1
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Meanwell NA. Applications of Bioisosteres in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18087-18122. [PMID: 36961953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of bioisosteres represents a creative and productive approach to improve a molecule, including by enhancing potency, addressing pharmacokinetic challenges, reducing off-target liabilities, and productively modulating physicochemical properties. Bioisosterism is a principle exploited in the design of bioactive compounds of interest to both medicinal and agricultural chemists, and in this review, we provide a synopsis of applications where this kind of molecular editing has proved to be advantageous in molecule optimization. The examples selected for discussion focus on bioisosteres of carboxylic acids, applications of fluorine and fluorinated motifs in compound design, some applications of the sulfoximine functionality, the design of bioisosteres of drug-H2O complexes, and the design of bioisosteres of the phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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2
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Liu Y, Wang L, Ma D, Song Y. Recent Advances of N-2,2,2-Trifluoroethylisatin Ketimines in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072990. [PMID: 37049753 PMCID: PMC10096331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The special properties of fluorine atoms and fluorine-containing groups have led to an increasing number of applications for fluorine-containing organic compounds, which are also extremely widely used in the field of new drug development. Unfortunately, naturally fluorinated organics are rare in nature, so the selective introduction of fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing groups into organic molecules is very important for pharmaceutical/synthetic chemists. N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines have received the attention of many chemists since they were first developed as fluorine-containing synthons in 2015. This paper reviews the organic synthesis reactions in which trifluoroethyl isatin ketimine has been involved in recent years, focusing on the types of reactions and the stereoselectivity of products, and also provides a prospect of its application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Donglai Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Formula Preparations, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
- Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yongxing Song
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Formula Preparations, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
- Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (Y.S.)
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3
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Sumii Y, Iwasaki H, Fujihira Y, Mahmoud EM, Adachi H, Kagawa T, Cahard D, Shibata N. KHMDS/Triglyme Cryptate as an Alternative to Phosphazene Base in Stereodivergent Pentafluoroethylation of N-Sulfinylimines Using HFC-125. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15806-15819. [PMID: 36315641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the stereodivergent pentafluoroethylation of N-sulfinylimines using HFC-125 with KHMDS/triglyme has been developed. Both diastereomers of the pentafluoroethylated amines can be selectively synthesized based on the presence or absence of triglyme. This additive-controlled protocol allows the KHMDS/triglyme cryptate to be a straightforward and cheap alternative to previously reported base-controlled stereodivergent trifluoromethylation using potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS) versus P4-tBu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sumii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroto Iwasaki
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yamato Fujihira
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Elsayed M Mahmoud
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Takumi Kagawa
- Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988, Kaiseicho, Shunan 746-0006, Japan
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS UMR 6014 COBRA, Normandie Université, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.,Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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4
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Fang Z, Gong Y, Liu B, Zhang J, Han X, Liu Z, Ning Y. Rh-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Fluoroalkyl N-Sulfonylhydrazones with Azides Leading to α-Trifluoroethylated Imines. Org Lett 2022; 24:8920-8924. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxue Fang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu 224007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Gong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng City, Jiangsu 224007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xinyue Han
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Zhaohong Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Yongquan Ning
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
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5
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Ecker AK, Levorse DA, Victor DA, Mitcheltree MJ. Bioisostere Effects on the EPSA of Common Permeability-Limiting Groups. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:964-971. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Ecker
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5727, United States
| | - Dorothy A. Levorse
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel A. Victor
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew J. Mitcheltree
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5727, United States
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6
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Nam D, Tinoco A, Shen Z, Adukure RD, Sreenilayam G, Khare SD, Fasan R. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Amines via Biocatalytic N-H Bond Insertion with Acceptor-Acceptor Carbene Donors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2590-2602. [PMID: 35107997 PMCID: PMC8855427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The biocatalytic
toolbox has recently been expanded to include
enzyme-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions not occurring in Nature.
