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Li C, Zhao X, Xu H, Liu X, He Y, Gu J. NMN Synbiotics: A Multifaceted Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2888-2896. [PMID: 39037560 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
With the aging global population, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a significant social and economic burden, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) synbiotics, a combination of NMN, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CGMCC 1.16089, and lactulose, in mitigating AD pathology. APP/PS1 mice were supplemented with NMN synbiotics and compared against control groups. The effects on amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, intestinal histopathology, tight junction proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed. NMN synbiotics intervention significantly reduced Aβ deposition in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by 67% and 60%, respectively. It also ameliorated histopathological changes in the colon, reducing crypt depth and restoring goblet cell numbers. The expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-1 and ZO-1 was significantly upregulated, enhancing intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, NMN synbiotics decreased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and reduced ROS levels, indicative of attenuated oxidative stress. The reduction in Aβ deposition, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, decrease in neuroinflammation, and alleviation of oxidative stress suggest that NMN synbiotics present a promising therapeutic intervention for AD by modulating multiple pathological pathways. Further research is required to elucidate the precise mechanisms, particularly the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, which may offer a novel target for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Li
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Huilian Xu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jinsong Gu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
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2
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Chen Q, Wu J, Wu Y, Wang Z, Zeng M, He Z, Chen J, Mu W. Rational Design of Loop Dynamics for a Barrel-Shaped Enzyme by Introducing Disulfide Bonds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13856-13868. [PMID: 38848490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Loop dynamics redesign is an important strategy to manipulate protein function. Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) and other members of its superfamily are widely used for diverse industrial applications. The structural feature of the loops connecting barrel helices contributes greatly to the differences in their functional characteristics. Inspired by the in-silico mutation with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis, we propose a strategy for identifying disulfide bond mutation candidates based on the prediction of protein flexibility and residue-residue interaction. The most beneficial mutant with the newly introduced disulfide bond would simultaneously improve both its thermostability and its reaction propensity to the targeting isomerization product. The ratio of the isomerization/epimerization catalytic rate was improved from 4:103 to 9:22. MD simulation and binding free energy calculations were applied to provide insights into molecular recognition upon mutations. The comparative analysis of enzyme/substrate binding modes indicates that the altered catalytic reaction pathway is due to less efficient binding of the native product. The key residue responsible for the observed phenotype was identified by energy decomposition and was further confirmed by the mutation experiment. The rational design of the key loop region might be a promising strategy to alter the catalytic behavior of all (α/α)6-barrel-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yanchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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3
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Yoo S, Jung SC, Kwak K, Kim JS. The Role of Prebiotics in Modulating Gut Microbiota: Implications for Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4834. [PMID: 38732060 PMCID: PMC11084426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota, an intricate ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. Prebiotics, non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial microorganisms, have emerged as a key modulator of this complex microbial community. This review article explores the evolution of the prebiotic concept, delineates various types of prebiotics, including fructans, galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides, lactulose, resistant starch, and polyphenols, and elucidates their impact on the gut microbiota composition. We delve into the mechanisms through which prebiotics exert their effects, particularly focusing on producing short-chain fatty acids and modulating the gut microbiota towards a health-promoting composition. The implications of prebiotics on human health are extensively reviewed, focusing on conditions such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, immune function, and mental health. The review further discusses the emerging concept of synbiotics-combinations of prebiotics and probiotics that synergistically enhance gut health-and highlights the market potential of prebiotics in response to a growing demand for functional foods. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying areas for future research, this review aims to enhance understanding of prebiotics' role in health and disease, underscoring their importance in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome and overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Yoo
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Chae Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kihyuck Kwak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seob Kim
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Institute for New Drug Development, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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Park CW, Lee J, Hong YH, Kim YS, Suh HJ, Ahn Y. Coadministration of Lactulose with Probiotics Ameliorates Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:427-435. [PMID: 38188082 PMCID: PMC10764220 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of mixtures of lactulose with probiotic strains to ameliorate constipation and to identify suitable probiotic strains. Constipation was induced in Institute of Cancer Research mice (6-week-old, male) by the administering loperamide (5 mg/kg, twice a day) orally for 5 days, whereas the control group was not treated. To evaluate the laxative effects of the lactulose-probiotic and lactulose-magnesium hydroxide mixtures, fecal parameters, the gastrointestinal (GI) transit ratio, and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content were analyzed. The administration of lactulose and Bacillus licheniformis or Saccharomyces boulardii significantly improved stool number and water content, which were reduced by loperamide. The GI transit ratio was significantly increased compared with that of the control group. The combined administration of lactulose and probiotics (B. licheniformis or S. boulardii) increased total SCFA content, including that of acetate, more effectively compared with lactulose alone. Similarly, coadministration of lactulose and magnesium hydroxide improved the loperamide-induced changes in fecal parameters and GI transit as well as increased total SCFA content. Overall, the combination of lactulose and probiotics relieves the symptoms of constipation by increasing SCFA content and is more effective compared with lactulose alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Woong Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yang Hee Hong
- Department of Beauty Art, Suwon Women’s University, Gyeonggi 16632, Korea
| | - Young Suk Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Ansan University, Gyeonggi 15328, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yejin Ahn
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Liu P, Chen Y, Ma C, Ouyang J, Zheng Z. β-Galactosidase: a traditional enzyme given multiple roles through protein engineering. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 38108277 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2292282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
