1
|
Zhang Q, Singh P, Peng DW, Peng EY, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH, Suo WZ. Proactive M2 blockade prevents cognitive decline in GRK5-deficient APP transgenic mice via enhancing cholinergic neuronal resilience. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107619. [PMID: 39098530 PMCID: PMC11400976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses an immense challenge in healthcare, lacking effective therapies. This study investigates the potential of anthranilamide derivative (AAD23), a selective M2 receptor antagonist, in proactively preventing cognitive impairments and cholinergic neuronal degeneration in G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5-deficient Swedish APP (GAP) mice. GAP mice manifest cognitive deficits by 7 months and develop senile plaques by 9 months. A 6-month AAD23 treatment was initiated at 5 months and stopped at 11 months before behavioral assessments without the treatment. AAD23-treated mice exhibited preserved cognitive abilities and improved cholinergic axonal health in the nucleus basalis of Meynert akin to wildtype mice. Conversely, vehicle-treated GAP mice displayed memory deficits and pronounced cholinergic axonal swellings in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Notably, AAD23 treatment did not alter senile plaques and microgliosis. These findings highlight AAD23's efficacy in forestalling AD-related cognitive decline in G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5-deficient subjects, attributing its success to restoring cholinergic neuronal integrity and resilience, enhancing resistance against diverse degenerative insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - David W Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Evelyn Y Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffery M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lemir ID, Oksdath-Mansilla G, Castro-Godoy WD, Schmidt LC, Argüello JE. Photochemical C sp2-H bond thiocyanation and selenocyanation of activated arenes, batch and continuous-flow approaches. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:849-861. [PMID: 35113403 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an eco-friendly photochemical oxidative Csp2-H thiocyanation and selenocyanation of activated arenes. The reaction proceeds under Violet LED irradiation in the presence of K2S2O8, which quickly oxidizes KSCN and KSeCN, finally producing arylthio/selenocyanates. Using this benign, atom-economic protocol, the desired chalcogenide products were obtained regioselectively, with isolated yields that range from very good to excellent. Although, mechanistic study indicates that it is difficult to distinguish between a radical to a SEAr reaction mechanism between the photo-induced formed •SCN, for the former, or NCSSCN, for the latter, to the aromatic heterocycles. The inhibition experiment together with the observed reactivity and regioselectivity, would be in agreement with the latter. The synthetic methodology designed could be successfully adapted to continuous-flow systems in a segmented-flow regime, employing the organic phase as the product reservoir. Using this setup, the advantage of the latter can be demonstrated by reducing the reaction time and improving the product yields. Similarly, the scaling up of the reaction to gram scale resulted in favorable outcomes by the flow setup, which installs the photo-flow chemistry as a powerful tool to be included into routine reaction procedures, which have great relevance for the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio D Lemir
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Oksdath-Mansilla
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Willber D Castro-Godoy
- CENSALUD-UES, Dpto. de Química, Física y Matemática, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad de El Salvador, Final Av. de Mártires y Héroes del 30 de Julio, San Salvador, 1101, El Salvador
| | - Luciana C Schmidt
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan E Argüello
- INFIQC-CONICET-UNC, Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weinhart CG, Wifling D, Schmidt MF, Neu E, Höring C, Clark T, Gmeiner P, Keller M. Dibenzodiazepinone-type muscarinic receptor antagonists conjugated to basic peptides: Impact of the linker moiety and unnatural amino acids on M 2R selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113159. [PMID: 33571911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The family of human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MRs) is characterized by a high sequence homology among the five subtypes (M1R-M5R), being the reason for a lack of subtype selective MR ligands. In continuation of our work on dualsteric dibenzodiazepinone-type M2R antagonists, a series of M2R ligands containing a dibenzodiazepinone pharmacophore linked to small basic peptides was synthesized (64 compounds). The linker moiety was varied with respect to length, number of basic nitrogens (0-2) and flexibility. Besides proteinogenic basic amino acids (Lys, Arg), shorter homologues of Lys and Arg, containing three and two methylene groups, respectively, as well as D-configured amino acids were incorporated. The type of linker had a marked impact on M2R affinity and also effected M2R selectivity. In contrast, the structure of the basic peptide rather determined M2R selectivity than M2R affinity. For example, the most M2R selective compound (UR-CG188, 89) with picomolar M2R affinity (pKi 9.60), exhibited a higher M2R selectivity (ratio of Ki M1R/M2R/M3R/M4R/M5R: 110:1:5200:55:2300) compared to the vast majority of reported M2R preferring MR ligands. For selected ligands, M2R antagonism was confirmed in a M2R miniG protein recruitment assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna G Weinhart
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Wifling
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian F Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eduard Neu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carina Höring
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pegoli A, Wifling D, Gruber CG, She X, Hübner H, Bernhardt G, Gmeiner P, Keller M. Conjugation of Short Peptides to Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands Determines M2R Selectivity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5358-5369. [PMID: 31074983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pegoli
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Wifling
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Corinna G. Gruber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xueke She
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sorribes I, Corma A. Nanolayered cobalt-molybdenum sulphides (Co-Mo-S) catalyse borrowing hydrogen C-S bond formation reactions of thiols or H 2S with alcohols. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3130-3142. [PMID: 30996896 PMCID: PMC6429612 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05782f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanolayered cobalt-molybdenum sulphide (Co-Mo-S) materials have been established as excellent catalysts for C-S bond construction. These catalysts allow for the preparation of a broad range of thioethers in good to excellent yields from structurally diverse thiols and readily available primary as well as secondary alcohols. Chemoselectivity in the presence of sensitive groups such as double bonds, nitriles, carboxylic esters and halogens has been demonstrated. It is also shown that the reaction takes place through a hydrogen-autotransfer (borrowing hydrogen) mechanism that involves Co-Mo-S-mediated dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactions. A novel catalytic protocol based on the thioetherification of alcohols with hydrogen sulphide (H2S) to furnish symmetrical thioethers has also been developed using these earth-abundant metal-based sulphide catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Sorribes
- Instituto de Tecnología Química , Universitat Politecnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida Los Naranjos s/n , 46022 Valencia , Spain .