Herein, we report the development of a biocatalytic strategy for the
synthesis of enantioenriched α-trifluoromethyl amines through
an asymmetric N–H carbene insertion reaction catalyzed by engineered
variants of cytochrome c552 from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus. Using a combination of protein and substrate engineering, this
metalloprotein scaffold was redesigned to enable the synthesis of
chiral α-trifluoromethyl amino esters with up to >99% yield
and 95:5 er using benzyl 2-diazotrifluoropropanoate as the carbene
donor. When the diazo reagent was varied, the enantioselectivity of
the enzyme could be inverted to produce the opposite enantiomers of
these products with up to 99.5:0.5 er. This methodology is applicable
to a broad range of aryl amine substrates, and it can be leveraged
to obtain chemoenzymatic access to enantioenriched β-trifluoromethyl-β-amino
alcohols and halides. Computational analyses provide insights into
the interplay of protein- and reagent-mediated control on the enantioselectivity
of this reaction. This work introduces the first example of a biocatalytic
N–H carbenoid insertion with an acceptor–acceptor carbene
donor, and it offers a biocatalytic solution for the enantioselective
synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated amines as valuable synthons
for medicinal chemistry and the synthesis of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Antonio Tinoco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Zhuofan Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ronald D Adukure
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | | | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Rudi Fasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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7
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Rojas JJ, Croft RA, Sterling AJ, Briggs EL, Antermite D, Schmitt DC, Blagojevic L, Haycock P, White AJP, Duarte F, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Bull JA. Amino-oxetanes as amide isosteres by an alternative defluorosulfonylative coupling of sulfonyl fluorides. Nat Chem 2022; 14:160-169. [PMID: 35087220 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioisosteres provide valuable design elements that medicinal chemists can use to adjust the structural and pharmacokinetic characteristics of bioactive compounds towards viable drug candidates. Aryl oxetane amines offer exciting potential as bioisosteres for benzamides-extremely common pharmacophores-but are rarely examined due to the lack of available synthetic methods. Here we describe a class of reactions for sulfonyl fluorides to form amino-oxetanes by an alternative pathway to the established SuFEx (sulfonyl-fluoride exchange) click reactivity. A defluorosulfonylation forms planar oxetane carbocations simply on warming. This disconnection, comparable to a typical amidation, will allow the application of vast existing amine libraries. The reaction is tolerant to a wide range of polar functionalities and is suitable for array formats. Ten oxetane analogues of bioactive benzamides and marketed drugs are prepared. Kinetic and computational studies support the formation of an oxetane carbocation as the rate-determining step, followed by a chemoselective nucleophile coupling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Rojas
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Rosemary A Croft
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Edward L Briggs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Daniele Antermite
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Daniel C Schmitt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Luka Blagojevic
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Peter Haycock
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK.
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8
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Li Y, Liu Y, Hao D, Li C, Liu Y, Gu Y, Vaccaro L, Liu P. Cu-catalyzed direct C1–H trifluoromethylation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Tung TT, Nguyen Quoc T. 2-Difluoromethylpyridine as a bioisosteric replacement of pyridine- N-oxide: the case of quorum sensing inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:2065-2070. [PMID: 35028565 PMCID: PMC8672814 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that 2-difluoromethylpyridine is a bioisosteric replacement of pyridine-N-oxide. Using the quorum sensing inhibitor 4NPO as a model compound, a library of 2-difluoromethylpyridine derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated toward quorum sensing activity, biofilm formation, anti-violacein activity, and protease activity. As a result, compounds 1 (IC50 of 35 ± 1.12 μM), 5 (IC50 of 19 ± 1.01 μM), and 6 (IC50 of 27 ± 0.67 μM) showed a similar or better activity in comparison to 4NPO (IC50 of 33 ± 1.12 μM) in a quorum sensing system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, compounds 1, 5, 6, and 4NPO showed good antibiofilm biomass of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and reduced violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum. In terms of protease activity, compounds 1, 5, and 6 showed significant activity compared to 4NPO. Overall, the replacement of pyridine-N-oxide by 2-difluoromethylpyridine enhances the activity of the model compound, which could open a new path for bioisosteric replacement in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong Thanh Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
- PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
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10
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Lanter JC, Chen AYP, Williamson T, Koenig G, Blain JF, Burnett DA. Discovery of quinuclidine modulators of cellular progranulin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128209. [PMID: 34153473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic screening of an annotated small molecule library identified the quinuclidine tetrahydroisoquinoline solifenacin (1) as a robust enhancer of progranulin secretion with single digit micromolar potency in a murine microglial (BV-2) cell line. Subsequent SAR development led to the identification of 29 with a 38-fold decrease in muscarinic receptor antagonist activity and a 10-fold improvement in BV-2 potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Lanter
