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Lee HJ, Kim HD, Ryu D. Practical Strategies to Reduce Ochratoxin A in Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:58. [PMID: 38276534 PMCID: PMC10819544 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent nephrotoxin, is one of the most deleterious mycotoxins, with its prevalence in agricultural crops and their processed foods around the world. OTA is a major concern to food safety, as OTA exposure through dietary intake may lead to a significant level of accumulation in the body as a result of its long half-life (about 35 days). Its potent renal toxicity and high risk of exposure as well as the difficulty in controlling environmental factors OTA production has prompted the need for timely information on practical strategies for the food industry to effectively manage OTA contamination during food processing. The effects of various food processes, including both nonthermal and thermal methods, on the reduction in OTA were summarized in this review, with emphasis on the toxicity of residual OTA as well as its known and unknown degradation products. Since complete removal of OTA from foodstuffs is not feasible, additional strategies that may facilitate the reduction in OTA in food, such as adding baking soda and sugars, was also discussed, so that the industry may understand and apply practical measures to ensure the safety of its products destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Hae Dun Kim
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Dojin Ryu
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
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2
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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3
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Bryła M, Damaziak K, Twarużek M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł, Roszko M, Pierzgalski A, Soszczyńska E, Łukasiewicz-Mierzejewska M, Chmiel M, Wójcik W. Toxico-pathological effects of ochratoxin A and its diastereoisomer under in ovo conditions and in vitro evaluation of the toxicity of these toxins against the embryo Gallus gallus fibroblast cell line. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102413. [PMID: 36566659 PMCID: PMC9801203 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we conducted a comparative study on the embryotoxicity of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its diastereomer 2'R-ochratoxin A (2'R-OTA) under in ovo conditions, as well as assess the in vitro embryotoxicity of these substances together with ochratoxin B and α-ochratoxin, using chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo cell lines. In ovo tests involved egg incubation of 8 different groups (i.e., control "0"-no puncture or injection (standard incubation); "00"-punctured eggs without injection; "OTA 0.25," "OTA 0.50," "OTA 0.75," "2'R-OTA 0.25," "2'R-OTA 0.50," "2'R-OTA 0.75"-eggs containing OTA or 2'R-OTA at 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 µg/egg concentration, respectively). The results confirmed OTA's impact on early and late embryo mortality, where chick hatchability decreased with increasing toxin dosage. Both OTA and 2'R-OTA demonstrated embryotoxicity, however, in the case of the highest OTA diastereomer dose, nearly 11% higher chick hatchability was observed compared with the group that received OTA. 2'R-OTA dosage did not reduce parameters chick quality compared to chicks hatched from control group eggs. OTA concentrations were higher than 2'R-OTA detected in chicken organs such as liver and kidney, whereas 2'R-OTA concentrations were higher in blood serum and heart. The presented studies highlighted the differences in the ability to accumulate toxins in certain organs, which, to a certain extent, may affect the potential toxicity on individual organs. Additionally, during in vitro tests, when assessing the cytotoxic effects of OTA and its analogues toward the chicken embryonic cell line in an MTT assay, the cell metabolic activity was inhibited to a comparable extent at 27-times higher concentration of 2'R-OTA than OTA (0.24 µM). Also, comparably lower toxicity was attributed to the remaining OTA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland,Corresponding author:
| | - Krzysztof Damaziak
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Plant-Pathogen Interaction, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Soszczyńska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Łukasiewicz-Mierzejewska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Chmiel
- Division of Meat Technology, Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wójcik
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Park S, Koo J, Kim B, Pushparaj K, Malaisamy A, Liu WC, Balasubramanian B. Evaluation of the Safety and Ochratoxin A Degradation Capacity of Pediococcus pentosaceus as a Dietary Probiotic with Molecular Docking Approach and Pharmacokinetic Toxicity Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9062. [PMID: 36012326 PMCID: PMC9409003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the properties and ochratoxin A (OTA) degradation capacity of the dietary probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus BalaMMB-P3, isolated from a milk coagulant. The acidic tolerance of the isolate at pH 2-3 was checked with bile salts. No hemolytic activity was noted, which confirmed the nonpathogenicity of the strain. The isolate was tested in vitro for antibiotic susceptibility, enzymatic activity, bile salts hydrolase activity and antifungal activity against Penicillium verrucosum, Fusarium graminearum and Aspergillus ochraceus. A molecular docking-based OTA toxicity assessment was carried out for multitargeted proteins. The 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic assessment identified the strain as P. pentosaceus, and was authenticated in GenBank. The carboxylesterase and glutathione s-transferase enzymes showed active and strong interactions with esters and amide bonds, respectively. The compound exhibited carcinogenic and cytotoxicity effects at an LD50 value of 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, the strain showed a potent ability to reduce OTA and suggested the prospects for utilization in nutritional aspects of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Jinsu Koo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Bosung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Karthika Pushparaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India
| | - Arunkumar Malaisamy
