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Levesque MV, Hla T. Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation in the Endothelium. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:cshperspect.a041153. [PMID: 35667710 PMCID: PMC9722983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signals act on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate homeostasis and adapt to stress. This involves rapid intracellular post-translational responses and long-lasting gene-expression changes that ultimately determine cellular phenotype and fate changes. The lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1PRs) are examples of well-studied GPCR signaling axis essential for vascular development, homeostasis, and diseases. The biochemical cascades involved in rapid S1P signaling are well understood. However, gene-expression regulation by S1PRs are less understood. In this review, we focus our attention to how S1PRs regulate nuclear chromatin changes and gene transcription to modulate vascular and lymphatic endothelial phenotypic changes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Because S1PR-targeted drugs approved for use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases cause substantial vascular-related adverse events, these findings are critical not only for general understanding of stimulus-evoked gene regulation in the vascular endothelium, but also for therapeutic development of drugs for autoimmune and perhaps vascular diseases.
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2
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Pluimer BR, Colt M, Zhao Z. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Mammalian Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:139. [PMID: 32581715 PMCID: PMC7283493 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neurovascular unit (NVU) is comprised of neurons, glia, and vascular cells. The NVU is the nexus between the cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS). The central component of the NVU is the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which consists of a monolayer of tightly connected endothelial cells covered by pericytes and further surrounded by astrocytic endfeet. In addition to preventing the diffusion of toxic species into the CNS, the BBB endothelium serves as a dynamic regulatory system facilitating the transport of molecules from the bloodstream to the brain and vis versa. The structural integrity and transport functions of the BBB are maintained, in part, by an orchestra of membrane receptors and transporters including members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we provide an overview of GPCRs known to regulate mammalian BBB structure and function and discuss how dysregulation of these pathways plays a role in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock R. Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mark Colt
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Camp SM, Marciniak A, Chiang ET, Garcia AN, Bittman R, Polt R, Perez RG, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-independent lung endothelial cell barrier disruption induced by FTY720 regioisomers. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:10.1177_2045894020905521. [PMID: 32095229 PMCID: PMC7011338 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020905521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular permeability is a hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-induced lung injury pathobiology; however, the mechanisms underlying this vascular dysregulation remain unclear, thereby impairing the development of desperately needed effective therapeutics. We have shown that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and 2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol (FTY720) analogues are useful tools for exploring vascular barrier regulation mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To experimentally define the effects of FTY720 regioisomers on lung endothelial cell barrier regulation. METHODS Specific barrier-regulatory receptor and kinase inhibitors were utilized to probe signaling mechanisms involved in FTY720 regioisomer-mediated human lung endothelial cell barrier responses (trans-endothelial electrical resistance, TER). Docking simulations with the S1P1 receptor were performed to further evaluate FTY720 regioisomer signaling. RESULTS FTY720 regioisomers produced potent endothelial cell barrier disruption reflected by declines in TER alterations. Pharmacologic inhibition of Gi-coupled S1P receptors (S1P1, S1P2, S1P3) failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-mediated barrier disruption; findings that were corroborated by docking simulations demonstrating FTY720 regiosomers were repelled from S1P1 docking, in contrast to strong S1P1 binding elicited by S1P. Inhibition of either the barrier-disrupting PAR-1 receptor, the VEGF receptor, Rho-kinase, MAPK, NFkB, or PI3K failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-induced endothelial cell barrier disruption. While FTY720 regioisomers significantly increased protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) activity, PP2A inhibitors failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-induced endothelial cell barrier disruption. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results imply a vexing model of pulmonary vascular barrier dysregulation in response to FTY720-related compounds and highlight the need for further insights into mechanisms of vascular integrity required to promote the development of novel therapeutic tools to prevent or reverse the pulmonary vascular leak central to ARDS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Camp
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander Marciniak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eddie T. Chiang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander N. Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ruth G. Perez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joe G. N. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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4
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Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of constrained sphingolipid-phenoxazine/phenothiazine hybrid constructs targeting protein phosphatase 2A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2681-2685. [PMID: 31383588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the cytotoxicity of perphenazine toward cancer cells and its ability to activate the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), we prepared series of ether-carbon linked analogs of a constrained synthetic sphingolipid analog 3, known for its cytotoxicity, nutrient transporter down-regulation and vacuolation properties, incorporating the tricyclic neuroleptics phenoxazine and phenothiazine to represent hybrid structures with possible synergistic cytotoxic activity. While the original activity of the lead compound 3 was diminished by fusion with the phenoxazine or phenothiazine tethered moieties, the corresponding 3-pyridyltetryl ether analog 10 showed cytotoxicity and nutrient transporter down-regulation similar to the lead compound 3, although it separated these PP2A-dependent phenotypes from that of vacuolation.