- Arkuda Therapeutics, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd Suite 220, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Angela Y-P Chen
- Arkuda Therapeutics, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd Suite 220, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Toni Williamson
- Arkuda Therapeutics, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd Suite 220, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Gerhard Koenig
- Arkuda Therapeutics, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd Suite 220, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Jean-François Blain
- Arkuda Therapeutics, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd Suite 220, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - Duane A Burnett
- Arkuda Therapeutics, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd Suite 220, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
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11
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Richardson P. Applications of fluorine to the construction of bioisosteric elements for the purposes of novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1261-1286. [PMID: 34074189 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1933427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction There continues to be an exponential rise in the number of small molecule drugs that contain either a fluorine atom or a fluorinated fragment. While the unique properties of fluorine enable the precise modulation of a molecule's physicochemical properties, strategic bioisosteric replacement of fragments with fluorinated moieties represents an area of significant growth.Areas covered This review discusses the strategic employment of fluorine substitution in the design and development of bioisosteres in medicinal chemistry. In addition, the classic exploitation of trifluoroethylamine group as an amide bioisostere is discussed. In each of the case studies presented, emphasis is placed on the context-dependent influence of the fluorinated fragment on the overall properties/binding of the compound of interest.Expert opinion Whereas utilization of bioisosteric replacements to modify molecular structures is commonplace within drug discovery, the overarching lesson to be learned is that the chances of success with this strategy significantly increase as the knowledge of the structure/environment of the biological target grows. Coupled to this, breakthroughs and learnings achieved using bioisosteres within a specific program are context-based, and though may be helpful in guiding future intuition, will not necessarily be directly translated to future programs. Another important point is to bear in mind what implications a structural change based on a bioisosteric replacement will have on the candidate molecule. Finally, the development of new methods and reagents for the controlled regioselective introduction of fluorine and fluorinated moieties into biologically relevant compounds particularly in drug discovery remains a contemporary challenge in organic chemistry.
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12
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Mehta J, Aryal P, Prakash Reddy V. Cu‐Catalyzed C(sp
2
−H)‐Trifluoromethylation of Aldehyde Hydrazones with Langlois Reagent. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Mehta
- Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla MO 65409 USA
| | - Puspa Aryal
- Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla MO 65409 USA
| | - V. Prakash Reddy
- Department of Chemistry Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla MO 65409 USA
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13
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Chen J, Zhu DY, Zhang XJ, Yan M. Highly Enantioselective Addition of N-2,2,2-Trifluoroethylisatin Ketimines to Ethylene Sulfonyl Fluoride. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3041-3048. [PMID: 33503367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective Michael addition between N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines and ethylene sulfonyl fluoride has been disclosed. This method provides a facile strategy to access a range of structurally diverse isatin-derived α-(trifluoromethyl)imine derivatives with excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The intriguing combination of α-(trifluoromethyl)amine and sulfonyl fluoride groups leads to the valuable candidates for the drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Yu Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue-Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Synthesis, biochemical evaluation and molecular modeling studies of nonpeptidic nitrile-based fluorinated compounds. Future Med Chem 2020; 13:25-43. [PMID: 33289603 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Compounds that block enzyme activity can kill pathogens and help develop effective and safe drugs for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Materials & methods: A library of nonpeptidic nitrile-based compounds was synthesized and had their inhibitory affinity tested against cruzain, Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease B and cathepsin L. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments and molecular simulations were performed for selected compounds to obtain thermodynamic fingerprints and identify main interactions and putative modes of binding with cruzain. Results: The derivatives provided increased affinity against all enzymes compared with the lead, and thermodynamic and computational studies showed improved thermodynamic properties and a possible different mode of binding. Conclusion: Our studies culminated in 1b, a compound 60-fold more potent in cruzain than its lead that also showed entropic and enthalpic contributions favorable to Gibbs binding energy.
