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Ibrahim ENA, Tharwat E, Khalil MMAA, Mohammed AR, Mohammed MF, Alkady AMM, Ezzeldin ER, Hassan Ahmed RE, Al-Faky YH, Hassanein M, Elsayed AN, Abd El-Salam ME. Modified Anterior Lamellar Recession for All Grades of Upper Eyelid Trachomatous Cicatricial Entropion. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:2323-2332. [PMID: 37583577 PMCID: PMC10424687 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s420992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to assess the combination of anterior lamellar recession (ALR) with blepharoplasty, suprasternal fixation, and internal eyelash bulb extirpation of aberrant lashes posteriorly located in patients with any grade of upper eyelid trachomatous cicatricial entropion. Patients and Methods We reviewed the clinical data of eighty-six patients (143 eyelids) including age, gender, systemic medical illnesses, and comprehensive ophthalmological assessment. Eyelid evaluation was recorded, including laterality, previous surgical technique used, possible trichiasis etiology, abnormality of the lid margin, tarsal plate consistency (shrinkage or loosening), skin fold overhanging, laxity of the pretarsal skin, margin reflex distance 1 (MRD1), lagophthalmos, and lid retraction. The success rate was assessed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperative. Results The success rate was 97.2% in the third month, which decreased significantly to 92.3% in the 6th month and 90.2% in the 9th month (P = 0.01, and 0.001 respectively). In the 9th month, we had fourteen failed cases. All of them were submitted for a second intervention. Three underwent electrolysis, four cases underwent re-internal bulb extirpation, four cases underwent the same procedure, and three cases underwent epilation. The success of the failed cases after the second intervention was significantly associated with the type of reintervention (P = 0.03), in which all of them succeed except two cases that underwent epilation. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the mean recurrence time in our study was 6.8 months (95% CI = 5.8-7.7 months). Conclusion This study showed the combination of ALR with blepharoplasty, suprasternal fixation, and cauterization or internal bulb extirpation of posteriorly located lashes procedure resulted in a high success rate in patients with any form of UCE with no increase in incidence or degree of lagophthalmos associated with UCE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehab Tharwat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Rabie Mohammed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa F Mohammed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Yasser H Al-Faky
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed N Elsayed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Diab MM, Allen RC. Recurrent upper eyelid trachomatous entropion repair: long-term efficacy of a five-step approach. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:2781-2786. [PMID: 33235346 PMCID: PMC8452750 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the lid characteristics of recurrent upper eyelid trachomatous entropion and to report the long-term outcomes of a five-step surgical approach based on the principles of upper eyelid crease lamellar splitting and retractor release with redirection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Retrospective case review of adult patients with recurrent upper eyelid trachomatous entropion who had undergone surgical correction using the five-step surgical technique between March 2014 and March 2018. Cases with primary entropion and/or <2 years of follow-up were excluded from this series. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Eyelid deformities (type of trichiasis, anterior lamellar laxity, lid margin abnormality, lid retraction and lagophthalmos), recurrence of entropion and trichiasis, cosmetic satisfaction, and surgical complications. RESULTS Forty-two upper eyelids in 33 patients met inclusion criteria. Preoperative anterior lamellar laxity was present in 36 eyelids (85.7%), lid retraction in 31 eyelids (73.8%) with a mean preoperative MRD1 of 6.48 ± 1.1 mm, atrophic tarsus in 28 eyelids (66.7%), lid margin notching in 22 eyelids (52.4%), and lagophthalmos in 15 eyelids (35.7%). The surgical success rate was 92.9% (95% CI 0.805-0.985). There was no documented recurrence of entropion over a mean follow-up period of 31.79 months. Postoperative trichiasis without entropion occurred in three eyelids, which required repeat epilation. CONCLUSIONS The five step-approach based on the principles of lamellar splitting is effective in correction of recurrent trachomatous entropion with long-term stability. The procedure addresses the fundamental changes frequently seen in recurrent cases, in particular anterior lamellar laxity, scarred shortened posterior lamella, and trichiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. Diab
- grid.411170.20000 0004 0412 4537Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Al Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Richard C. Allen
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas USA
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Zhang Y, Niu G, Zhang J, Qu S, Liu C, Lin H, Zhou Q, Bi Y. Redirection of lower eyelid eyelashes by eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar repositioning for patients with non-entropion trichiasis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:382-386. [PMID: 33051172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report outcomes of a surgical technique of eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar repositioning with lower eyelid non-entropion trichiasis. METHOD A total of 13 patients (5 males and 8 females) with lower eyelid non-entropion trichiasis who had undergone eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar repositioning at Tongji Hospital from January 2018 to June 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULT All patients underwent surgery successfully, and 13 patients (23 eyes) were followed up for 9-18 months (mean 12.23±3.14 months). Symptoms were entirely relieved in all patients without the need for further surgery, and all patients were satisfied with the appearance after surgery. The lower lid margin was a flat platform with normal anatomical landmarks, and the lower eyelid eyelashes were no longer in contact with the globe. However, one patient relapsed 7 months after surgery. CONCLUSION Patients with lower eyelid non-entropion trichiasis can be treated effectively through eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar repositioning with inapparent skin scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guozhen Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yanlong Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, China.