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Wen-Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Lindemann V, Schmidt J, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Detection of Mycotoxins in Highly Matrix-Loaded House-Dust Samples by QTOF-HRMS, IM-QTOF-HRMS, and TQMS: Advantages and Disadvantages. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4209-4217. [PMID: 35231175 PMCID: PMC8928151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of (trace) contaminants in environmental samples represents an important tool for exposure assessment and for the evaluation of potential risks to human health. Currently, mass spectrometric detection using triple quadrupole (TQMS) systems is the established method of choice. However, screening methods using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) find increasing application as they provide advantages such as enhanced selectivity. A complex composition of environmental samples is known to have enormous effects on mass analyzers. The present work therefore compares the impact of a highly matrix-loaded sample material like house-dust on the performance of mass spectrometric detection of the emerging indoor contaminant group of mycotoxins by quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and TQMS after ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic separation. Furthermore, the role of ionization efficiencies of different ion sources in instrument sensitivity was compared using an electrospray ionization source and a newly developed heated electrospray ion source (Bruker VIP-HESI) during QTOF experiments. Finally, it was evaluated whether an additional dimension of separation enables increased sensitivity in QTOF-HRMS detection by applying mycotoxins in house-dust to an (trapped) ion mobility spectrometry instrument. The sensitivity of the QTOF detection was positively influenced by the application of the VIP-HESI ion source, and overall HRMS instruments provided enhanced selectivity resulting in simplified data evaluation compared to the TQMS. However, all performed experiments revealed strong signal suppression due to matrix components. QTOF results showed more severe effects, enabling a more sensitive detection of mycotoxins in house-dust by applying TQMS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Lindemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmidt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Zapaśnik A, Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Podolska G. Ochratoxin A and 2' R-Ochratoxin A in Selected Foodstuffs and Dietary Risk Assessment. Molecules 2021; 27:188. [PMID: 35011417 PMCID: PMC8746423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the contamination of grain coffee, roasted coffee, instant coffee, and cocoa purchased in local markets with ochratoxin A (OTA) and its isomerization product 2'R-ochratoxin A (2'R-OTA), and to assess risk of dietary exposure to the mycotoxins. OTA and 2'R-OTA content was determined using the HPLC chromatography with immunoaffinity columns dedicated to OTA. OTA levels found in all the tested samples were below the maximum limits specified in the European Commission Regulation EC 1881/2006. Average OTA concentrations calculated for positive samples of grain coffee/roasted coffee/instant coffee/cocoa were 0.94/0.79/3.00/0.95 µg/kg, with the concentration ranges: 0.57-1.97/0.44-2.29/0.40-5.15/0.48-1.97 µg/kg, respectively. Average 2'R-OTA concentrations calculated for positive samples of roasted coffee/instant coffee were 0.90/1.48 µg/kg, with concentration ranges: 0.40-1.26/1.00-2.12 µg/kg, respectively. In turn, diastereomer was not found in any of the tested cocoa samples. Daily intake of both mycotoxins with coffee/cocoa would be below the TDI value even if the consumed coffee/cocoa were contaminated with OTA/2'R-OTA at the highest levels found in this study. Up to now only a few papers on both OTA and 2'R-OTA in roasted food products are available in the literature, and this is the first study in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Grażyna Podolska
- Department of Cereal Crop Production, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation—State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
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7
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Li XM, Qian ZM, He YH, Guan Z. Visible-light-mediated radical addition/cyclization tandem reaction for the synthesis of 3-bromomethyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Bryła M, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Stępniewska S, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A, Szymczyk K, Szafrańska A. Transformation of ochratoxin A during bread-making processes. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Schmidt J, Cramer B, Turner PC, Stoltzfus RJ, Humphrey JH, Smith LE, Humpf HU. Determination of Urinary Mycotoxin Biomarkers Using a Sensitive Online Solid Phase Extraction-UHPLC-MS/MS Method. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060418. [PMID: 34208182 PMCID: PMC8230879 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of assessing the human exposure to mycotoxins, biomarker-based approaches have proven to be important tools. Low concentration levels, complex matrix compositions, structurally diverse analytes, and the large size of sample cohorts are the main challenges of analytical procedures. For that reason, an online solid phase extraction-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed, allowing for the sensitive, robust, and rapid analysis of 11 relevant mycotoxins and mycotoxin metabolites in human urine. The included spectrum of analytes comprises aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), altenuene (ALT), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), citrinin (CIT) and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) as well as α- and β-zearalenol (α- and β-ZEL). Reliable quantitation was achieved by means of stable isotope dilution, except for ALT, AME and AOH using matrix calibrations. The evaluation of method performance displayed low limits of detection in the range of pg/mL urine, satisfactory apparent recovery rates as well as high accuracy and precision during intra- and interday repeatability. Within the analysis of Zimbabwean urine samples (n = 50), the applicability of the newly developed method was shown. In addition to FB1 being quantifiable in all analyzed samples, six other mycotoxin biomarkers were detected. Compared to the occurrence rates obtained after analyzing the same sample set using an established dilute and shoot (DaS) approach, a considerably higher number of positive samples was observed when applying the online SPE method. Owing to the increased sensitivity, less need of sample handling, and low time effort, the herein presented online SPE approach provides a valuable contribution to human biomonitoring of mycotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schmidt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Paul C. Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Rebecca J. Stoltzfus