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15
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Cherednichenko AS, Bezgubenko LV, Rusanov EB, Onys'ko PP, Rassukana YV. Enantiomeric
N
‐
tert
‐Butylsulfinyl Imines of Methyl Trifluoropyruvate: Promising Building Blocks in Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylated Amino Acids and Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alona S. Cherednichenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
| | - Ludmyla V. Bezgubenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
| | - Eduard B. Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
| | - Petro P. Onys'ko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
| | - Yuliya V. Rassukana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” Prospect Peremogy 37 Kyiv 03056 Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
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16
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Onyeagusi CI, Malcolmson SJ. Strategies for the Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Amines. ACS Catal 2020; 10:12507-12536. [PMID: 34306806 PMCID: PMC8302206 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of the α-trifluoromethylamino group as an amide surrogate in peptidomimetics and drug candidates has been on the rise. In a large number of these cases, this moiety bears stereochemistry with the stereochemical identity having important consequences on numerous molecular properties, such as the potency of the compound. Yet, the majority of stereoselective syntheses of α-CF3 amines rely on diastereoselective couplings with chiral reagents. Concurrent with the rapid expansion of fluorine into pharmaceuticals has been the development of catalytic enantioselective means of preparing α-trifluoromethyl amines. In this work, we outline the strategies that have been employed for accessing these enantioenriched amines, including normal polarity approaches and several recent developments in imine umpolung transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibueze I Onyeagusi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Steven J Malcolmson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Yuan XY, Li M, Yu X, Li H. Structural analysis, simulation, and molecular docking of aza-nitrile into cathepsins to explain the high selectivity. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Lemke C, Cianni L, Feldmann C, Gilberg E, Yin J, Dos Reis Rocho F, de Vita D, Bartz U, Bajorath J, Montanari CA, Gütschow M. N-Sulfonyl dipeptide nitriles as inhibitors of human cathepsin S: In silico design, synthesis and biochemical characterization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127420. [PMID: 32763808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A library of cathepsin S inhibitors of the dipeptide nitrile chemotype, bearing a bioisosteric sulfonamide moiety, was synthesized. Kinetic investigations were performed at four human cysteine proteases, i.e. cathepsins S, B, K and L. Compound 12 with a terminal 3-biphenyl sulfonamide substituent was the most potent (Ki = 4.02 nM; selectivity ratio cathepsin S/K = 5.8; S/L = 67) and 24 with a 4'-fluoro-4-biphenyl sulfonamide substituent the most selective cathepsin S inhibitor (Ki = 35.5 nM; selectivity ratio cathepsin S/K = 57; S/L = 31). In silico design and biochemical evaluation emphasized the impact of the sulfonamide linkage on selectivity and a possible switch of P2 and P3 substituents with respect to the occupation of the corresponding binding sites of cathepsin S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lemke
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cianni
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Christian Feldmann
- Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erik Gilberg
- Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jiafei Yin
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernanda Dos Reis Rocho
- Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Vita
- Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Str. 20, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Bonn Aachen International Center for Information Technology BIT, Life Science Informatics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Carlos A Montanari
- Instituto de Química de Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense 400, BR-13560-970 Sao Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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19
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Kumari S, Carmona AV, Tiwari AK, Trippier PC. Amide Bond Bioisosteres: Strategies, Synthesis, and Successes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12290-12358. [PMID: 32686940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The amide functional group plays a key role in the composition of biomolecules, including many clinically approved drugs. Bioisosterism is widely employed in the rational modification of lead compounds, being used to increase potency, enhance selectivity, improve pharmacokinetic properties, eliminate toxicity, and acquire novel chemical space to secure intellectual property. The introduction of a bioisostere leads to structural changes in molecular size, shape, electronic distribution, polarity, pKa, dipole or polarizability, which can be either favorable or detrimental to biological activity. This approach has opened up new avenues in drug design and development resulting in more efficient drug candidates introduced onto the market as well as in the clinical pipeline. Herein, we review the strategic decisions in selecting an amide bioisostere (the why), synthetic routes to each (the how), and success stories of each bioisostere (the implementation) to provide a comprehensive overview of this important toolbox for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Angelica V Carmona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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20
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Li J, Zhang D, Chen J, Ma C, Hu W. Enantioselective Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl-Substituted syn-Diamines by the Asymmetric gem-Difunctionalization of 2,2,2-Trifluorodiazoethane. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuling Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianghui Chen
- School Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- School Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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21
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Orally bioavailable amine-linked macrocyclic inhibitors of factor XIa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126949. [PMID: 31932224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of orally bioavailable FXIa inhibitors has been a challenge. Herein, we describe our efforts to address this challenge by optimization of our imidazole-based macrocyclic series. Our optimization strategy focused on modifications to the P2 prime, macrocyclic amide linker, and the imidazole scaffold. Replacing the amide of the macrocyclic linker with amide isosteres led to the discovery of substituted amine linkers which not only maintained FXIa binding affinity but also improved oral exposure in rats. Combining the optimized macrocyclic amine linker with a pyridine scaffold afforded compounds 23 and 24 that were orally bioavailable, single-digit nanomolar FXIa inhibitors with excellent selectivity against relevant blood coagulation enzymes.
