Wang W, Li K, Ou W, Xia T. Brewing rich 2-phenylethanol beer from cassava and its producing metabolisms in yeast. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4050-4058. [PMID: 33349937 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava is rich in nutrition and has high edible value, but the development of the cassava industry is limited by the traditional low added value processing and utilization mode. In this study, cassava tuber was used as beer adjunct to develop a complete set of fermentation technology for manufacturing cassava beer. RESULTS The activities of transaminase, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and dehydrogenase in 2-phenylethanol Ehrlich biosynthesis pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were higher in cassava beer than that of malt beer. Aminotransferase ARO9 gene and phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 gene were up-regulated in the late stage of fermentation, which indicated that they were the main regulated genes of 2-phenylethanol Ehrlich pathway with phenylalanine as substrate in cassava beer preparation. CONCLUSIONS Compared with traditional wheat beer, cassava beer was similar in the content of nutrition elements, diacetyl, total acid, alcohol and carbon dioxide, but has the characteristics of fresh fragrance and better taste. The hydrocyanic acid contained in cassava root tubes was catabolized during fermentation and compliant with the safety standard of beverage. Further study found that the content of 2-phenylethanol in cassava beer increased significantly, which gave cassava beer a unique elegant and delicate rose flavor. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Geyu Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Bian
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- TsingTao Brewery (Jinan) Co. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Hao
- TsingTao Brewery (Jinan) Co. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haiko, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crops Genetics Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haiko, China
| | - Wenjun Ou
- Tropical Crops Genetics Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haiko, China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Song W, Song M, Jiang X, Yi X, Lai W. Hydrolytic cleavage of lignin derived C-O bonds by acid/base catalysis in water. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-01990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
38
|
Balbino TR, da Silveira FA, Ventorim RZ, do Nascimento AG, de Oliveira LL, da Silveira WB. Adaptive responses of Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 to 2-phenylethanol stress: Alterations in membrane fatty-acid composition, ergosterol content, exopolysaccharide production and reduction in reactive oxygen species. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 151:103561. [PMID: 33819626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a higher aromatic alcohol with a rose-like aroma used in the cosmetic and food industries as a flavoring and displays potential for application as an antifungal. Biotechnological production of 2-PE from yeast is an interesting alternative due to the non-use of toxic compounds and the generation of few by-products. Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7735 is a thermotolerant strain capable of producing high 2-PE titers from L-Phenylalanine; however, like other yeast species, its growth has been strongly inhibited by this alcohol. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effect of 2-PE on cell growth, cell viability, membrane permeability, glucose uptake, metabolism, and morphology in K. marxianus CCT 7735, as well as its adaptive responses. The stress condition was imposed after 4 h of cultivation by adding 3.0 g.L-1 of 2-PE in exponential growing cells. 2-PE stress impaired yeast growth, glucose uptake, fermentative metabolism, membrane permeability, and cell viability. Moreover, the stress condition provoked changes in both morphology and surface roughness. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased immediately on exposure to 2-PE. Changes in membrane fatty-acid composition, ergosterol content, exopolysaccharides production, and reduction of the ROS levels appear to be the result of adaptive responses in K. marxianus. Our results provided insights into a better understanding of the effects of 2-PE on K. marxianus and its adaptive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thércia Rocha Balbino
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Zandonade Ventorim
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Galvão do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Licursi de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel Batista da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhu L, Wang J, Xu S, Shi G. Improved aromatic alcohol production by strengthening the shikimate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Dai J, Xia H, Yang C, Chen X. Sensing, Uptake and Catabolism of L-Phenylalanine During 2-Phenylethanol Biosynthesis via the Ehrlich Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:601963. [PMID: 33717002 PMCID: PMC7947893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.601963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important flavouring ingredient with a persistent rose-like odour, and it has been widely utilized in food, perfume, beverages, and medicine. Due to the potential existence of toxic byproducts in 2-PE resulting from chemical synthesis, the demand for “natural” 2-PE through biotransformation is increasing. L-Phenylalanine (L-Phe) is used as the precursor for the biosynthesis of 2-PE through the Ehrlich pathway by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The regulation of L-Phe metabolism in S. cerevisiae is complicated and elaborate. We reviewed current progress on the signal transduction pathways of L-Phe sensing, uptake of extracellular L-Phe and 2-PE synthesis from L-Phe through the Ehrlich pathway. Moreover, the anticipated bottlenecks and future research directions for S. cerevisiae biosynthesis of 2-PE are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huili Xia
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Utilization of a styrene-derived pathway for 2-phenylethanol production in budding yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2333-2340. [PMID: 33649922 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important flavor ingredient and is widely applied in the fields of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite that Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the ability to naturally synthesize 2-PE via the Ehrlich pathway, de novo synthesis of 2-PE in high titer still remains a huge challenge. In this study, a non-native styrene degradation pathway was introduced into S. cerevisiae, which represents the first time to demonstrate the functional expression of "styrene-derived" 2-PE synthesis in yeast. Using a host strain engineered with L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) overproduction, the heterologous 2-PE pathway coupled with endogenous Ehrlich pathway produced 233 mg/L 2-PE under shake flasks. Additionally, we further engineered the permease transporters to improve the intracellular L-Phe availability, and further improved the 2-PE titer to 680 mg/L. Taken together, our work represents one of the pioneering reports to explore "styrene-derived" pathway in S. cerevisiae. The synthetic yeast described here might be used as a platform for the future development of next-generation high-yielding 2-PE yeast strains.Key Points• A styrene-derived pathway was established in yeast for 2-phenylethanol productions; membrane-associated styrene oxide isomerase was functional in yeast.• Transporter engineering to improve the L-phenylalanine importation with enhanced 2-phenylethanol productions.