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química , Universitat Politecnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida Los Naranjos s/n , 46022 Valencia , Spain .
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang Y, Alharbi NS, Sun B, Qin HL. Facile one-pot synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides from sulfonates or sulfonic acids. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13863-13867. [PMID: 35519565 PMCID: PMC9064029 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile cascade process for directly transforming the abundant and inexpensive sulfonates (or sulfonic acids) to the highly valuable sulfonyl fluorides was developed. This new protocol features mild reaction conditions using readily available and easy-to-operate reagents. A diverse set of sulfonyl fluorides was prepared facilitating the enrichment of the sulfonyl fluoride library. A mild one-pot protocol for directly converting sulfonates or sulfonic acids into sulfonyl fluorides was developed.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Njud S. Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research Group
- Deportment of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tber Z, Hiebel MA, El Hakmaoui A, Akssira M, Guillaumet G, Berteina-Raboin S. Fe–Cu catalyzed synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryl thioethers using 1,3-benzoxazole-2-thiol as a sulfur surrogate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient Fe–Cu catalyzed approach is herein developed using 1,3-benzoxazole-2-thiol as a thiol surrogate for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diaryl thioethers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Tber
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
| | - M.-A. Hiebel
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
| | - A. El Hakmaoui
- Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique & Analytique
- URAC 22 Université Hassan II Mohammedia-Casablanca
- 28800 Mohammedia
- Morocco
| | - M. Akssira
- Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique & Analytique
- URAC 22 Université Hassan II Mohammedia-Casablanca
- 28800 Mohammedia
- Morocco
| | - G. Guillaumet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
| | - S. Berteina-Raboin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique
- Université d'Orléans
- UMR CNRS 7311
- 45067 Orléans Cédex
- France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Corma A, Navas J, Ródenas T, Sabater MJ. One-pot palladium-catalyzed borrowing hydrogen synthesis of thioethers. Chemistry 2013; 19:17464-71. [PMID: 24259460 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Palladium on magnesium oxide is able to allow a one-pot reaction to synthesize thioethers from thiols and aldehydes formed in situ from the respective alcohol by means of a borrowing hydrogen method. The reaction is initiated by dehydrogenation of the alcohol to give a palladium hydride intermediate and an aldehyde. The latter reacts with a thiol involving most probably the intermediacy of a thionium ion RCH=S(+)R, which can be reduced in situ by the metal hydride to afford thioethers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Avda. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain), Fax: (+34) 963877809.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao P, Yin H, Gao H, Xi C. Cu-catalyzed synthesis of diaryl thioethers and S-cycles by reaction of aryl iodides with carbon disulfide in the presence of DBU. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5001-6. [PMID: 23611365 DOI: 10.1021/jo400709s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diaryl thioethers and S-cycles were obtained on the basis of the copper-catalyzed reaction of carbon disulfide and aryl iodides in the presence of DBU. This reaction enables the one-pot synthesis of diaryl thioethers by employing cheap, available, and easy-to-handle carbon disulfide with aryl iodides. The reaction was successfully employed in the construction of sulfur-containing cyclic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuhn M, Falk FC, Paradies J. Palladium-Catalyzed C–S Coupling: Access to Thioethers, Benzo[b]thiophenes, and Thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes. Org Lett 2011; 13:4100-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2016093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
11
|
Eichman CC, Stambuli JP. Transition metal catalyzed synthesis of aryl sulfides. Molecules 2011; 16:590-608. [PMID: 21242940 PMCID: PMC6259452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of aryl sulfides in biologically active compounds has resulted in the development of new methods to form carbon-sulfur bonds. The synthesis of aryl sulfides via metal catalysis has significantly increased in recent years. Historically, thiolates and sulfides have been thought to plague catalyst activity in the presence of transition metals. Indeed, strong coordination of thiolates and thioethers to transition metals can often hinder catalytic activity; however, various catalysts are able to withstand catalyst deactivation and form aryl carbon-sulfur bonds in high-yielding transformations. This review discusses the metal-catalyzed arylation of thiols and the use of disulfides as metal-thiolate precursors for the formation of C-S bonds.