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22
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Abstract
The article discusses the basic properties of fluorine atom that have made it so useful in drug development. It presents several examples of therapeutically useful drugs acting against many life-threatening diseases along with the mechanism as to how fluorine influences the drug activity. It has been pointed out that fluorine, due to its ability to increase the lipophilicity of the molecule, greatly affects the hydrophobic interaction between the drug molecule and the receptor. Because of its small size, it hardly produces any steric effect, rather due to electronic properties enters into electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions. Thus, it greatly affects the drug-receptor interaction and leads to increase the activity of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut 250005, India
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23
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Wang X, Huang D, Wang K, Liu J, Zong W, Wang J, Su Y, Hu Y. Tin powder promoted synthesis of trifluoroethylamine‐containing 3,3′‐disubstituted oxindoles. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Ke‐Hu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Wuzhong Zong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Yingpeng Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Yulai Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNorthwest Normal University Anning East 967 Road Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
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24
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Backbone modifications in peptidic inhibitors of flaviviral proteases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1913-1917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Sun S, Jia Q, Zhang Z. Applications of amide isosteres in medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2535-2550. [PMID: 31377035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isosteric replacement of amide groups is a classic practice in medicinal chemistry. This digest highlights the applications of most commonly employed amide isosteres in drug design aiming at improving potency and selectivity, optimizing physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, eliminating or modifying toxicophores, as well as providing novel intellectual property of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada.
| | - Qi Jia
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Zaihui Zhang
- Signalchem Lifesciences Corp., 110-13210, Vanier Place, Richmond, BC V6V 2J2, Canada
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26
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Shi LM, Sun XS, Shen C, Wang ZF, Tao HY, Wang CJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl Homoallylic Amines via Umpolung Allylation/2-Aza-Cope Rearrangement: Stereoselectivity and Mechanistic Insight. Org Lett 2019; 21:4842-4848. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xi-Shang Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zuo-Fei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hai-Yan Tao
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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27
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Takata T, Hirano K, Miura M. Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethylamines by Cu-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective Hydroamination of 1-Trifluoromethylalkenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:4284-4288. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Takata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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28
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Sartori GR, Leitão A, Montanari CA, Laughton CA. Ligand-induced conformational selection predicts the selectivity of cysteine protease inhibitors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222055. [PMID: 31856175 PMCID: PMC6922342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cruzain, a cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, is a validated target for the treatment of Chagas disease. Due to its high similarity in three-dimensional structure with human cathepsins and their sequence identity above 70% in the active site regions, identifying potent but selective cruzain inhibitors with low side effects on the host organism represents a significant challenge. Here a panel of nitrile ligands with varying potencies against cathepsin K, cathepsin L and cruzain, are studied by molecular dynamics simulations as both non-covalent and covalent complexes. Principal component analysis (PCA), identifies and quantifies patterns of ligand-induced conformational selection that enable the construction of a decision tree which can predict with high confidence a low-nanomolar inhibitor of each of three proteins, and determine the selectivity for one against others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Rodrigues Sartori
- Grupo de Química Medicinal do IQSC/USP, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Grupo de Química Medicinal do IQSC/USP, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Montanari
- Grupo de Química Medicinal do IQSC/USP, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles A. Laughton
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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29
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You Y, Luo S. Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Type Reaction with Tri-/Difluoro- or Trichloroacetaldimine Precursors. Org Lett 2018; 20:7137-7140. [PMID: 30407021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient catalytic asymmetric Mannich type reaction of CF3-, CF2H-, or CCl3-acetaldimine precursors by a chiral primary amine is presented. This protocol provides facile access to chiral CF3-, CF2H-, or trichloroethyl amines in excellent yields and high enantioselectivity (up to 99% yield, up to >99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang'en You
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100490 , China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100490 , China.,Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100875 , China
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30