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Owji N. Comment on "Anterior lamellar recession for management of upper eyelid cicatricial entropion and associated eyelid abnormalities". Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1075-1076. [PMID: 29977827 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.06.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naser Owji
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193616641, Iran
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Diab M, Gawdat T. Comment on: Upper eyelid levator-recession and anterior lamella repositioning through the gray-line – Avoiding a skin-crease incision. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018; 66:725-726. [PMID: 29676332 PMCID: PMC5939180 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_176_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Pandey N, Jayaprakasam A, Feldman I, Malhotra R. Response to comment on: Upper eyelid levator-recession and anterior lamella repositioning through the gray-line – Avoiding a skin-crease incision. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018; 66:726-727. [PMID: 29676333 PMCID: PMC5939181 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_384_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gawdat TI, Kamal MA, Saif AS, Diab MM. Anterior lamellar recession for management of upper eyelid cicatricial entropion and associated eyelid abnormalities. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1830-1834. [PMID: 29259900 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.12.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the functional and aesthetic outcomes of upper eyelid cicatricial entropion (UCE) correction using anterior lamellar recession (ALR) with addressing the associated conditions including dermatochalasis, brow ptosis, blepharoptosis, and lid retraction. METHODS Chart review of patients with upper lid cicatricial entropion who had undergone ALR from 2013 to 2016 was reviewed. Success was defined as the lack of any lash in contact with the globe, no need for a second procedure, and acceptable cosmesis at the final follow up. RESULTS Sixty eight patients (97 eyelids) were operated by ALR with simultaneous correction of associated lid problems in each case when necessary. The mean follow-up time was 17.8mo (range, 6.0-24.0mo). Concomitantly, levator tucking was performed in 19 eyelids (19.6%), upper lid retractor recession in 18 eyelids (18.6%), and internal browpexy in 31 eyelids (32.0%). In 95.8% of patients (95%CI: 0.85-0.96), satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcome was achieved with a single surgical procedure. CONCLUSION Based on the principles of lamellar recession and concurrently addressing the associated lid problems, this approach is an effective and safe treatment of UCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I Gawdat
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11728, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Kamal
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Al Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Saif
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Al Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M Diab
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Al Fayoum 63514, Egypt
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Erdoğan M, Karadeniz Uğurlu Ş. Marginal Entropion: A Frequently Overlooked Eyelid Malposition. Turk J Ophthalmol 2016; 45:203-207. [PMID: 27800233 PMCID: PMC5082242 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.20591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical findings and outcomes of surgical treatment in patients with marginal entropion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with impairment of the natural square-shaped eyelid margin morphology, anterior migration of mucocutaneous junction and mild lid inversion toward the ocular surface were diagnosed as having marginal entropion. Patients with shortened fornices, cicatricial changes or subconjunctival fibrosis were excluded. Demographic characteristics, ophthalmologic examination findings, surgical procedures and follow-up data were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Twelve eyes of 11 patients were included in the study. Median age was 73 years (range, 49-84 years). All cases presented with signs of meibomianitis and were treated preoperatively with oral doxycycline and topical corticosteroids. Tarsal fracture procedure was performed for correction of lid malposition. In all patients, lid malposition was corrected and ocular irritation findings had regressed. No recurrences were observed in the follow-up period of mean 10 months (range, 5-16 months). CONCLUSION Marginal entropion is a common malposition that is frequently misdiagnosed as trichiasis and is overlooked. Complications secondary to misdiagnosis can be avoided and a normal lid position achieved when the correct diagnosis is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Erdoğan
- Gaziemir Nevvar Salih İşgören Government Hospital, Clinic of Ophthalmology, İzmir, Turkey
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Anterior lamellar recession, blepharoplasty, and supratarsal fixation for cicatricial upper eyelid entropion without lagophthalmos. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:627-31. [PMID: 26869158 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the results of anterior lamellar recession, blepharoplasty, and supratarsal fixation procedure in patients with upper eyelid cicatricial entropion without lagophthalmos. METHODS In a prospective interventional case series, 52 eyelids (32 patients) were included (April 2009-December 2010). Excluded were patients with previous eyelid surgeries, lagophthalmos, and <12 months of follow-up. Using a microscope, after recessing anterior lamella 3-4 mm above the eyelid margin, it was fixed with 4-5 interrupted 6-0 vicryl sutures. Excess anterior lamella was then excised (blepharoplasty), supratarsal fixation sutures (6-0 vicryl) were put and the skin was closed with 6-0 nylon sutures. Success and failure defined based upon eyelash-globe touch on the last follow-up visit (at least 12 months), respectively. RESULTS There were 21 females (65.6%) and 11 males (34.4%) with a mean age of 69.7 years (SD=6.9) and mean follow-up of 21.06 months (SD=8.26). Success was observed in 39 (75%) and failure in 13 (25%). Mean time of failure was 4.5 months (SD=3). Although re-treatment with radio-frequency electrolysis (eight eyelids) and re-anterior lamellar recession (two eyelids) resulted in success in 12 eyelids with failure, two patients (three eyelids) declined further procedure. Except for thickened eyelid margin, no complications were observed. CONCLUSION Anterior lamellar recession, blepharoplasty, and supratarsal fixation procedure is an effective and safe technique for the treatment of the upper eyelid cicatricial entropion without lagophthalmos.