- Goshen College, 1700 S. Main Street, Goshen, IN 46526, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jean H. Humphrey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Laura E. Smith
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.S.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Shablykina OV, Shilin SV, Moskvina VS, Ishchenko VV, Khilya VP. Progress in the Chemistry of Amino-Acid Derivatives of Isocoumarins and 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins. Chem Nat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-021-03323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Dried urine spots as sampling technique for multi-mycotoxin analysis in human urine. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:129-140. [PMID: 33638099 PMCID: PMC8163710 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and effective approach for HPLC-MS/MS based multi-mycotoxin analysis in human urine samples was developed by application of dried urine spots (DUS) as alternative on-site sampling strategy. The newly developed method enables the detection and quantitation of 14 relevant mycotoxins and mycotoxin metabolites, including citrinin (CIT), dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1), T-2 Toxin (T-2), HT-2 Toxin (HT-2), ochratoxin A (OTA), 2′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA), ochratoxin α (OTα), tenuazonic acid and allo-tenuazonic acid (TeA + allo-TeA), zearalenone (ZEN), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL). Besides the spotting procedure, sample preparation includes enzymatic cleavage of glucuronic acid conjugates and stable isotope dilution analysis. Method validation revealed low limits of detection in the range of pg/mL urine and excellent apparent recovery rates for most analytes. Stability investigation of DUS displayed no or only slight decrease of the analyte concentration over a period of 28 days at room temperature. The new method was applied to the analysis of a set of urine samples (n = 91) from a Swedish cohort. The four analytes, DH-CIT, DON, OTA, and TeA + allo-TeA, could be detected and quantified in amounts ranging from 0.06 to 0.97 ng/mL, 3.03 to 136 ng/mL, 0.013 to 0.434 ng/mL and from 0.36 to 47 ng/mL in 38.5%, 70.3%, 68.1%, and 94.5% of the samples, respectively. Additional analysis of these urine samples with an established dilute and shoot (DaS) approach displayed a high consistency of the results obtained with both methods. However, due to higher sensitivity, a larger number of positive samples were observed using the DUS method consequently providing a suitable approach for human biomonitoring of mycotoxin exposure.
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12
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Gu K, Ryu D, Lee HJ. Ochratoxin A and its reaction products affected by sugars during heat processing. Food Chem 2021; 348:129038. [PMID: 33508597 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxin produced by many species in two fungal genera of Aspergillus and Penicillium under virtually all agricultural environments. Hence, OTA occurs frequently in agricultural commodities and their downstream products worldwide. In this study, thermal stability of OTA in the presence of sugars commonly added to food products including glucose, fructose, and sucrose was investigated by analyzing their reaction products with HPLC-FLD and LC-MS/MS. Samples were heated at three different temperatures (100, 125, and 150 °C) in 10-min intervals for up to 60 min in the absence of food matrix. Analysis showed increased OTα and OTα-amide and decreased OTA isomer (14-R-OTA) formation when OTA was heated with sugars. Among the sugars tested, adding fructose resulted in significantly lower OTA levels than glucose, sucrose, or no sugar added control. Addition of fructose also shifted OTA degradation product profile to less toxic OTα-amide, instead of OTA isomer which has similar toxicity to OTA. These results suggest that added sugars influenced the levels of OTA and its degradation products formed during thermal processing, and may provide a means to reduce the toxicity of OTA in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Gu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, PO Box 646376, Pullman, WA 99164-6376, USA
| | - Dojin Ryu
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2330, Moscow, ID 83844-2330, USA.
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13
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Baranova AA, Alferova VA, Korshun VA, Tyurin AP. Antibiotics from Extremophilic Micromycetes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020; 46:903-971. [PMID: 33390684 PMCID: PMC7768999 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Extremophilic microorganisms, which are capable of functioning normally at extremely high or low temperatures, pressure, and in other environmental conditions, have been in the focus of microbiologists' attention for several decades due to the biotechnological potential of enzymes inherent in extremophiles. These enzymes (also called extremozymes) are used in the production of food and detergents and other industries. At the same time, the inhabitants of extreme econiches remained almost unexplored for a long time in terms of the chemistry of natural compounds. In recent years, the emergence of new antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens, which affect humans and animals has become a global problem. The problem is compounded by a strong slowdown in the development of new antibiotics. In search of new active substances and scaffolds for medical chemistry, researchers turn to unexplored natural sources. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of studies on secondary metabolites produced by extremophiles. From the discovery of penicillin to the present day, micromycetes, along with actinobacteria, are one of the most productive sources of antibiotic compounds for medicine and agriculture. Many authors consider extremophilic micromycetes as a promising source of small molecules with an unusual mechanism of action or significant structural novelty. This review summarizes the latest (for 2018-2019) experimental data on antibiotic compounds, which are produced by extremophilic micromycetes with various types of adaptation. Active metabolites are classified by the type of structure and biosynthetic origin. The data on the biological activity of the isolated metabolites are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Baranova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. A. Alferova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. A. Korshun