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Bogdos MK, Pinard E, Murphy JA. Applications of organocatalysed visible-light photoredox reactions for medicinal chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2035-2064. [PMID: 30202458 PMCID: PMC6122060 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the field of organocatalysed photoredox chemistry relevant to synthetic medicinal chemistry. Photoredox transformations have been shown to enable key transformations that are important to the pharmaceutical industry. This type of chemistry has also demonstrated a high degree of sustainability, especially when organic dyes can be employed in place of often toxic and environmentally damaging transition metals. The sections are arranged according to the general class of the presented reactions and the value of these methods to medicinal chemistry is considered. An overview of the general characteristics of the photocatalysts as well as some electrochemical data is presented. In addition, the general reaction mechanisms for organocatalysed photoredox transformations are discussed and some individual mechanistic considerations are highlighted in the text when appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Bogdos
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1 XL, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Pinard
- F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1 XL, United Kingdom
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31
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Altman RA, Sharma KK, Rajewski LG, Toren PC, Baltezor MJ, Pal M, Karad SN. Tyr 1-ψ[( Z)CF═CH]-Gly 2 Fluorinated Peptidomimetic Improves Distribution and Metabolism Properties of Leu-Enkephalin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1735-1742. [PMID: 29648788 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid peptides are key regulators in cellular and intercellular physiological responses, and could be therapeutically useful for modulating several pathological conditions. Unfortunately, the use of peptide-based agonists to target centrally located opioid receptors is limited by poor physicochemical (PC), distribution, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties that restrict penetration across the blood-brain barrier via passive diffusion. To address these problems, the present paper exploits fluorinated peptidomimetics to simultaneously modify PC and DMPK properties, thus facilitating entry into the central nervous system. As an initial example, the present paper exploited the Tyr1-ψ[( Z)CF═CH]-Gly2 peptidomimetic to improve PC druglike characteristics (computational), plasma and microsomal degradation, and systemic and CNS distribution of Leu-enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu). Thus, the fluoroalkene replacement transformed an instable in vitro tool compound into a stable and centrally distributed in vivo probe. In contrast, the Tyr1-ψ[CF3CH2-NH]-Gly2 peptidomimetic decreased stability by accelerating proteolysis at the Gly3-Phe4 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Krishna K. Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Lian G. Rajewski
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Paul C. Toren
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael J. Baltezor
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Mohan Pal
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Somnath N. Karad
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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32
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Chen MW, Yang Q, Deng Z, Zhou Y, Ding Q, Peng Y. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Reduction of Fluorinated Alkynyl Ketimines. J Org Chem 2018; 83:8688-8694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Wang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- Jiangxi’s Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Yirong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- Jiangxi’s Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- Jiangxi’s Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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33
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Zwicker JD, Diaz NA, Guerra AJ, Kirchhoff PD, Wen B, Sun D, Carruthers VB, Larsen SD. Optimization of dipeptidic inhibitors of cathepsin L for improved Toxoplasma gondii selectivity and CNS permeability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1972-1980. [PMID: 29650289 PMCID: PMC5938124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurotropic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is the second leading cause of death due to foodborne illness in the US, and has been designated as one of five neglected parasitic infections by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Currently, no treatment options exist for the chronic dormant-phase Toxoplasma infection in the central nervous system (CNS). T. gondii cathepsin L (TgCPL) has recently been implicated as a novel viable target for the treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis. In this study, we report the first body of SAR work aimed at developing potent inhibitors of TgCPL with selectivity vs the human cathepsin L. Starting from a known inhibitor of human cathepsin L, and guided by structure-based design, we were able to modulate the selectivity for Toxoplasma vs human CPL by nearly 50-fold while modifying physiochemical properties to be more favorable for metabolic stability and CNS penetrance. The overall potency of our inhibitors towards TgCPL was improved from 2 μM to as low as 110 nM and we successfully demonstrated that an optimized analog 18b is capable of crossing the BBB (0.5 brain/plasma). This work is an important first step toward development of a CNS-penetrant probe to validate TgCPL as a feasible target for the treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D Zwicker
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Nicolas A Diaz
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Alfredo J Guerra
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Paul D Kirchhoff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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34
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Lu J, Wang M, Wang Z, Fu Z, Lu A, Zhang G. Advances in the discovery of cathepsin K inhibitors on bone resorption. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:890-904. [PMID: 29723068 PMCID: PMC6010086 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1465417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K), highly expressed in osteoclasts, is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family and has been of increasing interest as a target of medicinal chemistry efforts for its role in bone matrix degradation. Inhibition of the Cat K enzyme reduces bone resorption and thus, has rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to design and develop highly potent, excellently selective and orally applicable Cat K inhibitors. These inhibitors are derived from synthetic compounds or natural products, some of which have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. In this review, we briefly summarised the historic development of Cat K inhibitors and discussed the relationship between structures of inhibitors and active sites in Cat K for the purpose of guiding future development of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Maolin Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Zhongqi Fu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Aiping Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ge Zhang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