β-Galactosidases are crucial carbohydrate-active enzymes that naturally catalyze the hydrolysis of galactoside bonds in oligo- and disaccharides. These enzymes are commonly used to degrade lactose and produce low-lactose and lactose-free dairy products that are beneficial for lactose-intolerant people. β-galactosidases exhibit transgalactosylation activity, and they have been employed in the synthesis of galactose-containing compounds such as galactooligosaccharides. However, most β-galactosidases have intrinsic limitations, such as low transglycosylation efficiency, significant product inhibition effects, weak thermal stability, and a narrow substrate spectrum, which greatly hinder their applications. Enzyme engineering offers a solution for optimizing their catalytic performance. The study of the enzyme's structure paves the way toward explaining catalytic mechanisms and increasing the efficiency of enzyme engineering. In this review, the structure features of β-galactosidases from different glycosyl hydrolase families and the catalytic mechanisms are summarized in detail to offer guidance for protein engineering. The properties and applications of β-galactosidases are discussed. Additionally, the latest progress in β-galactosidase engineering and the strategies employed are highlighted. Based on the combined analysis of structure information and catalytic mechanisms, the ultimate goal of this review is to furnish a thorough direction for β-galactosidases engineering and promote their application in the food and dairy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojuan Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Wang M, Wang L, Hua X, Yang R. Production of high-purity lactulose via an integrated one-pot boronate affinity adsorbent based adsorption-assisted isomerization and simultaneous purification. Food Chem 2023; 429:136935. [PMID: 37499512 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
High-purity lactulose is mandatory for its medical uses and food applications. This work developed an efficient lab-scale strategy for the synthesis of high-purity lactulose by combining lactose-to-lactulose isomerization with simultaneous recovery of lactulose, which was conducted concurrently and semi-continuously in a boronate affinity adsorbent-packed column. The first step covers the boronate affinity adsorbent-based adsorption-assisted lactose-to-lactulose isomerization. Under optimized conditions, in situ selectively binding of the newly formed lactulose onto the boronate affinity adsorbent enables a much-enhanced lactulose yield up to 80.20% with the lowest byproducts yield of 6.30%. Afterward, over 90% of the adsorbed lactulose can be recovered through sequential desorption with purity >98%. The net outcome of the applied strategy was the yield of high-purity lactulose up to 72.31%, the highest value ever reported. Moreover, the packed column displayed excellent operational stability. The encouraging results validate the high potential of this approach in the sustainable production of high-purity lactulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong Province 266003, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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Mollova D, Vasileva T, Bivolarski V, Iliev I. The Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Prebiotic Sugars from LAB Isolated from Breast Milk. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1904. [PMID: 37630464 PMCID: PMC10458952 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is essential in the first months of a newborn's life. Breast milk is a source of crucial macronutrients, prebiotic oligosaccharides, and potential probiotic strains of bacteria. Oligosaccharides from breast milk (HMOs) are a significant part of the composition of breast milk and represent a complex of digestible sugars. This study aims to elucidate the enzymatic hydrolysis of these oligosaccharides and other prebiotics by the bacteria present in breast milk. We used modified methods to isolate oligosaccharides (HMOs) from human milk. Using unique techniques, we isolated and identified different bacteria from breast milk, mainly Lactobacillus fermentum. Using enzymatic analyses, we established the participation of α-fucosidase, α-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase from breast milk bacteria in the hydrolysis of prebiotic sugars. We also optimized the scheme for isolating oligosaccharides from breast milk by putting the lyophilized product into different food media. We found that the oligosaccharides from breast milk (HMOs) are a potent inducer for the secretion of the studied bacterial enzymes. Also, we found that all the lactobacilli strains we studied in detail could digest mucin-linked glycans. The degradation of these sugars is perhaps a built-in defense mechanism in cases where other sugars are lacking in the environment. We also determined fucosidase activity in some of the isolated strains. We recorded the highest values (2.5 U/mg in L. fermentum ss8) when the medium's oligosaccharides isolated from breast milk were present. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria supplied with breast milk are the first colonizers in most cases in the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn. The presence and study of different genes for synthesizing other enzyme systems and transporters of various sugars in this type of bacteria are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mollova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.V.); (V.B.); (I.I.)
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8
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Bell DSH. Detecting and treating the protean manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1162-1173. [PMID: 36748121 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) are protean and clinically involve multiple systems, including the cardiovascular system, the gastrointestinal system, the genitourinary system as well as the sweat glands (sudomotor dysfunction) and the gallbladder. In addition, cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is associated with a correctible inability to appreciate and correct hypoglycaemia. While not a clinical problem, pupillary involvement should be the clue and the catalyst to investigate for other manifestations of DAN. This review outlines a practical approach to detecting and investigating the manifestations of DAN. Of particular importance is early detection of cardiovascular involvement where prompt therapy through glycaemic control can decrease the severity of CAN and decelerate the frequency and severity of retinopathy and nephropathy in addition to decreasing cardiovascular events and mortality. CAN also plays a role in accelerating other diabetic complications such as acute ischaemic stroke, heart failure, medial artery calcinosis, foot ulcers, peripheral artery disease and Charcot joints. Many therapies of DAN are available, which should not only decrease morbidity and mortality from DAN, but also improve the patient's quality of life. However, the therapies available are largely symptomatic.
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhu W, Tang C, Lamm S, Li L. Polyethylene glycol combined with lactulose has better efficacy than polyethylene glycol alone in bowel preparation before colonoscopy: A meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100172. [PMID: 37019039 PMCID: PMC10126707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of diagnosis and the safety of treatment in colonoscopy depends largely on the quality of bowel cleansing. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and adverse reactions of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) combined with lactulose with that of PEG alone in bowel preparation before colonoscopy. METHODS The authors searched a number of databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and China Academic Journals Full-text Database. The authors screened according to literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessed the quality of the included literature, and extracted the data. The meta-analysis of included literature used RevMan 5.3 and Stata 14.0 software. RESULTS A total of 18 studies, including 2274 patients, were enrolled. The meta-analysis showed that PEG combined with lactulose had a better efficacy (OR = 3.87, 95% CI 3.07‒4.87, p = 0.000, and I2 = 36.2% in the efficiency group; WMD = 0.86, 95% CI 0.69‒1.03, p = 0.032 and I2 = 0% in the BBPS score group) in bowel preparation for patients with or without constipation. Moreover, PEG combined with lactulose had fewer adverse reactions, including abdominal pain (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 0.94‒2.14, p = 0.094), nausea (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.13‒2.28, p = 0.009) and vomiting (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.14‒2.74, p = 0.011), than PEG alone. No significant reduction in the incidence of abdominal distention was observed. CONCLUSION PEG combined with lactulose may be a better choice for bowel preparation before colonoscopy compared with PEG alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yishu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chenxi Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shelby Lamm
