1
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Perdicchia D. Borane-Trimethylamine Complex: A Versatile Reagent in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:2017. [PMID: 38731507 PMCID: PMC11085582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Borane-trimethylamine complex (Me3N·BH3; BTM) is the most stable of the amine-borane complexes that are commercially available, and it is cost-effective. It is a valuable reagent in organic chemistry with applications in the reduction of carbonyl groups and carbon-nitrogen double bond reduction, with considerable examples in the reduction of oximes, hydrazones and azines. The transfer hydrogenation of aromatic N-heterocycles and the selective N-monomethylation of primary anilines are further examples of recent applications, whereas the reduction of nitrobenzenes to anilines and the reductive deprotection of N-tritylamines are useful tools in the organic synthesis. Moreover, BTM is the main reagent in the regioselective cleavage of cyclic acetals, a reaction of great importance for carbohydrate chemistry. Recent innovative applications of BTM, such as CO2 utilization as feedstock and radical chemistry by photocatalysis, have extended their usefulness in new reactions. The present review is focused on the applications of borane-trimethylamine complex as a reagent in organic synthesis and has not been covered in previous reviews regarding amine-borane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Perdicchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Cooper O, Waespy M, Chen D, Kelm S, Li Q, Haselhorst T, Tiralongo J. Sugar-decorated carbon dots: a novel tool for targeting immunomodulatory receptors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:5355-5364. [PMID: 36540112 PMCID: PMC9729803 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00364c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between sialic acid (Sia) and sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) regulate the immune system, with aberrations contributing to pathologies such as autoimmunity, infectious disease and cancer. Over the last decade, several multivalent Sia ligands have been synthesized to modulate the Sia-binding affinity of proteins/lectins. Here, we report a novel class of multivalent siglec probes through the decoration of α(2,6)-sialyllactose ligands on inherently fluorescent carbon dots (CD). We show that the preference of α(2,3)-linked Sia for siglec-1 can be altered by increasing the multivalence of Sia ligands present on the CD, and that a locally high glycan concentration can have a direct effect on linkage specificity. Additionally, micromolar (IC50 ∼ 70 μM) interaction of α(2,6)-sialyllactose-CD (6-CD) with siglec-2 (CD22) revealed it was capable of generating a significant cytotoxic effect on Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL) Daudi B cells. This phenonomen was attributed to 6-CD's ability to form trans interactions with CD22 on masked BL Daudi cells as a direct result of clustering of the Sia moiety on the CD surface. Overall, our glycoengineered carbon dots represent a novel high affinity molecular probe with multiple applications in sialoglycoscience and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Cooper
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University Queensland 4222 Australia
| | - Mario Waespy
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen 28334 Bremen Germany
| | - Dechao Chen
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Nathan Campus, Griffith University QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen 28334 Bremen Germany
| | - Qin Li
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Nathan Campus, Griffith University QLD 4111 Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Australia, Nathan Campus, Griffith University QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University Queensland 4222 Australia
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University Queensland 4222 Australia
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3
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Abstract
A dense and diverse array of glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids decorate all cell surfaces. In vertebrates, many of these carry sialic acid, in a variety of linkages and glycan contexts, as their outermost sugar moiety. Among their functions, glycans engage complementary glycan binding proteins (lectins) to regulate cell physiology. Among the glycan binding proteins are the Siglecs, sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. In humans, there are 14 Siglecs, most of which are expressed on overlapping subsets of immune system cells. Each Siglec engages distinct, endogenous sialylated glycans that initiate signaling programs and regulate cellular responses. Here, we explore the emerging science of Siglec ligands, including endogenous sialoglycoproteins and glycolipids and synthetic sialomimetics. Knowledge in this field promises to reveal new molecular pathways controlling cell physiology and new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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4