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Correction of lower eyelid marginal entropion by eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar repositioning. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 30:51-6. [PMID: 24398488 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a paucity of data in the literature on the surgical management of lower eyelid marginal entropion. In this study, the authors report outcomes of a surgical technique of eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar reposition in patients with lower eyelid marginal entropion. METHODS The medical records for 30 eyelids from 22 patients with lower eyelid marginal entropion who had undergone eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar repositioning at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2004 to December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Success was defined as the lack of any lash in contact with the globe, no need for a second procedure, the complete resolution of symptoms, and acceptable cosmesis at the final follow up. RESULTS The mean follow-up duration was 16.7 months. The split eyelid margin exhibited good wound healing in each case, but trichiasis recurred postoperatively in 3 of 30 eyelids, even though the eyelid margin was ultimately well positioned. That is, the overall success rate was 90%. Of the 3 eyelids with recurrent trichiasis, 2 required additional electrolysis to remove irritated cilia, but the other did not require to be treated. In the latter case, the trichiasis observed was fine, focal, and unaccompanied by symptoms or corneal lesions. There was no significant complication such as secondary ectropion or eyelid retraction. CONCLUSIONS Eyelid margin splitting and anterior lamellar repositioning achieve success with a low rate of complications among patients with lower eyelid marginal entropion.
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Kim GN, Yoo WS, Kim SJ, Han YS, Chung IY, Park JM, Yoo JM, Seo SW. The effect of 0.02% mitomycin C injection into the hair follicle with radiofrequency ablation in trichiasis patients. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 28:12-8. [PMID: 24505196 PMCID: PMC3913977 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2014.28.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the inhibitory effect of 0.02% mitomycin C on eyelash regrowth when injected to the eyelash hair follicle immediately after radiofrequency ablation. Methods We prospectively included 21 trichiasis patients from June 2011 to October 2012. Twenty eyes of 14 patients were treated with 0.02% mitomycin C to the hair follicle immediately after radiofrequency ablation in group 1, while radiofrequency ablation only was conducted in ten eyes of seven patients in group 2. Recurrences and complications were evaluated until six months after treatment. Results One hundred sixteen eyelashes of 20 eyes in group 1 underwent treatment, and 19 (16.4%) eyelashes recurred. Eighty-four eyelashes of ten eyes in group 2 underwent treatment, and 51 (60.7%) eyelashes recurred. No patients developed any complications related to mitomycin C. Conclusions Application of 0.02% mitomycin C in conjunction with radiofrequency ablation may help to improve the success rate of radiofrequency ablation treatment in trichiasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Woong-Sun Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yong-Seop Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - In-Young Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong-Moon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji-Myong Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea. ; Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Bi YL, Zhou Q, Hu XS, Xu W. Small-incision orbicularis-levator fixation technique: a modified double-eyelid blepharoplasty for treating trichiasis in young Asian patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:1138-44. [PMID: 21524949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upper-eyelid trichiasis often occurs with a single puffy eyelid or shallow eyelid crease in young Asian patients. This study presents a novel modified trichiasis correction method to simultaneously treat trichiasis and create a natural eyelid crease. It combines the modified small-incision debulking procedure and the orbicularis-levator fixation technique. The eyelash lift angle (LA), body curl angle (BCA) and end curl angle (ECA) were quantitatively analysed. A total of 90 patients (152 trichiasis eyelids) were followed up for approximately 22 months. The LA changed from 24.32° ± 9.21°-54.12° ± 10.32° in the nasal section of the eyelid (section 1), from 21.03° ± 11.34°-52.03° ± 10.56° in the middle section of the eyelid (section 2) and from 23.31° ± 8.12°-63.15° ± 8.43° in the temporal section of the eyelid (section 3). All patients were satisfied with the eyelid-fold appearance. In conclusion, for young Asian patients with upper-eyelid trichiasis, the small-incision orbicularis-levator fixation technique is able to acquire a stable up-curved position of the eyelashes and satisfactory aesthetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Bi
- Division of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Kim CR, Yoo WS, Kim KH, Seo SW. Effects of Mitomycin C on Eyelash-Regrowth in Epilated Rats. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2011.52.12.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Che Ron Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Woong Sun Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Kyeong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seong Wook Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
- Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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