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Wang L, Gu J, Zhao W, Wang M, Ng KR, Lyu X, Yang R. Reshaping the Binding Pocket of Cellobiose 2-Epimerase for Improved Substrate Affinity and Isomerization Activity for Enabling Green Synthesis of Lactulose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15879-15893. [PMID: 36475670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic isomerization of lactose into lactulose via cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) could provide an eco-friendly route for the industrial production of lactulose, a valuable food prebiotic. However, poor substrate affinity for lactose and preference for epimerization over isomerization hinder this application. Previous studies on CE improvement have focused on random mutagenesis or active site rational design; little is known about the relationship between substrate binding and enzyme efficacy, which was hence the subject of this study. First, residues 372W and 308W were identified as key for disaccharide recognition in CEs based on crystal structure alignment of the N-acetyl-glucosamine 2-epimerase superfamily and site-directed mutation. This binding domain was then reshaped through site saturation mutagenesis, resulting in seven mutants with enhanced isomerization activity. The optimal mutant CsCE/Q371E had significantly enhanced substrate affinity (Km, 269.65 mM vs Km, 417.5 mM), reduced epimerization activity, and 3.3-fold increased isomerization activity over the original CsCE. Molecular dynamics simulation further revealed that substituting Gln-371 with Glu strengthened the hydrogen-bonding network and altered the active site-substrate interactions, increasing the substrate stability and shifting the catalytic direction. This study uncovered new information about the substrate binding region and its mechanisms and impact on CE catalytic performance, paving the way for potential commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kuan Rei Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Calatayud M, Duysburgh C, Van den Abbeele P, Franckenstein D, Kuchina-Koch A, Marzorati M. Long-Term Lactulose Administration Improves Dysbiosis Induced by Antibiotic and C. difficile in the PathoGut TM SHIME Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1464. [PMID: 36358119 PMCID: PMC9686563 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and an important nosocomial infection with different severity degrees. Disruption of the gut microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics creates a proper environment for C. difficile colonization, proliferation, and clinical disease onset. Restoration of the gut microbial ecosystem through prebiotic interventions can constitute an effective complementary treatment of CDI. Using an adapted simulator of the human gut microbial ecosystem, the PathoGutTM SHIME, the effect of different long-term and repeated dose lactulose treatments was tested on C. difficile germination and growth in antibiotic-induced dysbiotic gut microbiota environments. The results showed that lactulose reduced the growth of viable C. difficile cells following clindamycin treatment, shifted the antibiotic-induced dysbiotic microbial community, and stimulated the production of health-promoting metabolites (especially butyrate). Recovery of the gut microenvironment by long-term lactulose administration following CDI was also linked to lactate production, decrease in pH and modulation of bile salt metabolism. At a structural level, lactulose showed a significant bifidogenic potential and restored key commensal members of the gut ecosystem such as Lactobacillaceae, Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae. These results support further human intervention studies aiming to validate the in vitro beneficial effects of lactulose on gut microbiome recovery during antibiotic exposure and CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calatayud
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Synbiotics and Gut Microbiota: New Perspectives in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162438. [PMID: 36010438 PMCID: PMC9407597 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased sharply over the past decades. Apart from genetic predisposition, which may cause some of the diagnosed cases, an unhealthy diet and lifestyle are incentive triggers of this global epidemic. Consumption of probiotics and prebiotics to gain health benefits has become increasingly accepted by the public in recent years, and their critical roles in alleviating T2DM symptoms are confirmed by accumulating studies. Microbiome research reveals gut colonization by probiotics and their impacts on the host, while oral intake of prebiotics may stimulate existing metabolisms in the colon. The use of synbiotics (a combination of prebiotics and probiotics) can thus show a synergistic effect on T2DM through modulating the gastrointestinal microenvironment. This review summarizes the research progress in the treatment of T2DM from the perspective of synbiotics and gut microbiota and provides a class of synbiotics which are composed of lactulose, arabinose, and Lactobacillus plantarum, and can effectively adjust the blood glucose, blood lipid, and body weight of T2DM patients to ideal levels.
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Wang M, Wang L, Lyu X, Hua X, Goddard JM, Yang R. Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108021. [PMID: 35901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose, a semisynthetic nondigestive disaccharide with versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has received increasing interest due to its significant health-promoting effects. Currently, industrial lactulose production is exclusively carried out by chemical isomerization of lactose via the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein (LA) rearrangement, and much work has been directed toward improving the conversion efficiency in terms of lactulose yield and purity by using new chemo-catalysts and integrated catalytic-purification systems. Lactulose can also be produced by an enzymatic route offering a potentially greener alternative to chemo-catalysis with fewer side products. Compared to the controlled trans-galactosylation by β-galactosidase, directed isomerization of lactose with high isomerization efficiency catalyzed by the most efficient lactulose-producing enzyme, cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), has gained much attention in recent decades. To further facilitate the industrial translation of CE-based lactulose biotransformation, numerous studies have been reported on improving biocatalytic performance through enzyme mediated molecular modification. This review summarizes recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic production of lactulose. Related catalytic mechanisms are also highlighted and described in detail. Emerging techniques that aimed at advancing lactulose production, such as the boronate affinity-based technique and molecular biological techniques, are reviewed. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lactulose production and purification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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Leszkowicz J, Plata-Nazar K, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A. Can Lactose Intolerance Be a Cause of Constipation? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:1785. [PMID: 35565753 PMCID: PMC9105309 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance and constipation are common in children and impact everyday life, not only for patients but also their families. Both conditions can be comorbid with other diseases or form a part of their clinical presentation, but constipation is not usually associated with lactose intolerance. The typical symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating, flatus, diarrhoea, borborygmi, and less frequently nausea and vomiting. In approximately 30% of cases, constipation can be a symptom of lactose intolerance. Constipation is characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard and/or large stools, painful defecation, and faecal incontinence, and is often accompanied by abdominal pain. This paper provides a narrative review on lactose intolerance, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, the correlation between lactose intolerance and constipation in children, and potential mechanisms of such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leszkowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology and Paediatric Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.P.-N.); (A.S.-S.)