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Nowack L, Teschers CS, Albrecht S, Gilmour R. Oligodendroglial glycolipids in (Re)myelination: implications for multiple sclerosis research. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:890-904. [PMID: 33575689 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020 This short review surveys aspects of glycolipid-based natural products and their biological relevance in multiple sclerosis (MS). The role of isolated gangliosides in disease models is discussed together with an overview of ganglioside-inspired small molecule drugs and imaging probes. The discussion is extended to neurodegeneration in a more general context and addresses the need for more efficient synthetic methods to generate (glyco)structures that are of therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Nowack
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany. and Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Charlotte S Teschers
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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5
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Kroezen BS, Conti G, Girardi B, Cramer J, Jiang X, Rabbani S, Müller J, Kokot M, Luisoni E, Ricklin D, Schwardt O, Ernst B. A Potent Mimetic of the Siglec-8 Ligand 6'-Sulfo-Sialyl Lewis x. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1706-1719. [PMID: 32744401 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Siglecs are members of the immunoglobulin gene family containing sialic acid binding N-terminal domains. Among them, Siglec-8 is expressed on various cell types of the immune system such as eosinophils, mast cells and weakly on basophils. Cross-linking of Siglec-8 with monoclonal antibodies triggers apoptosis in eosinophils and inhibits degranulation of mast cells, making Siglec-8 a promising target for the treatment of eosinophil- and mast cell-associated diseases such as asthma. The tetrasaccharide 6'-sulfo-sialyl Lewisx has been identified as a specific Siglec-8 ligand in glycan array screening. Here, we describe an extended study enlightening the pharmacophores of 6'-sulfo-sialyl Lewisx and the successful development of a high-affinity mimetic. Retaining the neuraminic acid core, the introduction of a carbocyclic mimetic of the Gal moiety and a sulfonamide substituent in the 9-position gave a 20-fold improved binding affinity. Finally, the residence time, which usually is the Achilles tendon of carbohydrate/lectin interactions, could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blijke S Kroezen
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Conti
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedetta Girardi
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Cramer
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Kokot
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Luisoni
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Ernst
- Molecular Pharmacy Group Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Movsisyan LD, Macauley MS. Structural advances of Siglecs: insight into synthetic glycan ligands for immunomodulation. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5784-5797. [PMID: 32756649 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are transmembrane proteins of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily predominantly expressed on the cells of our immune system. Siglecs recognize sialic acid via their terminal V-set domain. In mammals, sialic acid-terminated glycolipids and glycoproteins are the ligands of Siglecs, and the monomeric affinity of Siglecs for their sialic acid-containing ligands is weak. Significant efforts have been devoted toward the development of chemically modified sialoside ligands to target Siglecs with higher affinity and selectivity. In this review we discuss natural and synthetic sialoside ligands for each human Siglec, emphasizing the ligand binding determinants uncovered from recent advances in protein structural information. Potential therapeutic applications of these ligands are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon D Movsisyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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7
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Yuan SS, Li ML, Chen JS, Zhou L, Zhou W. Application of Mono- and Disaccharides in Drug Targeting and Efficacy. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:764-778. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si S. Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Mao L. Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jian S. Chen
- College of Horticulture; South China Agricultural University; 483 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Science; Hunan Agricultural University; Furong Road Changsha 410128 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
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8