Collapse
|
42
|
Martínez-Avila O, Muñoz-Torrero P, Sánchez A, Font X, Barrena R. Valorization of agro-industrial wastes by producing 2-phenylethanol via solid-state fermentation: Influence of substrate selection on the process. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 121:403-411. [PMID: 33445113 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a value-added compound widely used in industry due to its rose-like odor and antibacterial properties that can be bioproduced using wastes as raw materials. This study presents the valorization of nine agro-industrial wastes as potential substrates for 2-PE production using an isolated 2-PE producer Pichia kudriavzevii, and the solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology as an alternative approach. The assessed substrates comprised wastes of varied traits such that each of them provided different characteristics to the fermentation. Thus, by using a principal component analysis (PCA), it was possible to identify the most significant characteristics associated with the substrates affecting the 2-PE production. Results show that L-phenylalanine biotransformation was more efficient than de novo synthesis for producing 2-PE. Besides, from the evaluated set, the maximum 2-PE production was achieved with red apple pomace, reaching 1.7 and 25.2 mg2PE per gram of used waste through de novo and L-phenylalanine biotransformation, respectively. In that scenario, volumetric productivity and precursor yield were 39.6 mg2PE L-1h-1 and 0.69 g2PE per gram of L-phenylalanine added, respectively. From the PCA, it was identified that the reducing sugars content of the substrate, the air-filled porosity of the bed and the L-phenylalanine availability were the most critical parameters (associated with the substrates) influencing the microbial activity and 2-PE production. These results suggest that the desirable traits a solid media needs for promoting 2-PE production via SSF could be reached by using a combination of wastes in a synergistic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Martínez-Avila
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patricia Muñoz-Torrero
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Font
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Barrena
- Composting Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Loulier J, Lefort F, Stocki M, Asztemborska M, Szmigielski R, Siwek K, Grzywacz T, Hsiang T, Ślusarski S, Oszako T, Klisz M, Tarakowski R, Nowakowska JA. Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms. Molecules 2020; 25:E5749. [PMID: 33291490 PMCID: PMC7730677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes release volatiles into their environment which could be used for olfactory detection and identification of these organisms by electronic-nose (e-nose). The aim of this study was to survey volatile compound emission using an e-nose device and to identify released molecules through solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis to ultimately develop a detection system for fungi and fungi-like organisms. To this end, cultures of eight fungi (Armillaria gallica, Armillaria ostoyae, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium poae, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma asperellum) and four oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. plurivora, P. ramorum) were tested with the e-nose system and investigated by means of SPME-GC/MS. Strains of F. poae, R. solani and T. asperellum appeared to be the most odoriferous. All investigated fungal species (except R. solani) produced sesquiterpenes in variable amounts, in contrast to the tested oomycetes strains. Other molecules such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and benzene derivatives were found in all samples. The results suggested that the major differences between respective VOC emission ranges of the tested species lie in sesquiterpene production, with fungi emitting some while oomycetes released none or smaller amounts of such molecules. Our e-nose system could discriminate between the odors emitted by P. ramorum, F. poae, T. asperellum and R. solani, which accounted for over 88% of the PCA variance. These preliminary results of fungal and oomycete detection make the e-nose device suitable for further sensor design as a potential tool for forest managers, other plant managers, as well as regulatory agencies such as quarantine services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Loulier
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - François Lefort
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - Marcin Stocki
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Siwek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Grzywacz
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tom Hsiang
- Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Sławomir Ślusarski
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Oszako
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Rafał Tarakowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Anna Nowakowska