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. P. Tyurin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Tamanna, Kumar M, Joshi K, Chauhan P. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Isochroman Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna
- Department of Chemistry.Indian Institute of Technology Jammu Jagti NH 44, Nagrota Bypass Jammu (J & K) 181221 India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of ChemistrySahu Jain College Najibabad, Bijnor 246763 India
| | - Kavita Joshi
- Department of Chemistry.Indian Institute of Technology Jammu Jagti NH 44, Nagrota Bypass Jammu (J & K) 181221 India
| | - Pankaj Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry.Indian Institute of Technology Jammu Jagti NH 44, Nagrota Bypass Jammu (J & K) 181221 India
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Sueck F, Hemp V, Specht J, Torres O, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Occurrence of the Ochratoxin A Degradation Product 2'R-Ochratoxin A in Coffee and Other Food: An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060329. [PMID: 31181754 PMCID: PMC6628416 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food raw materials can contain the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). Thermal processing of these materials may result in decreased OTA levels but also in the formation of the thermal isomerization product 2′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA). So far, only 2′R-OTA levels reported from 15 coffee samples in 2008 are known, which is little when compared to the importance of coffee as a food and trading good. Herein, we present results from a set of model experiments studying the effect of temperatures between 120 °C and 270 °C on the isomerization of OTA to 2′R-OTA. It is shown that isomerization of OTA starts at temperatures as low as 120 °C. At 210 °C and above, the formation of 25% 2′R-OTA is observed in less than one minute. Furthermore, 51 coffee samples from France, Germany, and Guatemala were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS for the presence of OTA and 2′R-OTA. OTA was quantified in 96% of the samples, while 2′R-OTA was quantifiable in 35% of the samples. The highest OTA and 2′R-OTA levels of 28.4 µg/kg and 3.9 µg/kg, respectively, were detected in coffee from Guatemala. The OTA:2′R-OTA ratio in the samples ranged between 2.5:1 and 10:1 and was on average 5.5:1. Besides coffee, 2′R-OTA was also for the first time detected in a bread sample and malt coffee powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sueck
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Hemp
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Jonas Specht
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Olga Torres
- Laboratorio Diagnostico Molecular S.A, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nutrición y Salud, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Sueck F, Specht J, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Identification of ochratoxin-N-acetyl-L-cysteine as a new ochratoxin A metabolite and potential biomarker in human urine. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:1-10. [PMID: 31077038 PMCID: PMC6971137 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin with nephrocarcinogenic potential found in a broad spectrum of food commodities. The mode of action of this compound, as well as its metabolism, is still not fully understood. To determine whether the conjugation of OTA with glutathione plays an important role in human OTA metabolism, an ochratoxin-glutathione conjugate (OTB-GSH), as well as the corresponding urinary metabolite ochratoxin-N-acetyl-l-cysteine (OTB-NAC), were synthesized and their structures confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. By means of synthesized stable isotope-labeled d5-OTB-GSH and d5-OTB-NAC references, a sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and applied for the screening of human urine samples. OTB-NAC could be detected in 11 of the analyzed 18 urine samples and was quantified in 5 urine samples in the range between 0.023 and 0.176 ng mg−1 creatinine. OTB-GSH has not been detected in the urine samples. In OTB-NAC positive samples, this metabolite contributed to a comparable concentration range to the total OTA excretion as the parent compound. This is the first direct analysis of an OTA phase 2 metabolite in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sueck
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas Specht
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Interaction of 2'R-ochratoxin A with Serum Albumins: Binding Site, Effects of Site Markers, Thermodynamics, Species Differences of Albumin-binding, and Influence of Albumin on Its Toxicity in MDCK Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090353. [PMID: 30200461 PMCID: PMC6162703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Roasting of OTA-contaminated coffee results in the formation of 2′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA), which appears in the blood of coffee drinkers. Human serum albumin (HSA) binds 2′R-OTA (and OTA) with high affinity; therefore, albumin may influence the tissue uptake and elimination of ochratoxins. We aimed to investigate the binding site of 2′R-OTA (verses OTA) in HSA and the displacing effects of site markers to explore which molecules can interfere with its albumin-binding. Affinity of 2′R-OTA toward albumins from various species (human, bovine, porcine and rat) was tested to evaluate the interspecies differences regarding 2′R-OTA-albumin interaction. Thermodynamic studies were performed to give a deeper insight into the molecular background of the complex formation. Besides fluorescence spectroscopic and modeling studies, effects of HSA, and fetal bovine serum on the cytotoxicity of 2′R-OTA and OTA were tested in MDCK kidney cell line in order to demonstrate the influence of albumin-binding on the cellular uptake of ochratoxins. Site markers displaced more effectively 2′R-OTA than OTA from HSA. Fluorescence and binding constants of 2′R-OTA-albumin and OTA-albumin complexes showed different tendencies. Albumin significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of ochratoxins. 2′R-OTA, even at sub-toxic concentrations, increased the toxic action of OTA.