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5
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Takamura H, Tanaka M, Ando J, Tazawa A, Ishizawa K. Concise Synthesis of Anticancer Active trans-4-(4-Octylphenyl)prolinol. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Xiao L, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Yang S, Huang R, Shi W, Peng B, Xiao Y. SPHK1-S1PR1-RANKL Axis Regulates the Interactions Between Macrophages and BMSCs in Inflammatory Bone Loss. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1090-1104. [PMID: 29377379 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the immune and skeletal systems interact with each other through various regulators during the osteoclastogenic process. Among these regulators, the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is synthesized by sphingosine kinase 1/2 (SPHK1/2), has recently been recognized to play a role in immunity and bone remodeling through its receptor sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1). However, little is known regarding the potential role of S1PR1 signaling in inflammatory bone loss. We observed that SPHK1 and S1PR1 were upregulated in human apical periodontitis, accompanied by macrophage infiltration and enhanced expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL, an indispensable factor in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption) and increased numbers of S1PR1-RANKL double-positive cells in lesion tissues. Using an in vitro co-culture model of macrophages and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), it was revealed that in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, macrophages could significantly induce SPHK1 activity, which resulted in activated S1PR1 in BMSCs. The activated S1P-S1PR1 signaling was responsible for the increased RANKL production in BMSCs, as S1PR1-blockage abolished this effect. Applying a potent S1P-S1PR1 signaling modulator, Fingolimod (FTY720), in a Wistar rat apical periodontitis model effectively prevented bone lesions in vivo via downregulation of RANKL production, osteoclastogenesis, and bone resorption. Our data unveiled the regulatory role of SPHK1-S1PR1-RANKL axis in inflammatory bone lesions and proposed a potential therapeutic intervention by targeting this cell-signaling pathway to prevent bone loss. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia.,The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia.,The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia.,The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lingxin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bin Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia.,The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove Campus, Brisbane, Australia.,The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Stoit AR, Lange JH, Coolen HK, Rensink A, van den Hoogenband A, den Hartog AP, van Schaik S, Kruse CG. Spiro-1-benzofuranpiperidinylalkanoic acids as a novel and selective sphingosine S1P5 receptor agonist chemotype. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:459-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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McCracken AN, McMonigle RJ, Tessier J, Fransson R, Perryman MS, Chen B, Keebaugh A, Selwan E, Barr SA, Kim SM, Roy SG, Liu G, Fallegger D, Sernissi L, Brandt C, Moitessier N, Snider AJ, Clare S, Müschen M, Huwiler A, Kleinman MT, Hanessian S, Edinger AL. Phosphorylation of a constrained azacyclic FTY720 analog enhances anti-leukemic activity without inducing S1P receptor activation. Leukemia 2017; 31:669-677. [PMID: 27573555 PMCID: PMC5332311 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of poor outcomes in relapsed leukemia patients underscores the need for novel therapeutic approaches. The Food and Drug Administration-approved immunosuppressant FTY720 limits leukemia progression by activating protein phosphatase 2A and restricting nutrient access. Unfortunately, FTY720 cannot be re-purposed for use in cancer patients due to on-target toxicity associated with S1P receptor activation at the elevated, anti-neoplastic dose. Here we show that the constrained azacyclic FTY720 analog SH-RF-177 lacks S1P receptor activity but maintains anti-leukemic activity in vitro and in vivo. SH-RF-177 was not only more potent than FTY720, but killed via a distinct mechanism. Phosphorylation is dispensable for FTY720's anti-leukemic actions. However, chemical biology and genetic approaches demonstrated that the sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2)-mediated phosphorylation of SH-RF-177 led to engagement of a pro-apoptotic target and increased potency. The cytotoxicity of membrane-permeant FTY720 phosphonate esters suggests that the enhanced potency of SH-RF-177 stems from its more efficient phosphorylation. The tight inverse correlation between SH-RF-177 IC50 and SPHK2 mRNA expression suggests a useful biomarker for SH-RF-177 sensitivity. In summary, these studies indicate that FTY720 analogs that are efficiently phosphorylated but fail to activate S1P receptors may be superior anti-leukemic agents compared to compounds that avoid cardiotoxicity by eliminating phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N. McCracken