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Prescher H, Schweizer A, Kuhfeldt E, Nitschke L, Brossmer R. New Human CD22/Siglec-2 Ligands with a Triazole Glycoside. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1216-1225. [PMID: 28374962 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD22 is a member of the Siglec family. Considerable attention has been drawn to the design and synthesis of new Siglec ligands to explore target biology and innovative therapies. In particular, CD22-ligand-targeted nanoparticles with therapeutic functions have proved successful in preclinical settings for blood cancers, autoimmune diseases, and tolerance induction. Here we report the design, synthesis and affinity evaluation of a new class of Siglec ligands: namely sialic acid derivatives with a triazole moiety replacing the natural glycoside oxygen atom. In addition, we describe important and surprising differences in binding to CD22 expressed at the cell surface for compounds with distinct valences. The new class of compounds might serve as a template for the design of ligands for other members of the Siglec family and next-generation CD22-ligand-based targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Schweizer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Brossmer
- Biochemistry Center, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,G3-BioTec, 69207, Sandhausen, Germany
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9
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Büll C, Heise T, van Hilten N, Pijnenborg JFA, Bloemendal VRLJ, Gerrits L, Kers-Rebel ED, Ritschel T, den Brok MH, Adema GJ, Boltje TJ. Steering Siglec-Sialic Acid Interactions on Living Cells using Bioorthogonal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büll
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Torben Heise
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Niek van Hilten
- Computational Discovery and Design Group; Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26-28 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Johan F. A. Pijnenborg
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Lotte Gerrits
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Esther D. Kers-Rebel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Tina Ritschel
- Computational Discovery and Design Group; Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26-28 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H. den Brok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology; Pain and Palliative Medicine; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 10 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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10
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Büll C, Heise T, van Hilten N, Pijnenborg JFA, Bloemendal VRLJ, Gerrits L, Kers-Rebel ED, Ritschel T, den Brok MH, Adema GJ, Boltje TJ. Steering Siglec-Sialic Acid Interactions on Living Cells using Bioorthogonal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3309-3313. [PMID: 28194834 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid sugars that terminate cell-surface glycans form the ligands for the sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) family, which are immunomodulatory receptors expressed by immune cells. Interactions between sialic acid and Siglecs regulate the immune system, and aberrations contribute to pathologies like autoimmunity and cancer. Sialic acid/Siglec interactions between living cells are difficult to study owing to a lack of specific tools. Here, we report a glycoengineering approach to remodel the sialic acids of living cells and their binding to Siglecs. Using bioorthogonal chemistry, a library of cells with more than sixty different sialic acid modifications was generated that showed dramatically increased binding toward the different Siglec family members. Rational design reduced cross-reactivity and led to the discovery of three selective Siglec-5/14 ligands. Furthermore, glycoengineered cells carrying sialic acid ligands for Siglec-3 dampened the activation of Siglec-3+ monocytic cells through the NF-κB and IRF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Büll
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Heise
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek van Hilten
- Computational Discovery and Design Group, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan F A Pijnenborg
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor R L J Bloemendal
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Gerrits
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther D Kers-Rebel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Ritschel
- Computational Discovery and Design Group, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn H den Brok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Sialic Acid Mimetics to Target the Sialic Acid-Siglec Axis. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:519-531. [PMID: 27085506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acid sugars are vital regulators of the immune system through binding to immunosuppressive sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) receptors on immune cells. Aberrant sialic acid-Siglec interactions are associated with an increasing number of pathologies including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Therefore, the sialic acid-Siglec axis is an emerging target to prevent or affect the course of several diseases. Chemical modifications of the natural sialic acid ligands have led to sialic acid mimetics (SAMs) with improved binding affinity and selectivity towards Siglecs. Recent progress in glycobiotechnology allows the presentation of these SAMs on nanoparticles, polymers, and living cells via bioorthogonal synthesis. These developments now enable the detailed study of the sialic acid-Siglec axis including its therapeutic potential as an immune modulator.