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15
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Karim A, Aider M. Production of prebiotic lactulose through isomerisation of lactose as a part of integrated approach through whey and whey permeate complete valorisation: A review. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vera C, Guerrero C, Illanes A. Trends in lactose-derived bioactives: synthesis and purification. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2022; 2:393-412. [PMID: 38624767 PMCID: PMC8776390 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-021-00068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactose obtained from cheese whey is a low value commodity despite its great potential as raw material for the production of bioactive compounds. Among them, prebiotics stand out as valuable ingredients to be added to food matrices to build up functional foods, which currently represent the most active sector within the food industry. Functional foods market has been growing steadily in the recent decades along with the increasing awareness of the World population about healthy nutrition, and this is having a strong impact on lactose-derived bioactives. Most of them are produced by enzyme biocatalysis because of molecular precision and environmental sustainability considerations. The current status and outlook of the production of lactose-derived bioactive compounds is presented with special emphasis on downstream operations which are critical because of the rather modest lactose conversion and product yields that are attainable. Even though some of these products have already an established market, there are still several challenges referring to the need of developing better catalysts and more cost-effective downstream operations for delivering high quality products at affordable prices. This technological push is expected to broaden the spectrum of lactose-derived bioactive compounds to be produced at industrial scale in the near future. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaiso, Chile
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Liangfei L, Yafeng Z, Kai X, Zheng X. Identification of a thermostable cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor sp. Rt8.B8 and production of epilactose using Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:85-94. [PMID: 34031874 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilactose, a potential prebiotics, was derived from lactose through enzymatic catalysis. However, production and purification of epilactose are currently difficult due to powerless enzymes and inefficient downstream processing steps. RESULTS The encoding gene of cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) from Caldicellulosiruptor sp. Rt8.B8 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The enzyme was purified and it was suitable for industrial production of epilactose from lactose without by-products, because of high kcat (197.6 s-1 ) and preferable thermostability. The Rt8-CE gene was further expressed in the Bacillus subtilis strain. We successfully produced epilactose from 700 g L-1 lactose in 30.4% yield by using the recombinant Bacillus subtilis whole cells. By screening of a β-galactosidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BsGal), a process for separating epilactose and lactose was established, which showed a purity of over 95% in a total yield of 69.2%. In addition, a mixed rare sugar syrup composed of epilactose and d-tagatose was successfully produced from lactose through the co-expression of l-arabinose isomerase and β-galactosidase. CONCLUSION Our study shed light on the efficient production of epilactose using a food-grade host expressing a novel CE enzyme. Moreover, an efficient and low-cost process was attempted to obtain high purity epilactose. In order to improve the utilization of raw materials, the production process of mixed syrup containing epilactose and d-tagatose with prebiotic properties produced from lactose was also established for the first time. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liangfei
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhu Yafeng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xu Kai
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Paladii IV, Vrabie EG, Sprinchan KG, Bologa MK. Whey: Review. Part 2. Treatment Processes and Methods. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375521060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Preparation of a flowerlike protein-inorganic nanohybrid biocatalyst via co-immobilization of cobalt phosphate with mutant cellobiose 2-epimerase. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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de Albuquerque TL, de Sousa M, Gomes E Silva NC, Girão Neto CAC, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha MVP. β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis: Characterization, production, immobilization and applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:881-898. [PMID: 34571129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A review on the enzyme β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis is presented, from the perspective of its structure and mechanisms of action, the main catalyzed reactions, the key factors influencing its activity, and selectivity, as well as the main techniques used for improving the biocatalyst functionality. Particular attention was given to the discussion of hydrolysis, transglycosylation, and galactosylation reactions, which are commonly mediated by this enzyme. In addition, the products generated from these processes were highlighted. Finally, biocatalyst improvement techniques are also discussed, such as enzyme immobilization and protein engineering. On these topics, the most recent immobilization strategies are presented, emphasizing processes that not only allow the recovery of the biocatalyst but also deliver enzymes that show better resistance to high temperatures, chemicals, and inhibitors. In addition, genetic engineering techniques to improve the catalytic properties of the β-galactosidases were reported. This review gathers information to allow the development of biocatalysts based on the β-galactosidase enzyme from K. lactis, aiming to improve existing bioprocesses or develop new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lima de Albuquerque
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marylane de Sousa
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Chaves Girão Neto
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - CSIC, Campus of excellence UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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21
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Schulz P, Rizvi SS. Hydrolysis of Lactose in Milk: Current Status and Future Products. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1983590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schulz
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Syed S.H. Rizvi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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22
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Pieber TR, Svehlikova E, Mursic I, Esterl T, Wargenau M, Sartorius T, Pauly L, Schwejda-Guettes S, Neumann A, Faerber V, Stover JF, Gaigg B, Kuchinka-Koch A. Blood glucose response after oral lactulose intake in type 2 diabetic individuals. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:893-907. [PMID: 34168736 PMCID: PMC8192256 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose is approved for the symptomatic treatment of constipation, a gastrointestinal (GI) complication common in individuals with diabetes. Lactulose products contain carbohydrate impurities (e.g., lactose, fructose, galactose), which occur during the lactulose manufacturing process. These impurities may affect the blood glucose levels of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using lactulose for the treatment of mild constipation. A previous study in healthy subjects revealed no increase in blood glucose levels after oral lactulose intake. However, it is still unclear whether the intake of lactulose increases blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes.
AIM To evaluate the blood glucose profile after oral lactulose intake in mildly constipated, non-insulin-dependent subjects with T2DM in an outpatient setting.
METHODS This prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled, single-center trial was conducted at the Clinical Research Center at the Medical University of Graz, Austria, in 24 adult Caucasian mildly constipated, non-insulin-dependent subjects with T2DM. Eligible subjects were randomized and assigned to one of six treatment sequences, each consisting of four treatments stratified by sex using an incomplete block design. Subjects received a single dose of 20 g or 30 g lactulose (crystal and liquid formulation), water as negative control or 30 g glucose as positive control. Capillary blood glucose concentrations were measured over a period of 180 min post dose. The primary endpoint was the baseline-corrected area under the curve of blood glucose concentrations over the complete assessment period [AUCbaseline_c (0-180 min)]. Quantitative comparisons were performed for both lactulose doses and formulations vs water for the equal lactulose dose vs glucose, as well as for liquid lactulose vs crystal lactulose. Safety parameters included GI tolerability, which was assessed at 180 min and 24 h post dose, and adverse events occurring up to 24 h post dose.
RESULTS In 24 randomized and analyzed subjects blood glucose concentration-time curves after intake of 20 g and 30 g lactulose were almost identical to those after water intake for both lactulose formulations despite the different amounts of carbohydrate impurities (≤ 3.0% for crystals and approx. 30% for liquid). The primary endpoint [AUCbaseline_c (0-180 min)] was not significantly different between lactulose and water regardless of lactulose dose and formulation. Also with regard to all secondary endpoints lactulose formulations showed comparable results to water with one exception concerning maximum glucose level. A minor increase in maximum blood glucose was observed after the 30 g dose, liquid lactulose, in comparison to water with a mean treatment difference of 0.63 mmol/L (95% confidence intervals: 0.19, 1.07). Intake of 30 g glucose significantly increased all blood glucose endpoints vs 30 g liquid and crystal lactulose, respectively (all P < 0.0001). No differences in blood glucose response were observed between the different lactulose formulations. As expected, lactulose increased the number of bowel movements and was generally well tolerated. Subjects experienced only mild to moderate GI symptoms due to the laxative action of lactulose.
