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Grotjahn S, Graf C, Zelenka J, Pattanaik A, Müller L, Kutta RJ, Rehbein J, Roithová J, Gschwind RM, Nuernberger P, König B. Reactivity of Superbasic Carbanions Generated via Reductive Radical-Polar Crossover in the Context of Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400815. [PMID: 38408163 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reactions involving a reductive radical-polar crossover (RRPCO) generate intermediates with carbanionic reactivity. Many of these proposed intermediates resemble highly reactive organometallic compounds. However, conditions of their formation are generally not tolerated by their isolated organometallic versions and often a different reactivity is observed. Our investigations on their nature and reactivity under commonly used photocatalytic conditions demonstrate that these intermediates are indeed best described as free, superbasic carbanions capable of deprotonating common polar solvents usually assumed to be inert such as acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide. Their basicity not only towards solvents but also towards electrophiles, such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters, is comparable to the reactivity of isolated carbanions in the gas-phase. Previously unsuccessful transformations thought to result from a lack of reactivity are explained by their high reactivity towards the solvent and weakly acidic protons of reaction partners. An intuitive explanation for the mode of action of photocatalytically generated carbanions is provided, which enables methods to verify reaction mechanisms proposed to involve an RRPCO step and to identify the reasons for the limitations of current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Grotjahn
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Graf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Zelenka
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aryaman Pattanaik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lea Müller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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A Reusable FeCl3∙6H2O/Cationic 2,2′-Bipyridyl Catalytic System for Reduction of Nitroarenes in Water. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of a commercially-available iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3∙6H2O) with cationic 2,2′-bipyridyl in water was proven to be an operationally simple and reusable catalytic system for the highly-selective reduction of nitroarenes to anilines. This procedure was conducted under air using 1–2 mol% of catalyst in the presence of nitroarenes and 4 equiv of hydrazine monohydrate (H2NNH2∙H2O) in neat water at 100 °C for 12 h, and provided high to excellent yields of aniline derivatives. After separation of the aqueous catalytic system from the organic product, the residual aqueous solution could be applied for subsequent reuse, without any catalyst retreatment or regeneration, for several runs with only a slight decrease in activity, proving this process eco-friendly.
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3
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Xiao B, Li DD, Wang Y, Kim EL, Zhao N, Jin SW, Bai DH, Sun LD, Jung JH. Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Parecoxib Was Disclosed as a PPAR-γ Agonist by In Silico and In Vitro Assay. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:519-526. [PMID: 33883322 PMCID: PMC8411028 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a search for effective PPAR-γ agonists, 110 clinical drugs were screened via molecular docking, and 9 drugs, including parecoxib, were selected for subsequent biological evaluation. Molecular docking of parecoxib to the ligand-binding domain of PPAR-γ showed high binding affinity and relevant binding conformation compared with the PPAR-γ ligand/antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone. Per the docking result, parecoxib showed the best PPAR-γ transactivation in Ac2F rat liver cells. Further docking simulation and a luciferase assay suggested parecoxib would be a selective (and partial) PPAR-γ agonist. PPAR-γ activation by parecoxib induced adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. Parecoxib promoted adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner and enhanced the expression of adipogenesis transcription factors PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ. These data indicated that parecoxib might be utilized as a partial PPAR-γ agonist for drug repositioning study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos School of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun La Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Zhao
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos School of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Shang-Wu Jin
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ordos, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Dong-Hao Bai
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ordos, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Li-Dong Sun
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ordos, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Jee H Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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In vitro dual-target activities and in vivo antidiabetic effect of 3-hydroxy-N-(p-hydroxy-phenethyl) phthalimide in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic golden hamsters. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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5
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Leonhardt M, Sellmer A, Krämer OH, Dove S, Elz S, Kraus B, Beyer M, Mahboobi S. Design and biological evaluation of tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives as highly potent histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:329-357. [PMID: 29738953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Various diseases are related to epigenetic modifications. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyl transferases (HATs) determine the pattern of histone acetylation, and thus are involved in the regulation of gene expression. First generation histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are unselective, hinder all different kinds of zinc dependent HDACs and additionally cause several side effects. Subsequently, selective HDACi are gaining more and more interest. Especially, selective histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors (HDAC6i) are supposed to be less toxic. Here we present a successful optimization study of tubastatin A, the synthesis and biological evaluation of new inhibitors based on hydroxamic acids linked to various tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives. The potency of our selective HDAC6 inhibitors, exhibiting IC50 values in a range of 1-10 nM towards HDAC6, was evaluated with the help of a recombinant human HDAC6 enzyme assay. Selectivity was proofed in cellular assays by the hyperacetylation of surrogate parameter α-tubulin in the absence of acetylated histone H3 analyzed by Western Blot. We show that all synthesized compounds, with varies modifications of the rigid cap group, were selective and potent HDAC6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Leonhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sellmer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Dove