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12
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Angata T, Nycholat CM, Macauley MS. Therapeutic Targeting of Siglecs using Antibody- and Glycan-Based Approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:645-660. [PMID: 26435210 PMCID: PMC4593978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of immunomodulatory receptors whose functions are regulated by their glycan ligands. Siglecs are attractive therapeutic targets because of their cell type-specific expression pattern, endocytic properties, high expression on certain lymphomas/leukemias, and ability to modulate receptor signaling. Siglec-targeting approaches with therapeutic potential encompass antibody- and glycan-based strategies. Several antibody-based therapies are in clinical trials and continue to be developed for the treatment of lymphoma/leukemia and autoimmune disease, while the therapeutic potential of glycan-based strategies for cargo delivery and immunomodulation is a promising new approach. Here we review these strategies with special emphasis on emerging approaches and disease areas that may benefit from targeting the Siglec family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Prescher H, Gütgemann S, Frank M, Kuhfeldt E, Watzl C, Brossmer R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9- N -oxamyl sialosides as Siglec-7 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5915-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Cecioni S, Imberty A, Vidal S. Glycomimetics versus Multivalent Glycoconjugates for the Design of High Affinity Lectin Ligands. Chem Rev 2014; 115:525-61. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500303t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy Cecioni
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes and CNRS, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Vidal
- Institut
de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires,
Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2 - Glycochimie, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1 and CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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15
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Acetylated hyaluronic acid: enhanced bioavailability and biological studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:921549. [PMID: 25114930 PMCID: PMC4121155 DOI: 10.1155/2014/921549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a macropolysaccharidic component of the extracellular matrix, is common to most species and it is found in many sites of the human body, including skin and soft tissue. Not only does HA play a variety of roles in physiologic and in pathologic events, but it also has been extensively employed in cosmetic and skin-care products as drug delivery agent or for several biomedical applications. The most important limitations of HA are due to its short half-life and quick degradation in vivo and its consequently poor bioavailability. In the aim to overcome these difficulties, HA is generally subjected to several chemical changes. In this paper we obtained an acetylated form of HA with increased bioavailability with respect to the HA free form. Furthermore, an improved radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity has been evidenced, respectively, on ABTS radical cation and murine monocyte/macrophage cell lines (J774.A1).
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16
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Kelm S, Madge P, Islam T, Bennett R, Koliwer-Brandl H, Waespy M, von Itzstein M, Haselhorst T. C-4 modified sialosides enhance binding to Siglec-2 (CD22): towards potent Siglec inhibitors for immunoglycotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3616-20. [PMID: 23440868 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
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17
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Kelm S, Madge P, Islam T, Bennett R, Koliwer-Brandl H, Waespy M, von Itzstein M, Haselhorst T. C-4-Modifikation von Sialosiden verstärkt die Bindung an Siglec-2 (CD22) - auf dem Weg zu potenten Siglec-Inhibitoren für eine Immunglykotherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Schwardt O, Kelm S, Ernst B. SIGLEC-4 (MAG) Antagonists: From the Natural Carbohydrate Epitope to Glycomimetics. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 367:151-200. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mesch S, Lemme K, Wittwer M, Koliwer-Brandl H, Schwardt O, Kelm S, Ernst B. From a Library of MAG Antagonists to Nanomolar CD22 Ligands. ChemMedChem 2011; 7:134-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mortazavi MM, Verma K, Deep A, Esfahani FB, Pritchard PR, Tubbs RS, Theodore N. Chemical priming for spinal cord injury: a review of the literature part II-potential therapeutics. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:1307-16. [PMID: 21174102 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury is a complex cascade of reactions secondary to the initial mechanical trauma that puts into action the innate properties of the injured cells, the circulatory, inflammatory, and chemical status around them, into a non-permissive and destructive environment for neuronal function and regeneration. Priming means putting a cell, in a state of "arousal" towards better function. Priming can be mechanical as trauma is known to enhance activity in cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to better understand the possible chemical primers used for spinal cord injuries. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, many studies have shown various promising results using the substances outlined herein for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Mortazavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AR, USA
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21