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tian S, Liang X, Chen J, Zeng W, Zhou J, Du G. Enhancement of 2-phenylethanol production by a wild-type Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain isolated from rice wine. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124257. [PMID: 33096442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE) is an important high-grade aromatic alcohol, which is widely used in the cosmetics, perfumery and food industries. However, 2-PE is mainly synthesized using a chemical route, which produces environmental pollution and harmful by-products. Screening of high-yielding wild-type strains has become an important goal for the future biosynthesis of 2-PE. In this study, a wild-type Wickerhamomyces anomalus was isolated from rice wine fermented mash. By optimizing the initial glucose and l-phenylalanine concentrations, 2630.7 mg/L of 2-PE was obtained in shaking flasks. The conditions of initial glucose and l-phenylalanine concentration, pH, and inoculation amount were optimized for 2-PE production with W. anomalus. Finally, based on the optimal conditions, the 2-PE titer reached 4,727.3 mg/L by a single-dose fed-batch strategy in a 5-L bioreactor. The results showed that the ability was expanded to harness the Ehrlich pathway for the production of high-value aromatics in aroma-producing yeast species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dai J, Li K, Song N, Yao W, Xia H, Yang Q, Zhang X, Li X, Wang Z, Yao L, Yang S, Chen X. Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, an Aromatic Yeast Isolated From Chili Sauce, Is Able to Biosynthesize 2-Phenylethanol via the Shikimate or Ehrlich Pathways. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:597454. [PMID: 33250885 PMCID: PMC7673420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.597454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated an aromatic strain of yeast (M2013310) from chili sauce. Assembly, annotation, and phylogenetic analysis based on genome sequencing, identified M2013310 as an allodiploid yeast that was closely related to Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. During fermentation, M2013310, produced an aromatic alcohol with a rose-honey scent; gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identified this alcohol as 2-phenylethanol. The concentration of 2-phenylethanol reached 3.8 mg/L, 1.79 g/L, and 3.58 g/L, in M3 (NH4+), M3 (NH4+ + Phe), and M3 (Phe) culture media, after 72 h of fermentation, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of ARO8 encoding aromatic aminotransferases I and ARO10 encoding phenylpyruvate decarboxylase by M2013310 in M3 (Phe) were the lowest of the three different forms of media tested. These results indicated that M2013310 can synthesize 2-phenylethanol via the Shikimate or Ehrlich pathways and the production of 2-phenylethanol may be significantly improved by the over-expression of these two genes. Our research identified a promising strain of yeast (M2013310) that could be used to improve the production of 2-phenylethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Song
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huili Xia
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- ABI Group, College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Design of a Separation Process for Natural 2-Phenylethanol with Economic and Safety Considerations. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8121570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to design a separation process for 2-phenylethanol (2-PEA) produced by whey fermentation and to evaluate its economic potential. The separation sequence consisted of a liquid–liquid extraction column followed by two distillation columns for 2-PEA purification and solvent recovery. In addition, the use of ethyl acetate as a solvent for the extraction process was analyzed. The results, aided by the Aspen Plus v.10 process simulator, showed that 2-PEA can be separated with a purity of 96% by weight. The operating cost of the process, estimated at USD 22.70 per kilogram, shows that the separation alternative developed in this work has a high economic potential. The use of ethyl acetate as a solvent was found to efficiently remove 2-PEA from the fermentation mixture. From a process safety analysis point of view, the use of a bioprocess safety index developed in this work identified the separation process sections that could require special attention as part of the safety engineering stage of the process implementation.
Collapse
|
47
|
Liu S, Yang Q, Mao J, Bai M, Zhou J, Han X, Mao J. Feedback inhibition of the prephenate dehydratase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its mutation in huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) yeast. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
48
|
Červeňanský I, Mihaľ M, Markoš J. Pertraction-adsorption in situ product removal system: Intensification of 2-phenyelthanol bioproduction. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
49
|
Graml A, König B. Synthesis of anti‐Markovnikov Alcohols via Epoxidation and Hydrogenation of Styrenes using Photocatalytically Generated Redox Equivalents. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Graml
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yan W, Zhang X, Qian X, Zhou J, Dong W, Ma J, Zhang W, Xin F, Jiang M. Comprehensive investigations of 2-phenylethanol production by high 2-phenylethanol tolerating Meyerozyma sp. strain YLG18. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 140:109629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|