CONCLUSION Blood glucose AUCbaseline_c (0-180 min) levels in mildly constipated, non-insulin dependent subjects with T2DM are not affected by the carbohydrate impurities contained in 20 g and 30 g crystal or liquid lactulose formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Eva Svehlikova
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Ines Mursic
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Tamara Esterl
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Manfred Wargenau
- Department of Statistic, M.A.R.C.O. GmbH & Co. KG, Institute for Clinical Research and Statistics, Düsseldorf 40211, Germany
| | - Tina Sartorius
- Department of Nutritional CRO, BioTeSys GmbH, Esslingen 73728, Germany
| | - Lioba Pauly
- Department of Medical & Clinical Affairs, Market Access & Education Business Unit Enteral Nutrition, Bad Homburg 61352, Germany
| | - Susann Schwejda-Guettes
- Department of Medical & Clinical Affairs, Market Access & Education Business Unit Enteral Nutrition, Bad Homburg 61352, Germany
| | - Annalena Neumann
- Department of Medical, Clinical & Regulatory Affairs, Business Unit Parenteral Nutrition, Keto-Analogues and Standard I.V. Fluids, Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg 61352, Germany
| | - Valentin Faerber
- Department of Medical, Clinical & Regulatory Affairs, Business Unit Parenteral Nutrition, Keto-Analogues and Standard I.V. Fluids, Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg 61352, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Gaigg
- Market Unit Lactulose, Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH, Linz 4020, Austria
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23
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Lee YS, Lai DM, Huang HJ, Lee-Chen GJ, Chang CH, Hsieh-Li HM, Lee GC. Prebiotic Lactulose Ameliorates the Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model through Macroautophagy and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2422-2437. [PMID: 33617267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose, as a prebiotic, can be utilized by human gut microbiota and stimulate their growth. Although microbiota modulation has become an emerging approach to manage many diseases and can be achieved by the administration of prebiotics, fewer investigations have been carried out on the therapeutic mechanism of lactulose. Two trehalose analogs, lactulose and melibiose, were identified as having a neuroprotective effect in polyglutamine and Parkinson disease models. In this study, we examined lactulose and melibiose in a mouse primary hippocampal neuronal culture under the toxicity of oligomeric Aβ25-35. Lactulose was further tested in vivo because its effective concentration is lower than that of melibiose. Lactulose and trehalose were applied individually to mice before a bilateral intrahippocampal CA1 injection of oligomeric Aβ25-35. The administration of lactulose and trehalose attenuated the short-term memory and the learning retrieval of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. From a pathological analysis, we found that the pretreatment of lactulose and trehalose decreased neuroinflammation and increased the levels of the autophagic pathways. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of both lactulose and trehalose are achieved through anti-inflammation and autophagy. In addition, lactulose was better than trehalose in the enhancement of the synaptic protein expression level in AD mice. Therefore, lactulose could potentially be developed into a preventive and/or therapeutic disaccharide for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Suan Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Ming Lai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Jen Huang
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Chiun Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Liu J, Xu Y, Jiang B. Novel Insights Into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies of Hepatic Encephalopathy, From the Gut Microbiota Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:586427. [PMID: 33692964 PMCID: PMC7937792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.586427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1950s, gradual changes in the gut microbiota of patients with hepatic encephalopathy have been observed. Previous research has indicated potential associations between the gut and brain, and the gut microbiota is becoming a hot topic in research on diseases of the nervous system. However, for the past few decades, studies of hepatic encephalopathy have been restricted to controlling the gut microbiota during macroscopic manipulation, such as probiotic intervention, while its clinical use remains controversial, and the cellular mechanisms underlying this condition are still poorly understood. This thesis seeks to comprehensively understand and explain the role of gut microbiota in hepatic encephalopathy as well as analyze the effects of intervention by regulating the gut microbiota. Evidence is presented that shows that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is the primary pathological driver of hepatic encephalopathy and impacts pathologic progression via complex regulatory networks. As a result, suggestions were identified for future mechanistic research and improvements in therapeutic strategies for hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Liu
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yantao Xu
- Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bimei Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Neto CACG, Silva NCGE, de Oliveira Costa T, de Albuquerque TL, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha MVP. The β-galactosidase immobilization protocol determines its performance as catalysts in the kinetically controlled synthesis of lactulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:468-478. [PMID: 33592268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, 3 different biocatalysts of β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis have been prepared by immobilization in chitosan activated with glutaraldehyde (Chi_Glu_Gal), glyoxyl agarose (Aga_Gly_Gal) and agarose coated with polyethylenimine (Aga_PEI_Gal). These biocatalysts have been used to catalyze the synthesis of lactulose from lactose and fructose. Aga-PEI-Gal only produces lactulose at 50 °C, and not at 25 or 37 °C, Aga_Gly_Gal was unable to produce lactulose at any of the assayed temperatures while Chi_Glu_Gal produced lactulose at all assayed temperatures, although a lower yield was obtained at 25 or 37 °C. The pre-incubation of this biocatalyst at 50 °C permitted to obtain similar yields at 25 or 37 °C than at 50 °C. The use of milk whey instead of pure lactose and fructose produced an improvement in the yields using Aga_PEI_Gal and a decrease using Chi_Glu_Gal. The operational stability also depends on the reaction medium and of biocatalyst. This study reveals how enzyme immobilization may greatly alter the performance of β-galactosidase in a kinetically controlled manner, and how medium composition influences this performance due to the kinetic properties of β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Chaves Girão Neto
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thaís de Oliveira Costa
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tiago Lima de Albuquerque
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - CSIC, Campus of excellence UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the external scientific advisory board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Abstract
Volatolomics allows us to elucidate cell metabolic processes in real time. In particular, a volatile organic compound (VOC) excreted from our bodies may be specific for a certain disease, such that measuring this VOC may afford a simple, fast, accessible and safe diagnostic approach. Yet, finding the optimal endogenous volatile marker specific to a pathology is non-trivial because of interlaboratory disparities in sample preparation and analysis, as well as high interindividual variability. These limit the sensitivity and specificity of volatolomics and its applications in biological and clinical fields but have motivated the development of induced volatolomics. This approach aims to overcome issues by measuring VOCs that result not from an endogenous metabolite but, rather, from the pathogen-specific or metabolic-specific enzymatic metabolism of an exogenous biological or chemical probe. In this Review, we introduce volatile-compound-based probes and discuss how they can be exploited to detect and discriminate pathogenic infections, to assess organ function and to diagnose and monitor cancers in real time. We focus on cases in which labelled probes have informed us about metabolic processes and consider the potential and drawbacks of the probes for clinical trials. Beyond diagnostics, VOC-based probes may also be effective tools to explore biological processes more generally.