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Mortazavi MM, Verma K, Deep A, Esfahani FB, Pritchard PR, Tubbs RS, Theodore N. Chemical priming for spinal cord injury: a review of the literature. Part I-factors involved. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:1297-306. [PMID: 21170536 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are significant differences between the propensity of neural regeneration between the central and peripheral nervous systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following a review of the literature, we describe the role of growth factors, guiding factors, and neurite outgrowth inhibitors in the physiology and development of the nervous system as well as the pathophysiology of the spinal cord. We also detail their therapeutic role as well as those of other chemical substances that have recently been found to modify regrowth following cord injury. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors appear to have promising futures for the possibility of improving spinal cord injury following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Mortazavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AR, USA
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22
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Zeng Y, Rademacher C, Nycholat CM, Futakawa S, Lemme K, Ernst B, Paulson JC. High affinity sialoside ligands of myelin associated glycoprotein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5045-9. [PMID: 21561770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myelin associated glycoprotein (Siglec-4) is a myelin adhesion receptor, that is, well established for its role as an inhibitor of axonal outgrowth in nerve injury, mediated by binding to sialic acid containing ligands on the axonal membrane. Because disruption of myelin-ligand interactions promotes axon outgrowth, we have sought to develop potent ligand based inhibitors using natural ligands as scaffolds. Although natural ligands of MAG are glycolipids terminating in the sequence NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-3(±NeuAcα2-6)GalNAcβ-R, we previously established that synthetic O-linked glycoprotein glycans with the same sequence α-linked to Thr exhibited ∼1000-fold increased affinity (∼1μM). Attempts to increase potency by introducing a benzoylamide substituent at C-9 of the α2-3 sialic acid afforded only a two-fold increase, instead of increases of >100-fold observed for other sialoside ligands of MAG. Surprisingly, however, introduction of a 9-N-fluoro-benzoyl substituent on the α2-6 sialic acid increased affinity 80-fold, resulting in a potent inhibitor with a K(d) of 15nM. Docking this ligand to a model of MAG based on known crystal structures of other siglecs suggests that the Thr positions the glycan such that aryl substitution of the α2-3 sialic acid produces a steric clash with the GalNAc, while attaching an aryl substituent to the other sialic acid positions the substituent near a hydrophobic pocket that accounts to the increase in affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zeng
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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23
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Abdu-Allah HHM, Watanabe K, Completo GC, Sadagopan M, Hayashizaki K, Takaku C, Tamanaka T, Takematsu H, Kozutsumi Y, Paulson JC, Tsubata T, Ando H, Ishida H, Kiso M. CD22-antagonists with nanomolar potency: the synergistic effect of hydrophobic groups at C-2 and C-9 of sialic acid scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1966-71. [PMID: 21349726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In earlier studies, we identified the C-9 amido derivative 1 (9-(4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl)acetamido-9-deoxy-Neu5Gcα2-6GalOMP) and the C-9 amino derivative 2 (9-(4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl)methylamino-9-deoxy-Neu5Gcα2-6GalOMP) have the most promising affinity for mouse CD22 and human CD22, respectively. Replacing the subterminal galactose residue (2-6Gal-OMP) of 1 with benzyl (5) or biphenylmethyl (6) as aglycone led to even higher potency for mCD22. In this study, both compounds showed improved potency and selectivity for CD22 (IC(50) 70 nM) and 712-fold more selective for CD22 than for MAG. The corresponding derivatives of 2, compounds 8 and 9, showed comparable activity to 2 but lower potency and selectivity than 5 and 6. Although compounds 5-9 are simple and small molecular weight antagonists, they showed much high potency and selectivity than the corresponding compounds having α 2-6Gal linkage. Both biological and computational docking simulation studies suggest that the 2-6Gal-OMP residues of 1 and 2 are not critical for binding process and could be replaced with hydrophobic non-carbohydrate moieties. The data presented herein has significant implications for the design and discovery of next-generation CD22-antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajjaj H M Abdu-Allah
- Department of Applied Bio-organic Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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24
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Kiefel MJ, Chopra P, Madge PD, Szyczew A, Thomson RJ, Grice ID, von Itzstein M. Synthesis of C-9 oxidised N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives as biological probes. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Meinke S, Schroven A, Thiem J. Sialic acid C-glycosides with aromatic residues: Investigating enzyme binding and inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4487-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Shelke S, Cutting B, Jiang X, Koliwer-Brandl H, Strasser D, Schwardt O, Kelm S, Ernst B. A Fragment-Based In Situ Combinatorial Approach To Identify High-Affinity Ligands for Unknown Binding Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5721-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200907254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Shelke S, Cutting B, Jiang X, Koliwer-Brandl H, Strasser D, Schwardt O, Kelm S, Ernst B. A Fragment-Based In Situ Combinatorial Approach To Identify High-Affinity Ligands for Unknown Binding Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200907254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Mesch S, Lemme K, Koliwer-Brandl H, Strasser DS, Schwardt O, Kelm S, Ernst B. Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of MAG antagonists. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1348-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Mesch S, Moser D, Strasser DS, Kelm A, Cutting B, Rossato G, Vedani A, Koliwer-Brandl H, Wittwer M, Rabbani S, Schwardt O, Kelm S, Ernst B. Low Molecular Weight Antagonists of the Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein: Synthesis, Docking, and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1597-615. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901517k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mesch