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35
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Yatam S, Gundla R, Jadav SS, Pedavenkatagari NR, Chimakurthy J, Rani B N, Kedam T. Focused library design and synthesis of 2-mercapto benzothiazole linked 1,2,4-oxadiazoles as COX-2/5-LOX inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1358] [Impact Index Per Article: 226.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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37
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Braun MG, Castanedo G, Qin L, Salvo P, Zard SZ. Introduction of Trifluoroethylamine as Amide Isostere by C–H Functionalization of Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:4090-4093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Gabrielle Braun
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Georgette Castanedo
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ling Qin
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 CNRS-École Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Salvo
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, UMR 7652 CNRS-École Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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38
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Abstract
Using a commercially available Umemoto's reagent, the metal-free trifluoromethylation of nitroalkanes is now possible. This method provides a general, high-yielding synthesis of α-(trifluoromethyl)nitroalkanes. The quaternary α-(trifluoromethyl)nitroalkanes obtained from this transformation can be elaborated to a variety of complex nitrogen-containing molecules, including α-(trifluoromethyl)amines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 United States
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39
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Karad SN, Pal M, Crowley RS, Prisinzano TE, Altman RA. Synthesis and Opioid Activity of Tyr 1 -ψ[(Z)CF=CH]-Gly 2 and Tyr 1 -ψ[(S)/(R)-CF 3 CH-NH]-Gly 2 Leu-enkephalin Fluorinated Peptidomimetics. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:571-576. [PMID: 28296145 PMCID: PMC5486982 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis, and opioid activity of fluoroalkene (Tyr1 -ψ[(Z)CF=CH]-Gly2 ) and trifluoroethylamine (Tyr1 -ψ[(S)/(R)-CF3 CH-NH]-Gly2 ) analogues of the endogenous opioid neuropeptide, Leu-enkephalin. The fluoroalkene peptidomimetic exhibited low nanomolar functional activity (5.0±2 nm and 60±15 nm for δ- and μ-opioid receptors, respectively) with a μ/δ-selectivity ratio that mimics that of the natural peptide. However, the trifluoroethylamine peptidomimetics, irrespective of stereochemistry, did not activate the opioid receptors, which suggest that bulky CF3 substituents are not tolerated at this position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Narayan Karad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Mohan Pal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Rachel S Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
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40
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Wang Y, Deng Y, Pang X, Yu J, Fan L, Chen Y, Zhao L. Novel thiohydantoin analogues bearing the 1-hydroxyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-ethyl moiety as androgen receptor inhibitors for the potential treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02142a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzalutamide (ENT) is an approved drug for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- Lab of YW Chen
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu
| | - Yufang Deng
- Lab of YW Chen
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu
| | - Xuehai Pang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Lab of YW Chen
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu
| | - Lei Fan
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- Lab of YW Chen
- Cancer Center
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center
- Chengdu
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Chengdu University
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics
- Chengdu
- China
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41
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Rodriguez JB, Falcone BN, Szajnman SH. Detection and treatment ofTrypanosoma cruzi: a patent review (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:993-1015. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1209487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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42
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Johnson T, Luo B, Lautens M. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of α-(Trifluoromethyl)arylmethylamines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4923-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Bo Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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44
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Deutsch A, Wagner C, Deutsch C, Hoffmann-Röder A. Convenient Access to Di- and Trifluoroethylamines for Lead Structure Research. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Pierra Rouvière C, Amador A, Badaroux E, Convard T, Da Costa D, Dukhan D, Griffe L, Griffon JF, LaColla M, Leroy F, Liuzzi M, Loi AG, McCarville J, Mascia V, Milhau J, Onidi L, Paparin JL, Rahali R, Sais E, Seifer M, Surleraux D, Standring D, Dousson C. Synthesis of potent and broad genotypically active NS5B HCV non-nucleoside inhibitors binding to the thumb domain allosteric site 2 of the viral polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4536-4541. [PMID: 27520942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) plays a central role in virus replication. NS5B has no functional equivalent in mammalian cells and, as a consequence, is an attractive target for selective inhibition. This Letter describes the discovery of a new family of HCV NS5B non-nucleoside inhibitors, based on the bioisosterism between amide and phosphonamidate functions. As part of this program, SAR in this new series led to the identification of IDX17119, a potent non-nucleoside inhibitor, active on the genotypes 1b, 2a, 3a and 4a. The structure and binding domain of IDX17119 were confirmed by X-ray co-crystallization study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pierra Rouvière
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France.