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Jameson JK, Mathiesen G, Pope PB, Westereng B, La Rosa SL. Biochemical characterization of two cellobiose 2-epimerases and application for efficient production of lactulose and epilactose. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase in cation functionalized agarose matrix and its application in the synthesis of lactulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1564-1574. [PMID: 33217465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase was immobilized in in-house quaternary ammonium agarose (QAA) and used for the first time in the synthesis of lactulose. A biocatalyst was obtained with a specific activity of 24,690 IUH∙g-1; protein immobilization yield of 97% and enzyme immobilization yield of 76% were obtained at 30 °C in 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7 for standard size agarose at 100 mgprotein∙gsupport-1 which the maximum protein load of QAA. Highest yield and specific productivity of lactulose were 0.24 g∙g-1 and 9.78 g∙g-1 h-1 respectively, obtained at pH 6, 100 IUH∙g lactose-1 enzyme/lactose ratio and 12 lactose/fructose molar ratio. In repeated-batch operation with the immobilized enzyme, the cumulative mass of lactulose per unit mass of contacted protein and cumulative specific productivity were higher than obtained with the soluble enzyme since the first batch. After enzyme activity exhaustion, the enzyme was desorbed and QAA support was reused without alteration in its maximum enzyme load capacity and without detriment in yield, productivity and selectivity in the batch synthesis of lactulose with the resulting biocatalyst. This significantly decreases the economic impact of the support, presenting itself as a distinctive advantage of immobilization by ionic interaction.
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Karim A, Aïder M. Contribution to the Process Development for Lactulose Production through Complete Valorization of Whey Permeate by Using Electro-Activation Technology Versus a Chemical Isomerization Process. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28831-28843. [PMID: 33195936 PMCID: PMC7659143 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whey permeate (WP) is a co-product of a cheese or casein production process that is regarded as an environmental pollutant because of its high organic load and is creating a major disposal problem for the dairy industry. However, it can be used as a suitable substrate to meet the increasing demand of producing a prebiotic lactulose through the isomerization of lactose present in the WP under adequate alkaline conditions. The goal of this study was to produce lactulose in situ of WP using electro-activation (EA) technology and compare the productivity of EA with conventional chemical isomerization at potassium hydroxide (KOH)-equivalent solution alkalinity in the feed medium. Electro-isomerization was conducted under different current intensities of 300, 600, and 900 mA for 60 min of EA with a 5 min sampling interval using 6, 12, and 18% (w/v) WP solutions. Chemical isomerization was carried out at the KOH-equivalent solution alkalinity to that measured in the EA solution at each 5 min interval using KOH powder as a catalyst. The outcomes of this study revealed that the production of lactulose using the EA approach was current intensity-, WP concentration-, and reaction time-dependent and produced the highest lactulose yield of 36.98% at 50 min of EA-time under 900 mA current intensity using 6% WP as a feed solution, whereas a maximum lactulose yield of 25.47% was achieved by the chemical isomerization at the solution alkalinity corresponding to that of the EA under 900 mA current intensity at 50 min in the 6% WP solution. Furthermore, a greater yield of lactulose was obtained using the EA technique for all reaction conditions compared to the chemical process at the equivalent solution alkalinity. Therefore, the results of this work suggest that the EA can be an emergent sustainable technology for achieving dual objectives of prebiotic lactulose production and concurrent valorization of WP using it as a feed medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahasanul Karim
- Department
of Soil Sciences and Agri-food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mohammed Aïder
- Department
of Soil Sciences and Agri-food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute
of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Kruschitz A, Nidetzky B. Downstream processing technologies in the biocatalytic production of oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082488. [PMID: 32756323 PMCID: PMC7464500 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases.
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Ubilla C, Ramírez N, Valdivia F, Vera C, Illanes A, Guerrero C. Synthesis of Lactulose in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor With β-Galactosidase of Apergillus oryzae Immobilized in Monofunctional Glyoxyl Agarose Support. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:699. [PMID: 32695768 PMCID: PMC7338315 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactulose synthesis from fructose and lactose in continuous stirred tank (CSTR) reactor operation with glyoxyl-agarose immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase is reported for the first time. The effect of operational variables: inlet concentrations of sugar substrates, temperature, feed substrate molar ratio, enzyme loading and feed flow rate was studied on reactor performance. Even though the variation of each one affected to a certain extent lactulose yield (YLactulose), specific productivity (πLactulose) and selectivity of the reaction (lactulose/transgalactosylated oligosaccharides molar ratio) (SLu/TOS), the most significant effects were obtained by varying the inlet concentrations of sugar substrates and the feed substrate molar ratio. Maximum YLactulose of 0.54 g⋅g–1 was obtained at 50°C, pH 4.5, 50% w/w inlet concentrations of sugar substrates, feed flowrate of 12 mL⋅min–1, fructose/lactose molar ratio of 8 and reactor enzyme load of 29.06 IUH⋅mL–1. At such conditions SLu/TOS was 3.7, lactose conversion (XLactose) was 0.39 and total transgalactosylation yield was 0.762 g⋅g–1, meaning that 76% of the reacted lactose corresponded to transgalactosylation and 24% to hydrolysis, which is a definite advantage of this mode of operation. Even though XLactose in CSTR was lower than in other reported modes of operation for lactulose synthesis, transgalactosylation was more favored over hydrolysis which reduced the inhibitory effect of galactose on β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ubilla
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicolás Ramírez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Valdivia
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
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Chen Q, Xiao Y, Shakhnovich EI, Zhang W, Mu W. Semi-rational design and molecular dynamics simulations study of the thermostability enhancement of cellobiose 2-epimerases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1356-1365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Guerrero C, Súarez S, Aburto C, Ubilla C, Ramírez N, Vera C, Illanes A. Comparison of batch and repeated batch operation of lactulose synthesis with cross-linked aggregates of Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Antunes MM, Fernandes A, Ribeiro MF, Lin Z, Valente AA. Modified Versions of AM‐4 for the Aqueous Phase Isomerization of Aldo‐Saccharides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida M. Antunes
- Department of Chemistry CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Santiago 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Auguste Fernandes
- Centro de Química Estrutural Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Av. Rovisco Pais 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - M. Filipa Ribeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Av. Rovisco Pais 1049‐001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Chemistry CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Santiago 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Anabela A. Valente
- Department of Chemistry CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials University of Aveiro Campus Santiago 3810‐193 Aveiro Portugal