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fernández-Rodríguez MA, Hartwig JF. One-pot synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl thioethers by palladium-catalyzed coupling of two aryl bromides and a thiol surrogate. Chemistry 2010; 16:2355-9. [PMID: 20112309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barten DM, Albright CF. Therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2008; 37:171-86. [PMID: 18581273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are guided by four disease characteristics: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillar tangles (NFT), neurodegeneration, and dementia. Amyloid plaques are composed largely of 4 kDa beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides, with the more amyloidogenic, 42 amino acid form (Abeta42) as the primary species. Because multiple, rare mutations that cause early-onset, familial AD lead to increased production or aggregation of Abeta42, amyloid therapeutics aim to reduce the amount of toxic Abeta42 aggregates. Amyloid-based therapies include gamma-secretase inhibitors and modulators, BACE inhibitors, aggregation blockers, catabolism inducers, and anti-Abeta biologics. Tangles are composed of paired helical filaments of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Tau-based therapeutics include kinase inhibitors, microtubule stabilizers, and catabolism inducers. Therapeutic strategies for neurodegeneration target multiple mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and inflammation or stimulation of neuronal viability. Although not disease modifying, cognition enhancers are important to treat the symptom of dementia. Strategies for cognition enhancement include cholinesterase inhibitors, and other approaches to enhance the signaling of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons. In summary, plaques, tangles, neurodegeneration and dementia guide the development of multiple therapeutic approaches for AD and are the subject of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Barten
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Neuroscience Drug Discovery, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Palani A, Tagat JR. Discovery and Development of Small-Molecule Chemokine Coreceptor CCR5 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2851-7. [PMID: 16686527 DOI: 10.1021/jm060009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anandan Palani
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Spires TE, Fink BE, Kick EK, You D, Rizzo CA, Takenaka I, Lawrence RM, Ruan Z, Salvati ME, Vite GD, Weinmann R, Attar RM, Gottardis MM, Lorenzi MV. Identification of novel functional inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type III (17beta-HSD3). Prostate 2005; 65:159-70. [PMID: 15924334 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine therapy of prostate cancer (PCa) relies on agents which disrupt the biosynthesis of testosterone in the testis and/or by direct antagonism of active hormone on the androgen receptor (AR) in non-gonadal target tissues of hormone action such as the prostate. METHODS In an effort to evaluate new therapies which could inhibit gonadal or non-gonadal testosterone biosynthesis, we developed high throughput biochemical and cellular screening assays to identify inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type III (17beta-HSD3), the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of androstenedione (AdT) to testosterone. RESULTS Initial screening efforts identified a natural product, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, and a novel derivative of AdT, 3-O-benzylandrosterone, as potent inhibitors of the enzyme. Further efforts led to the identification of several classes of non-steroidal, low molecular weight compounds that potently inhibited 17beta-HSD3 enzymatic activity. One of the most potent classes of 17beta-HSD3 inhibitors was a series of anthranilamide small molecules identified from a collection of compounds related to non-steroidal modulators of nuclear hormone receptors. The anthranilamide based 17beta-HSD3 inhibitors were exemplified by BMS-856, a compound displaying low nanomolar inhibition of 17beta-HSD3 enzymatic activity. In addition, this series of compounds displayed potent inhibition of 17beta-HSD3-mediated cellular conversion of AdT to testosterone and inhibited the 17beta-HSD3-mediated conversion of testosterone necessary to promote AR-dependent transcription. CONCLUSIONS The identification of non-steroidal functional inhibitors of 17beta-HSD3 may be a useful complementary approach for the disruption of testosterone biosynthesis in the treatment of PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Spires
- Oncology Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Scapecchi S, Martini E, Bellucci C, Buccioni M, Dei S, Guandalini L, Manetti D, Martelli C, Marucci G, Matucci R. Molecular modulation of muscarinic antagonists. Synthesis and affinity profile of 2,2-diphenyl-2-ethylthio-acetic acid esters designed to probe the binding site cavity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:971-80. [PMID: 15598432 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and preliminary pharmacological profile of a new series of muscarinic antagonists, derived from previously studied 2,2-diphenyl-2-ethylthio-acetic acid esters, are reported. The parent molecules were decorated with linkers of different length, carrying an amino group to catch a putative anionic function outside the recognition site of the receptor. It was hoped that the interception of this function would give molecules with higher potency and selectivity. The attempt has not been successful, but a new series of compounds with a peculiar pharmacological profile has been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scapecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|