| | - Agnès Amador
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Eric Badaroux
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Thierry Convard
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Daniel Da Costa
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - David Dukhan
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Ludovic Griffe
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-François Griffon
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Massimiliano LaColla
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, One Kendall Square, Ste B14104, Cambridge, MA 02139-1573, USA
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Michel Liuzzi
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Laboratorio Cooperativo Idenix-Università di Cagliari, Zona Industriale di Macchiareddu, Sesta strada ovest, 09010 Uta (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Anna Giulia Loi
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Laboratorio Cooperativo Idenix-Università di Cagliari, Zona Industriale di Macchiareddu, Sesta strada ovest, 09010 Uta (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Joe McCarville
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, One Kendall Square, Ste B14104, Cambridge, MA 02139-1573, USA
| | - Valeria Mascia
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Laboratorio Cooperativo Idenix-Università di Cagliari, Zona Industriale di Macchiareddu, Sesta strada ovest, 09010 Uta (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Julien Milhau
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Loredana Onidi
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Laboratorio Cooperativo Idenix-Università di Cagliari, Zona Industriale di Macchiareddu, Sesta strada ovest, 09010 Uta (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Jean-Laurent Paparin
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Rachid Rahali
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Efisio Sais
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Laboratorio Cooperativo Idenix-Università di Cagliari, Zona Industriale di Macchiareddu, Sesta strada ovest, 09010 Uta (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Maria Seifer
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, One Kendall Square, Ste B14104, Cambridge, MA 02139-1573, USA
| | - Dominique Surleraux
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - David Standring
- Idenix Employee of the Former Idenix Pharmaceuticals Company, One Kendall Square, Ste B14104, Cambridge, MA 02139-1573, USA
| | - Cyril Dousson
- Idenix SARL, an MSD Company, Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Cap Gamma, 1682 rue de la Valsière, BP 50001, 34189 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
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46
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Cytlak T, Saweliew M, Kubicki M, Koroniak H. Synthesis of trifluoromethyl γ-aminophosphonates by nucleophilic aziridine ring opening. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10050-9. [PMID: 26299334 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01411e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphonated derivatives of trifluoromethyl aziridine were obtained with good yield from aziridine-2-carbaldehyde by two distinct methods, which resulted in different diastereoselectivities. Using thiols as nucleophiles ring opening reactions of trifluoromethylated derivatives of aziridine-2-phosphonates proceeded regio- and diastereoselectively, giving rise to γ-amino-γ-trifluoromethyl phosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cytlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 60614 Poznan, Poland.
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47
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Abstract
The role of fluorine in drug design and development is expanding rapidly as we learn more about the unique properties associated with this unusual element and how to deploy it with greater sophistication. The judicious introduction of fluorine into a molecule can productively influence conformation, pKa, intrinsic potency, membrane permeability, metabolic pathways, and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, (18)F has been established as a useful positron emitting isotope for use with in vivo imaging technology that potentially has extensive application in drug discovery and development, often limited only by convenient synthetic accessibility to labeled compounds. The wide ranging applications of fluorine in drug design are providing a strong stimulus for the development of new synthetic methodologies that allow more facile access to a wide range of fluorinated compounds. In this review, we provide an update on the effects of the strategic incorporation of fluorine in drug molecules and applications in positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Gillis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kyle J Eastman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Matthew D Hill
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - David J Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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48
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Medicinal applications of perfluoroalkylated chain-containing compounds. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:1201-29. [PMID: 25078138 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with polyfluorinated molecular fragments possess unique properties associated with the presence of a large number of fluorine atoms that affect lipophilicity and conformational rigidity of the parent molecule along with other effects. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of synthesized compounds possessing perfluoroalkylated or polyfluorinated chains that have been tested for bioactivity or as potential drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. As far as the length of the perfluoroalkylated chain is concerned the focus is centered on the compound bearing perfluoroethyl or tetrafluoroethyl as well as longer chains. The perfluoroalkylated compounds discussed are classified according to their biological activity.
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49
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Abstract
Since its first use in the steroid field in the late 1950s, the use of fluorine in medicinal chemistry has become commonplace, with the small electronegative fluorine atom being a key part of the medicinal chemist's repertoire of substitutions used to modulate all aspects of molecular properties including potency, physical chemistry and pharmacokinetics. This review will highlight the special nature of fluorine, drawing from a survey of marketed fluorinated pharmaceuticals and the medicinal chemistry literature, to illustrate key concepts exploited by medicinal chemists in their attempts to optimize drug molecules. Some of the potential pitfalls in the use of fluorine will also be highlighted.
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50
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Sajith AM, Abdul Khader K, Joshi N, Reddy MN, Syed Ali Padusha M, Nagaswarupa H, Nibin Joy M, Bodke YD, Karuvalam RP, Banerjee R, Muralidharan A, Rajendra P. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derived purine isosteres and their potential as cytotoxic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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