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Simultaneous hydrolysis of cheese whey and lactulose production catalyzed by β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y1564. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:711-722. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Improvement in the yield and selectivity of lactulose synthesis with Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Effects of sialylated lactulose on the mouse intestinal microbiome using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9067-9076. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Guerrero C, Aburto C, Súarez S, Vera C, Illanes A. Improvements in the production of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase crosslinked aggregates and their use in repeated-batch synthesis of lactulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:452-462. [PMID: 31676297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase was immobilized by aggregation and crosslinking, obtaining catalysts (CLAGs) well-endowed for lactulose synthesis. Type and concentration of the precipitating agent were determinants of immobilization yield, specific activity and thermal stability. CLAGs with specific activities of 64,007, 48,374 and 44,560 IUH g-1 were obtained using 50% v/v methanol, ethanol and propanol as precipitating agents respectively, with immobilization yields over 90%. Lactulose synthesis was conducted at 50 °C, pH 4.5, 50% w/w total sugars, 200 IUH g-1 of enzyme and fructose/lactose molar ratio of 8 in batch and repeated-batch operation. Lactulose yields were 0.19 g g-1 and 0.24 g g-1 for fructose to lactose molar ratios of 4 mol mol-1 and 8 mol mol-1 while selectivities were 3.3 mol mol-1 and 6.6 mol mol-1 respectively for CLAGs obtained by ethanol and propanol precipitation. Based on these results, both CLAGs were selected for the synthesis in repeated-batch mode. The cumulative mass of lactulose in repeated-batch was higher with CLAGs produced by ethanol and propanol precipitation than with the free enzyme. 86 and 93 repeated-batches could have been respectively performed with those CLAGs considering a catalyst replacement criterion of 50% of residual activity, as determined by simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Carla Aburto
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sebastián Súarez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
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Harvie RM, Tuck CJ, Schultz M. Evaluation of lactulose, lactose, and fructose breath testing in clinical practice: A focus on methane. JGH OPEN 2019; 4:198-205. [PMID: 32280765 PMCID: PMC7144793 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Breath testing (BT) is used to identify carbohydrate malabsorption and small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Measuring methane alongside hydrogen is advocated to reduce false-negative studies, but the variability of methane production is unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of high methane production on hydrogen excretion after ingesting lactulose, fructose, or lactose. Methods A retrospective audit was performed of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who underwent BT. Following a low fermentable carbohydrate diet for 24-h, a fasting BT before consuming 35 ml lactulose, 35 g fructose, or lactose in 200 ml water, followed by BT every 10-15 min for up to 3-h, was performed. A positive test was defined as a ≥20 ppm rise of hydrogen or methane from baseline. A high methane producer had an initial reading of ≥5 ppm. Breath hydrogen and methane production were measured as area under the curve. Chi-squared tests were used to compare proportions of those meeting the cut-off criteria. Results Of patients, 26% (28/106) were high methane producers at their initial lactulose test. The test-retest repeatability of methane production was high, with the same methane production status before ingesting lactose in all (70/70) and before ingesting fructose in most (71/73). Methane production was highly variable during testing, with 38% (10/26) having ≥1 reading lower than baseline. Hydrogen produced by high or low methane producers did not differ (1528 [960-3645] ppm min vs 2375 [1810-3195] ppm min [P = 0.11]). Symptoms and breath test results were not positively related. Conclusion The validity of including an increase of ≥20 ppm methane to identify carbohydrate malabsorption or small intestine bacterial overgrowth should be questioned due to the variability of readings during testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Harvie
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Caroline J Tuck
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Schultz
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand.,Gastroenterology Otago Ltd., Marinoto Clinic Mercy Hospital Dunedin New Zealand
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Zhang Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Tian C, Wei X, Li H, Lin W, Jiang A, Feng R, Yuan J, Zhao X. Effects of a Lactulose-Rich Diet on Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome in Pregnant Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7674-7683. [PMID: 31132256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose, a safe and beneficial molecule, can be used in food as a prebiotic and as an osmotic laxative during pregnancy. This work evaluated the effects of dietary lactulose on the gut microenvironment of pregnant mice using the fecal microbiota and metabolomic profiling. After 2 weeks of feeding, the Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides abundances in the mouse feces were significantly increased in the LAC-high (the diet supplemented with 15% lactulose) group. A total of 15 metabolites, including 1-monoolein, glucose-6-phosphate, and short-chain fatty acids, were increased significantly in the LAC-high group. The serum glucose and total cholesterol concentrations were significantly decreased, while the progesterone level was significantly increased in the lactulose-fed mice. In the LAC-high group, the colonic pH and intestinal permeability were decreased, while the immunoglobulins in the colonic epithelial cells and the small intestinal absorption capacity were significantly increased. These findings indicated that lactulose supplementation benefitted pregnancy performance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Changyu Tian
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) , Beijing 100071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) , Beijing 100071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) , Beijing 100071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weishi Lin
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) , Beijing 100071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) , Beijing 100071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangna Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention , Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) , Beijing 100071 , People's Republic of China
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Zhang Z, Zhao J, Tian C, Chen X, Li H, Wei X, Lin W, Zheng N, Jiang A, Feng R, Yuan J, Zhao X. Targeting the Gut Microbiota to Investigate the Mechanism of Lactulose in Negating the Effects of a High-Salt Diet on Hypertension. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1800941. [PMID: 30825362 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE High-salt diets (HSDs) are widely considered to cause health problems such as gut microecological imbalances, constipation, and hypertension. This study explores how lactulose as a safe molecule can stimulate bodily responses to alleviate salt-sensitive hypertension by regulating the gut microbiotas of HSD-fed mice. METHODS AND RESULTS After 4 weeks, the blood pressures of mice fed a high-salt plus lactulose diet (HSLD) are significantly lower than those of the HSD-fed mice. The HSD increases the abundances of Alistipes and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_009 and reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus in the gut, while lactulose supplementation increases the abundances of Bifidobacterium, Alloprevotella, and Subdoligranulum. Fecal metabolic profiling shows significant increases in metabolites involved in ATP-binding cassette transporter pathways, and tryptophan metabolism is significantly reduced in the HSLD group compared with the HSD group. Lactulose maintains the intestinal microenvironmental health in the HSD-fed mice by improving glycolipid metabolism, decreasing the small intestinal interleukin-17a (IL-17a) and interleukin-22 (IL-22) mRNA levels and serum IL-17a and IL-22 levels, relieving constipation, increasing fecal sodium, and reducing intestinal permeability. CONCLUSION Lactulose negates salt-sensitive hypertension. Regulating the gut microbiota is a potential treatment for salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiangtao Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Changyu Tian
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, China PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, China PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, China PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Weishi Lin