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López-Puertollano D, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Novel haptens and monoclonal antibodies with subnanomolar affinity for a classical analytical target, ochratoxin A. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9761. [PMID: 29950703 PMCID: PMC6021394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a potent toxic fungal metabolite whose undesirable presence in food commodities constitutes a problem of public health, so it is strictly regulated and controlled. For the first time, two derivatives of ochratoxin A (OTAb and OTAd) functionalized through positions other than the native carboxyl group of the mycotoxin, have been synthesized in order to better mimic, during the immunization process, the steric and conformational properties of the target analyte. Additionally, two conventional haptens making use of that native carboxyl group for protein coupling (OTAe and OTAf) were also prepared as controls for the purpose of comparison. The immunological performance in rabbits of protein conjugates based on OTAb and OTAd overcome that of conjugates employing OTAe and OTAf as haptens. After immunization of mice with OTAb and OTAd conjugates, a collection of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies to ochratoxin A was generated. In particular, one of those antibodies, the so-called OTAb#311, is very likely the best antibody produced so far in terms of selectivity and affinity to ochratoxin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López-Puertollano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Sueck F, Poór M, Faisal Z, Gertzen CGW, Cramer B, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Gohlke H, Humpf HU. Interaction of Ochratoxin A and Its Thermal Degradation Product 2' R-Ochratoxin A with Human Serum Albumin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070256. [PMID: 29932113 PMCID: PMC6070976 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several fungal species of the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus. 2′R-Ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA) is a thermal isomerization product of OTA formed during food processing at high temperatures. Both compounds are detectable in human blood in concentrations between 0.02 and 0.41 µg/L with 2′R-OTA being only detectable in the blood of coffee drinkers. Humans have approximately a fifty-fold higher exposure through food consumption to OTA than to 2′R-OTA. In human blood, however, the differences between the concentrations of the two compounds is, on average, only a factor of two. To understand these unexpectedly high 2′R-OTA concentrations found in human blood, the affinity of this compound to the most abundant protein in human blood the human serum albumin (HSA) was studied and compared to that of OTA, which has a well-known high binding affinity. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, equilibrium dialysis, circular dichroism (CD), high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), and molecular modelling experiments, the affinities of OTA and 2′R-OTA to HSA were determined and compared with each other. For the affinity of HSA towards OTA, a logK of 7.0⁻7.6 was calculated, while for its thermally produced isomer 2′R-OTA, a lower, but still high, logK of 6.2⁻6.4 was determined. The data of all experiments showed consistently that OTA has a higher affinity to HSA than 2′R-OTA. Thus, differences in the affinity to HSA cannot explain the relatively high levels of 2′R-OTA found in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sueck
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság Útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) & Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság Útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus utca 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság Útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus utca 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) & Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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20
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Modified mycotoxins: An updated review on their formation, detection, occurrence, and toxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:189-205. [PMID: 29158197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Modified mycotoxins are metabolites that normally remain undetected during the testing for parent mycotoxin. These modified forms of mycotoxins can be produced by fungi or generated as part of the defense mechanism of the infected plant. In some cases, they are formed during food processing. The various processing steps greatly affect mycotoxin levels present in the final product (free and modified), although the results are still controversial regarding the increase or reduction of these levels, being strongly related to the type of process and the composition of the food in question. Evidence exists that some modified mycotoxins can be converted into the parent mycotoxin during digestion in humans and animals, potentially leading to adverse health effects. Some of these formed compounds can be even more toxic, in case they have higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability than the parent mycotoxin. The modified mycotoxins can occur simultaneously with the free mycotoxin, and, in some cases, the concentration of modified mycotoxins may exceed the level of free mycotoxin in processed foods. Even though toxicological data are scarce, the possibility of modified mycotoxin conversion to its free form may result in a potential risk to human and animal health. This review aims to update information on the formation, detection, occurrence, and toxic effects caused by modified mycotoxin.
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21
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Liu JT, Wu W, Cao MJ, Yang F, Lin HW. Trienic α-pyrone and ochratoxin derivatives from a sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1791-1797. [PMID: 29130337 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1402325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new trienic α-pyrone derivative asteltoxin G (1) bearing a tetrahydrofuran ring and a new ochratoxin derivative named ochratoxin A1 (5), along with seven known compounds, were isolated from a sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis. The compounds (1-9) were evaluated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with those of the reported data. The new compound ochratoxin A1 (5) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against IL-6 and TNF-α expression of the LPS-induced THP-1 cells with inhibitory rates of 74.4 and 67.7% at concentration of 10 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tang Liu
- a Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Wu
- a Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Min-Jia Cao
- a Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Fan Yang