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigurd Elz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Kraus
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Beyer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siavosh Mahboobi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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Sellmer A, Stangl H, Beyer M, Grünstein E, Leonhardt M, Pongratz H, Eichhorn E, Elz S, Striegl B, Jenei-Lanzl Z, Dove S, Straub RH, Krämer OH, Mahboobi S. Marbostat-100 Defines a New Class of Potent and Selective Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3454-3477. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sellmer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Stangl
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Beyer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grünstein
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michel Leonhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Herwig Pongratz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Emerich Eichhorn
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigurd Elz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Striegl
- Technical University of Applied Sciences (OTH) Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Regensburg Center of Biomedical Engineering (RCBE), OTH and University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital, Friedrichsheim gGmbH, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Dove
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer H. Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siavosh Mahboobi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Structure-based design, synthesis, PPAR-γ activation, and molecular docking of N-substituted phthalimides. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Deshmukh AR, Bhosle MR, Khillare LD, Dhumal ST, Mishra A, Srivastava AK, Mane RA. New tetrazoloquinolinyl methoxyphenyl-4-thiazolidinones: synthesis and antihyperglycemic evaluation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Noguchi-Yachide T, Sakai T, Hashimoto Y, Yamaguchi T. Discovery and structure-activity relationship studies of N6-benzoyladenine derivatives as novel BRD4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:953-9. [PMID: 25678016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are epigenetic readers that bind to acetylated lysines in histones. Among them, BRD4 is a candidate target molecule of therapeutic agents for diverse diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disease. As a part of our continuing structural development studies of thalidomide to obtain a broad spectrum of biological modifiers based on the 'multi-template' approach, in this work we focused on BRD4-inhibitory activity, and discovered that N6-benzoyladenine derivatives exhibit this activity. Structure-activity relationship studies led to N6-(2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)adenine (29), which exhibits potent BRD4 bromodomain1 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.427μM. N6-Benzoyladenine appears to be a new chemical scaffold for development of BRD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Noguchi-Yachide
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular, Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Taki Sakai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular, Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular, Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takao Yamaguchi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular, Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Synthesis of PPAR-γ activators inspired by the marine natural product, paecilocin A. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:926-39. [PMID: 24531188 PMCID: PMC3944523 DOI: 10.3390/md12020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-substituted phthalimide derivatives were synthesized based on a pharmacophore study of paecilocin A (a natural PPAR-γ agonist) and synthetic leads. The introduction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups to the phthalimide skeleton yielded compounds 3-14. Compound 7 showed significant PPAR-γ activation in a luciferase assay using rat liver Ac2F cells. Docking simulations showed that a free hydroxyl group on the phthalimide head and a suitable hydrophilic tail, including a phenyl linker, were beneficial for PPAR-γ activation. Compound 7 and rosiglitazone concentration-dependently activated PPAR-γ with EC50 values of 0.67 μM and 0.028 μM, respectively. These phthalimide derivatives could be further investigated as a new class of PPAR-γ ligands.
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Malone A, Scanlan EM. Applications of 5-exo-trig Thiyl Radical Cyclizations for the Synthesis of Thiosugars. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10917-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401900e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Malone
- Trinity
Biomedical Sciences
Institute, Trinity College, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- Trinity
Biomedical Sciences
Institute, Trinity College, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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12
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Kumar A, Sharma S, Gupta LP, Ahmad P, Srivastava SP, Rahuja N, Tamrakar AK, Srivastava AK. Synthesis of propiophenone derivatives as new class of antidiabetic agents reducing body weight in db/db mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:2172-9. [PMID: 22341243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of propiophenone derivatives (6-23) have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vivo antihyperglycemic activities in sucrose loaded model (SLM), sucrose challenged streptozotocin (STZ-S) induced diabetic rat model and C57BL/KsJ db/db diabetic mice model. Compound 15 and 16 were emerged as potent antihyperglycemics and lipid lowering agents. These compounds (15, 16) further validate the potency by reducing body weight and food intake in db/db mice model. Possible mechanism of action for the propiophenone derivatives was established by the evaluation in various in vitro models. Interestingly some of the compounds were efficiently inhibiting PTP-1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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