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Delia Moser
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S. Strasser
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antje Kelm
- Department of Physiological Biochemistry, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Brian Cutting
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Rossato
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Vedani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schwardt
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Soerge Kelm
- Department of Physiological Biochemistry, University of Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Abdu-Allah HHM, Watanabe K, Hayashizaki K, Takaku C, Tamanaka T, Takematsu H, Kozutsumi Y, Tsubata T, Ishida H, Kiso M. Potent small molecule mouse CD22-inhibitors: exploring the interaction of the residue at C-2 of sialic acid scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5573-5. [PMID: 19720531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that compound 1 (9-(4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl)acetamido-9-deoxy-Neu5Gcalpha2-6GalOMP) has the most promising affinity for mCD22. Replacing the subterminal galactose residue of 1 with benzyl or biphenylmethyl as aglycone led to 38- and 20-fold higher potency, respectively. This discovery represents a new direction in inhibitor design suitable for pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajjaj H M Abdu-Allah
- Department of Applied Bio-organic Chemistry, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant natural products. Besides their role in metabolism and as structural building blocks, they are fundamental constituents of every cell surface, where they are involved in vital cellular recognition processes. Carbohydrates are a relatively untapped source of new drugs and therefore offer exciting new therapeutic opportunities. Advances in the functional understanding of carbohydrate-protein interactions have enabled the development of a new class of small-molecule drugs, known as glycomimetics. These compounds mimic the bioactive function of carbohydrates and address the drawbacks of carbohydrate leads, namely their low activity and insufficient drug-like properties. Here, we examine examples of approved carbohydrate-derived drugs, discuss the potential of carbohydrate-binding proteins as new drug targets (focusing on the lectin families) and consider ways to overcome the challenges of developing this unique class of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel, Switzerland.
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32
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Schwardt O, Gäthje H, Vedani A, Mesch S, Gao GP, Spreafico M, von Orelli J, Kelm S, Ernst B. Examination of the Biological Role of the α(2→6)-Linked Sialic Acid in Gangliosides Binding to the Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG). J Med Chem 2009; 52:989-1004. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801058n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schwardt
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Heiko Gäthje
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Angelo Vedani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mesch
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gan-Pan Gao
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Morena Spreafico
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes von Orelli
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, Institute for Physiological Biochemistry, University Bremen, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
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33
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Blixt O, Han S, Liao L, Zeng Y, Hoffmann J, Futakawa S, Paulson JC. Sialoside analogue arrays for rapid identification of high affinity siglec ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6680-1. [PMID: 18452295 DOI: 10.1021/ja801052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The siglec family of sialic acid binding proteins participates in diverse cell surface biology that includes regulation of immune cell signaling and the interaction of neuronal cells with glial cells. The weak intrinsic affinity of the natural sialoside ligands has hampered the development of synthetic ligand based probes needed to elucidate their roles in siglec function. In this report, we describe a glycan microarray comprising a library of 9-acyl-substituted sialic acids incorporated into sialosides containing the Neu5Acalpha2-3Gal and Neu5Acalpha-6Gal linkages commonly recognized by the siglecs. The array is demonstrated to exhibit utility for detecting 9-acyl substituents that increase the affinity of siglecs for their ligands. Substituents that increase affinity are anticipated to be useful for the design of high affinity ligand based probes of siglec function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Blixt
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Murrey
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Linda C. Hsieh-Wilson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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