- a Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- a Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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Multi-mycotoxin analysis using dried blood spots and dried serum spots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3369-3382. [PMID: 28299415 PMCID: PMC5395583 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a rapid multi-mycotoxin approach was developed for biomonitoring and quantification of 27 important mycotoxins and mycotoxin metabolites in human blood samples. HPLC-MS/MS detection was used for the analysis of dried serum spots (DSS) and dried blood spots (DBS). Detection of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, DON; DON-3-glucoronic acid, DON-3-GlcA; T-2; HT-2; and HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxins (OTA and its thermal degradation product 2'R-OTA; OTα; 10-hydroxychratoxin A, 10-OH-OTA), citrinin (CIT and its urinary metabolite dihydrocitrinone, DH-CIT), zearalenone and zearalanone (ZEN, ZAN), altenuene (ALT), alternariols (AOH; alternariol monomethyl ether, AME), enniatins (EnA, EnA1, EnB, EnB1) and beauvericin (Bea) was validated for two matrices, serum (DSS), and whole blood (DBS). HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed signal suppression as well as signal enhancement due to matrix effects. However, for most analytes LOQs in the lower pg/mL range and excellent recovery rate were achieved using matrix-matched calibration. Besides validation of the method, the analyte stability in DBS and DSS was also investigated. Stability is a main issue for some analytes when the dried samples are stored under common conditions at room temperature. Nevertheless, the developed method was applied to DBS samples of a German cohort (n = 50). Besides positive findings of OTA and 2'R-OTA, all samples were positive for EnB. This methodical study establishes a validated multi-mycotoxin approach for the detection of 27 mycotoxins and metabolites in dried blood/serum spots based on a fast sample preparation followed by sensitive HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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23
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Structure-activity relationship of ochratoxin A and synthesized derivatives: importance of amino acid and halogen moiety for cytotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1461-1471. [PMID: 27422291 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The enigma why the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) impairs cell and organ function is still not solved. However, an interaction with target molecules is a prerequisite for any observed adverse effect. This interaction depends on characteristics of the target molecule as well as on the OTA molecule itself. OTA has different structural moieties which may be relevant for these interrelations including a halogen (chlorine) and an amino acid group (phenylalanine). To test their importance for the impact of OTA, detailed structure-activity studies with various OTA derivatives were performed. For this, 23 OTA derivatives were available, which were modified by either an exchange of the halogen moiety against another halogen (fluorine, iodine or bromine) or by the amino acid moiety against another one (tyrosine or alanine) or a combination of both. Additionally, the configuration of the 3R carbon atom was changed to 3S. These derivatives were tested in human renal cells for their ability to induce cell death (cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis), their impact on collagen protein secretion and for their influence on gene expression. It turned out that the substitution of the amino acid moiety against tyrosine or alanine almost completely prevented the adverse effects of OTA. The exchange of the halogen moiety had minor effects and the inversion of the stereochemistry at C3 did not prevent the effects of OTA. Therefore, we conclude that the amino acid moiety of OTA is indispensable for the interaction of OTA with its target molecules.
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Osteresch B, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Analysis of ochratoxin A in dried blood spots - Correlation between venous and finger-prick blood, the influence of hematocrit and spotted volume. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1020:158-64. [PMID: 27046696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the improvement of a method for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its thermal degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A in dried blood spots (DBS) by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The DBS technique was advanced for the analysis of these two compounds in DBS with unknown amounts of blood as well as varying hematocrit values. Furthermore the comparability of venous vs. capillary blood was investigated. Human whole blood samples were spotted, dried, and extracted with a solvent consisting of acetone, acetonitrile and water for analysis by HPLC-MS/MS. Quantification was carried out by stable isotope labelled internal standards. Blood samples of volunteers (n=50) were used to further optimize and simplify the procedure. Ochratoxin A and 2'R-ochratoxin A concentrations found in the entire spots (approx. 100 μL blood) were compared with punched DBS discs of 8.8mm size containing approximately 20 μL blood. As a result the amounts of both toxins in a punched 8.8mm disc correlate well with the entire DBS. Also the use of capillary blood from finger-pricks versus venous blood was evaluated. The analyte levels correlate as well indicating that the less invasive finger-prick sampling gives also reliable results. The influence of hematocrit was investigated in a range of 25-55% according to the hematocrit in the used real blood samples (34-46% hematocrit). However no significant hematocrit effect was observed for the utilized real blood samples. Moreover different blood volumes were spotted and punched as a minimal spot size is usually recommended for accurate analysis. In this experiment finger-prick samples typically consist of about 90 μL blood. Therefore spots of 75, 100 and 125 μL blood were prepared and analyzed. Similar to the hematocrit effect, no considerable influence was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Osteresch
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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25
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Arndt B, Studt L, Wiemann P, Osmanov H, Kleigrewe K, Köhler J, Krug I, Tudzynski B, Humpf HU. Genetic engineering, high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy elucidate the bikaverin biosynthetic pathway in Fusarium fujikuroi. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 84:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Cramer B, Osteresch B, Muñoz KA, Hillmann H, Sibrowski W, Humpf H. Biomonitoring using dried blood spots: detection of ochratoxin A and its degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A in blood from coffee drinkers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1837-43. [PMID: 26012425 PMCID: PMC4744763 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In this study, human exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) and its thermal degradation product 2'R-ochratoxin A (2'R-OTA, previously named as 14R-Ochratoxin A [22]) through coffee consumption was assessed. LC-MS/MS and the dried blood spot (DBS) technique were used for the analysis of blood samples from coffee and noncoffee drinkers (n = 50), and food frequency questionnaires were used to document coffee consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS For the detection of OTA and 2'R-OTA in blood, a new sensitive and efficient sample preparation method based on DBS was established and validated. Using this technique 2'R-OTA was for the first time detected in biological samples. Comparison between coffee drinkers and noncoffee drinkers showed for the first time that 2'R-OTA was only present in blood from the first group while OTA could be found in both groups in a mean concentration of 0.21 μg/L. 2'R-OTA mean concentration was 0.11 μg/L with a maximum concentration of 0.414 μg/L. Thus, in average 2'R-OTA was approx. half the concentration of OTA but in some cases even exceeded OTA levels. No correlation between the amounts of coffee consumption and OTA or 2'R-OTA levels was observed. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed for the first time a high exposure of coffee consumers to 2'R-OTA, a compound formed from OTA during coffee roasting. Since little information is available regarding toxicity and possible carcinogenicity of this compound, further OTA monitoring in blood including 2'R-OTA is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Bernd Osteresch
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Katherine A. Muñoz
- Universität Koblenz‐LandauInstitute for Environmental Sciences, Research Group of Environmental and Soil ChemistryLandau in der PfalzGermany
| | - Hartmut Hillmann
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und TransplantationsimmunologieUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Walter Sibrowski
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und TransplantationsimmunologieUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food ChemistryWestfälische Wilhelms‐Universität MünsterMünsterGermany
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A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:127-36. [PMID: 25957672 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An improved "dilute and shoot" LC-MS/MS multibiomarker approach was used to monitor urinary excretion of 23 mycotoxins and their metabolites in human populations from Asia (Bangladesh), Europe (Germany), and the Caribbean region (Haiti). Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2-toxin (T-2), HT-2-toxin (HT-2), HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), their urinary metabolites α-zearalanol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZEL), and corresponding 14-O-glucuronic acid conjugates (ZEA-14-GlcA, ZAN-14-GlcA, β-ZEL, α/β-ZEL-14-GlcA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and ochratoxin alpha (OTα) as well as enniatin B (EnB) and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) were among these compounds. Eight urinary mycotoxin biomarkers were detected (AFM1, DH-CIT, DON, DON-GLcA, EnB, FB1, OTA, and α-ZEL). DON and DON-GlcA were exclusively detected in urines from Germany and Haiti whereas urinary OTA and DH-CIT concentrations were significantly higher in Bangladeshi samples. AFM1 was present in samples from Bangladesh and Haiti only. Exposure was estimated by the calculation of probable daily intakes (PDI), and estimates suggested occasional instances of toxin intakes that exceed established tolerable daily intakes (TDI). The detection of individual mycotoxin exposure by biomarker-based approaches is a meaningful addition to the classical monitoring of the mycotoxin content of the food supply.
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Bittner A, Cramer B, Harrer H, Humpf HU. Structure elucidation and in vitro cytotoxicity of ochratoxin α amide, a new degradation product of ochratoxin A. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:83-90. [PMID: 25566949 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A is a secondary metabolite occurring in a wide range of commodities. During the exposure of ochratoxin A to white and blue light, a cleavage between the carbon atom C-14 and the nitrogen atom was described. As a reaction product, the new compound ochratoxin α amide has been proposed based on mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. In the following study, we observed that this compound is also formed at high temperatures such as used for example during coffee roasting and therefore represents a further thermal ochratoxin A degradation product. To confirm the structure of ochratoxin α amide, the compound was prepared in large scale and complete structure elucidation via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MS was performed. Additionally, first studies on the toxicity of ochratoxin α amide were performed using immortalized human kidney epithelial (IHKE) cells, a cell line known to be sensitive against ochratoxin A with an IC50 value of 0.5 μM. Using this system, ochratoxin α amide revealed no cytotoxicity up to concentrations of 50 μM. Thus, these results propose that the thermal degradation of ochratoxin A to ochratoxin α amide might be a detoxification process. Finally, we present a sample preparation and a HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of ochratoxin α amide in extrudates and checked its formation during the extrusion of artificially contaminated wheat grits at 150 and 180 °C, whereas no ochratoxin α amide was detectable under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bittner
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Gerding J, Cramer B, Humpf H. Determination of mycotoxin exposure in Germany using an LC‐MS/MS multibiomarker approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2358-68. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gerding
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry Münster Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
| | - Hans‐Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster Münster Germany
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry Münster Germany
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Analysis of ochratoxin A in grapes, musts and wines by LC–MS/MS: First comparison of stable isotope dilution assay and diastereomeric dilution assay methods. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 818:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bouisseau A, Roland A, Reillon F, Schneider R, Cavelier F. First Synthesis of a Stable Isotope of Ochratoxin A Metabolite for a Reliable Detoxification Monitoring. Org Lett 2013; 15:3888-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401630t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Bouisseau
- IBMM, UMR-CNRS-5247, Universités Montpellier I and II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France, Nyseos, Bâtiment 28, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France, IFV UMT Qualinnov, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Aurélie Roland
- IBMM, UMR-CNRS-5247, Universités Montpellier I and II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France, Nyseos, Bâtiment 28, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France, IFV UMT Qualinnov, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Florence Reillon
- IBMM, UMR-CNRS-5247, Universités Montpellier I and II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France, Nyseos, Bâtiment 28, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France, IFV UMT Qualinnov, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Rémi Schneider