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, China PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Naxin Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ruo Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, China PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiangna Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, China PLA, Beijing, 100071, China
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Mukherjee R, van de Kaa M, Garssen J, Pieters RJ, Kraneveld AD, Willemsen LEM. Lactulose synergizes with CpG-ODN to modulate epithelial and immune cells cross talk. Food Funct 2019; 10:33-37. [PMID: 30632580 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02376j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose, a non-digestible oligosaccharide and functional food, promotes Bifidobacteria growth. Here we show that lactulose, beyond its prebiotic action, may have direct immunomodulatory effects as well. In synergy with CpG-ODN, a bacterial DNA mimetic, lactulose enhances basolateral concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-10, and galectin-9 in the co-culture model of epithelial and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mukherjee
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Guerrero C, Valdivia F, Ubilla C, Ramírez N, Gómez M, Aburto C, Vera C, Illanes A. Continuous enzymatic synthesis of lactulose in packed-bed reactor with immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:296-302. [PMID: 30708333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose synthesis from fructose and lactose in continuous packed-bed reactor operation with glyoxyl-agarose immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase is reported for the first time. Alternative strategies to conventional batch synthesis have been scarcely explored for lactulose synthesis. The effect of flow rate, substrates ratio and biocatalyst-inert packing material mass ratio (MB/MIM) were studied on reactor performance. Increase in any of these variables produced an increase in lactulose yield (YLu) being higher than obtained in batch synthesis at comparable conditions. Maximum YLu of 0.6 g·g-1 was obtained at 50 °C, pH 4.5, 50% w/w total sugars, 15 mL·min-1, fructose/lactose molar ratio of 12 and MB/MIM of 1/8 g·g-1; at such conditions yield of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides (YTOS) was 0.16 g·g-1, selectivity (lactulose/TOS molar ratio) was 5.4 and lactose conversion (XLactose) was 28%. Reactor operation with recycle had no significant effect on yield, producing only some decrease in productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Felipe Valdivia
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Ubilla
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicolás Ramírez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Matías Gómez
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carla Aburto
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
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Xiao Y, Chen Q, Guang C, Zhang W, Mu W. An overview on biological production of functional lactose derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3683-3691. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Djouab A, Aïder M. Whey permeate integral valorisation via in situ conversion of lactose into lactulose in an electro-activation reactor modulated by anion and cation exchange membranes. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang M, Admassu H, Gasmalla MA, Hua X, Yang R. Preparation of high-purity lactulose through efficient recycling of catalyst sodium aluminate and nanofiltration: a pilot-scale purification. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5352-5360. [PMID: 29660110 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose, a valuable lactose-originated 'bifidus factor' product, is exclusively produced by chemical-based isomerization commercially. A complexing agent of sodium aluminate exhibiting high conversion efficiency and strong recyclable stability is more practical for industrial applications. In this study, efficient purification of high-purity lactulose through recycling of sodium aluminate and further desalination by nanofiltration (NF) was implemented on a pilot scale. RESULTS Over 99.5% of the catalyst was prior recycled in the form of Al(OH)3 precipitate by pH-induced precipitation and centrifugation; residual aluminum was further absorbed by ion exchange resin to an acceptable level (≤10 mg kg-1 ). Subsequently, impurities (monosaccharides and NaCl) were ideally separated from lactulose syrup by NF based on their significant retention differences (lactulose 94.8-97.2% > lactose 86.2-93.5% > monosaccharides 36.3-48.7% > NaCl 9.5-31.1%). High-purity (>95%) lactulose was obtained with >90% yield in both constant and variable volume diafiltration (CVD and VVD) modes when the volume dilution ratio (Vc /Vf ) was 4.0 and 2.5 respectively. Both experimental and predicted results showed that the VVD mode was more water-saving in practice. CONCLUSION This is the first trial purification of lactulose syrup from chemical isomerization of lactose catalyzed by sodium aluminate, and the applied methodology is a promising industrial-scale purification strategy. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Habtamu Admassu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mohammed Aa Gasmalla
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Wotzka SY, Kreuzer M, Maier L, Zünd M, Schlumberger M, Nguyen B, Fox M, Pohl D, Heinrich H, Rogler G, Biedermann L, Scharl M, Sunagawa S, Hardt WD, Misselwitz B. Microbiota stability in healthy individuals after single-dose lactulose challenge-A randomized controlled study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206214. [PMID: 30359438 PMCID: PMC6201941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lactulose is a common food ingredient and widely used as a treatment for constipation or hepatic encephalopathy and a substrate for hydrogen breath tests. Lactulose is fermented by the colon microbiota resulting in the production of hydrogen (H2). H2 is a substrate for enteropathogens including Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and increased H2 production upon lactulose ingestion might favor the growth of H2-consuming enteropathogens. We aimed to analyze effects of single-dose lactulose ingestion on the growth of intrinsic Escherichia coli (E. coli), which can be efficiently quantified by plating and which share most metabolic requirements with S. Typhimurium. METHODS 32 healthy volunteers (18 females, 14 males) were recruited. Participants were randomized for single-dose ingestion of 50 g lactulose or 50 g sucrose (controls). After ingestion, H2 in expiratory air and symptoms were recorded. Stool samples were acquired at days -1, 1 and 14. We analyzed 16S microbiota composition and abundance and characteristics of E. coli isolates. RESULTS Lactulose ingestion resulted in diarrhea in 14/17 individuals. In 14/17 individuals, H2-levels in expiratory air increased by ≥20 ppm within 3 hours after lactulose challenge. H2-levels correlated with the number of defecations within 6 hours. E. coli was detectable in feces of all subjects (2 x 10(2)-10(9) CFU/g). However, the number of E. coli colony forming units (CFU) on selective media did not differ between any time point before or after challenge with sucrose or lactulose. The microbiota composition also remained stable upon lactulose exposure. CONCLUSION Ingestion of a single dose of 50 g lactulose does not significantly alter E. coli density in stool samples of healthy volunteers. 50 g lactulose therefore seems unlikely to sufficiently alter growth conditions in the intestine for a significant predisposition to infection with H2-consuming enteropathogens such as S. Typhimurium (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02397512).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Y Wotzka
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kreuzer
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Maier
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Zünd
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bidong Nguyen
- Institute of Microbiology, D-BIOL, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Fox
- Abdominal Center, Gastroenterology, St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Pohl
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henriette Heinrich
- Abdominal Center, Gastroenterology, St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Biedermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
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Guerrero C, Aburto C, Suárez S, Vera C, Illanes A. Effect of the type of immobilization of β-galactosidase on the yield and selectivity of synthesis of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nooshkam M, Babazadeh A, Jooyandeh H. Lactulose: Properties, techno-functional food applications, and food grade delivery system. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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