- IBMM, UMR-CNRS-5247, Universités Montpellier I and II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France, Nyseos, Bâtiment 28, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France, IFV UMT Qualinnov, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- IBMM, UMR-CNRS-5247, Universités Montpellier I and II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France, Nyseos, Bâtiment 28, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France, IFV UMT Qualinnov, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Lenz CA, Rychlik M. Efficient synthesis of (R)-ochratoxin alpha, the key precursor to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jilani K, Lupescu A, Zbidah M, Abed M, Shaik N, Lang F. Enhanced apoptotic death of erythrocytes induced by the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Kidney Blood Press Res 2012; 36:107-18. [PMID: 23095759 DOI: 10.1159/000341488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mycotoxin ochratoxin A, an agent responsible for endemic Balkan nephropathy is known to trigger apoptosis and thus being toxic to several organs including the kidney. The mechanisms involved in ochratoxin A induced apoptosis include oxidative stress. Sequelae of ochratoxin intoxication include anemia. Similar to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may undergo suicidal cell death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling resulting in phosphatidylserine-exposure at the cell surface. Eryptosis could be triggered by Ca2+ -entry through oxidant sensitive unspecificcation channels increasing cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i). The Ca2+ -sensitivity of cell membrane scrambling could be enhanced and eryptosis thus triggered by ceramide. The removal of suicidal erythrocytes may lead to anemia. Moreover, eryptotic erythrocytes could adhere to the vascular wall thus impeding microcirculation. The present study explored, whether ochratoxin A stimulates eryptosis. METHODS Fluo3-fluorescence was utilized to determine [Ca2+]i, forward scatter to estimate cell volume, annexin-V-binding to identify phosphatidylserine-exposing cells, fluorescent antibodies to detect ceramide formation and hemoglobin release to quantify hemolysis. Moreover, adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) was determined utilizing a flow chamber. RESULTS A 48 h exposure to ochratoxin A was followed by significant increase of Fluo3-fluorescencei (≥ 2.5 µM), increase of ceramide abundance (10 µM), decrease of forward scatter (≥ 5 µM) and increase of annexin-V-binding (≥ 2.5 µM). Ochratoxin A exposure slightly but significantly enhanced hemolysis (10 µM). Ochratoxin (10 µM) enhanced erythrocyte adhesion to HUVEC. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ significantly blunted, but did not abrogate ochratoxin A-induced annexin V binding. CONCLUSIONS Ochratoxin A triggers suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect partially but not fully due to stimulation of Ca2+ -entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Jilani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstraße 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Plastina P, Fazio A, Attya M, Sindona G, Gabriele B. Synthesis of analogues of ochratoxin A. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:1799-805. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.613385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mangas-Sánchez J, Busto E, Gotor-Fernández V, Gotor V. Enantiopure 3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins and 3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines via chemoenzymatic asymmetric transformations. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20152f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hadjeba-Medjdoub K, Tozlovanu M, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Frenette C, Paugh RJ, Manderville RA. Structure-activity relationships imply different mechanisms of action for ochratoxin A-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:181-90. [PMID: 22126095 DOI: 10.1021/tx200406c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal toxin that is classified as a possible human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in animal studies. The toxin is known to promote oxidative DNA damage through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The toxin also generates covalent DNA adducts, and it has been difficult to separate the biological effects caused by DNA adduction from that of ROS generation. In the current study, we have derived structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the role of the C5 substituent of OTA (C5-X = Cl) by first comparing the ability of OTA, OTBr (C5-X = Br), OTB (C5-X = H), and OTHQ (C5-X = OH) to photochemically react with GSH and 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG). OTA, OTBr, and OTHQ react covalently with GSH and dG following photoirradiation, while the nonchlorinated OTB does not react photochemically with GSH and dG. These findings correlate with their ability to generate covalent DNA adducts (direct genotoxicity) in human bronchial epithelial cells (WI26) and human kidney (HK2) cells, as evidenced by the (32)P-postlabeling technique. OTB lacks direct genotoxicity, while OTA, OTBr, and OTHQ act as direct genotoxins. In contrast, their cytotoxicity in opossum kidney epithelial cells (OK) and WI26 cells did not show a correlation with photoreactivity. In OK and WI26 cells, OTA, OTBr, and OTB are cytotoxic, while the hydroquinone OTHQ failed to exhibit cytotoxicity. Overall, our data show that the C5-Cl atom of OTA is critical for direct genotoxicity but plays a lesser role in OTA-mediated cytotoxicity. These SARs suggest different mechanisms of action (MOA) for OTA genotoxicity and cytotoxicity and are consistent with recent findings showing OTA mutagenicity to stem from direct genotoxicity, while cytotoxicity is derived from oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheira Hadjeba-Medjdoub
- Laboratory Chemical Engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503 , ENSA Toulouse, France
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da Penha ET, Forni JA, Biajoli AF, Correia CRD. Expeditious synthesis of 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins and phthalides using the Heck–Matsuda reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hampl V, Wetzel I, Bracher F, Krauss J. New substituted isocoumarins and Dihydroisocoumarins and their cytotoxic activities. Sci Pharm 2010; 79:21-30. [PMID: 21617770 PMCID: PMC3097510 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1011-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New isocoumarins were prepared in an efficient way from 2-iodobenzoic acid derivatives and hept-1-yne in a Sonogashira reaction, followed by spontaneous cyclization. Catalytic hydrogenation gave the corresponding dihydroisocoumarins. A 4-chloroisocoumarin was prepared on an alternative pathway. Some of the new compounds showed moderate cytotoxic activities against a human leukemia cell line (HL 60).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hampl
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Muchindu M, Iwuoha E, Pool E, West N, Jahed N, Baker P, Waryo T, Williams A. Electrochemical Ochratoxin A Immunosensor System Developed on Sulfonated Polyaniline. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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