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Ryan J. McMonigle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Jérémie Tessier
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Rebecca Fransson
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | | | - Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Andrew Keebaugh
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Elizabeth Selwan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Sarah A. Barr
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Seong M. Kim
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Saurabh G. Roy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Daniel Fallegger
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Sernissi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Ashley J. Snider
- Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768
| | - Simon Clare
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697
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9
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Effects of stereochemistry, saturation, and hydrocarbon chain length on the ability of synthetic constrained azacyclic sphingolipids to trigger nutrient transporter down-regulation, vacuolation, and cell death. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4390-4397. [PMID: 27475534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Constrained analogs containing a 2-hydroxymethylpyrrolidine core of the natural sphingolipids sphingosine, sphinganine, N,N-dimethylsphingosine and N-acetyl variants of sphingosine and sphinganine (C2-ceramide and dihydro-C2-ceramide) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to down-regulate nutrient transporter proteins and trigger cytoplasmic vacuolation in mammalian cells. In cancer cells, the disruptions in intracellular trafficking produced by these sphingolipids lead to cancer cell death by starvation. Structure activity studies were conducted by varying the length of the hydrocarbon chain, the degree of unsaturation and the presence or absence of an aryl moiety on the appended chains, and stereochemistry at two stereogenic centers. In general, cytotoxicity was positively correlated with nutrient transporter down-regulation and vacuolation. This study was intended to identify structural and functional features in lead compounds that best contribute to potency, and to develop chemical biology tools that could be used to isolate the different protein targets responsible for nutrient transporter loss and cytoplasmic vacuolation. A molecule that produces maximal vacuolation and transporter loss is expected to have the maximal anti-cancer activity and would be a lead compound.
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10
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Chen B, Roy SG, McMonigle RJ, Keebaugh A, McCracken AN, Selwan E, Fransson R, Fallegger D, Huwiler A, Kleinman MT, Edinger AL, Hanessian S. Azacyclic FTY720 Analogues That Limit Nutrient Transporter Expression but Lack S1P Receptor Activity and Negative Chronotropic Effects Offer a Novel and Effective Strategy to Kill Cancer Cells in Vivo. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:409-14. [PMID: 26653336 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
FTY720 sequesters lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs through effects on sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. However, at higher doses than are required for immunosuppression, FTY720 also functions as an anticancer agent in multiple animal models. Our published work indicates that the anticancer effects of FTY720 do not depend on actions at S1P receptors but instead stem from FTY720s ability to restrict access to extracellular nutrients by down-regulating nutrient transporter proteins. This result was significant because S1P receptor activation is responsible for FTY720s dose-limiting toxicity, bradycardia, that prevents its use in cancer patients. Here, we describe diastereomeric and enantiomeric 3- and 4-C-aryl 2-hydroxymethyl pyrrolidines that are more active than the previously known analogues. Of importance is that these compounds fail to activate S1P1 or S1P3 receptors in vivo but retain inhibitory effects on nutrient transporter proteins and anticancer activity in solid tumor xenograft models. Our studies reaffirm that the anticancer activity of FTY720 does not depend upon S1P receptor activation and uphold the promise of using S1P receptor-inactive azacyclic FTY720 analogues in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Saurabh G. Roy
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697-2300, United States
| | - Ryan J. McMonigle
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697-2300, United States
| | - Andrew Keebaugh
- Community & Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, FRF 100, California 92697-1825, United States
| | - Alison N. McCracken
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697-2300, United States
| | - Elizabeth Selwan
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697-2300, United States
| | - Rebecca Fransson
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Fallegger
- Institute
of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute
of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Community & Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine, FRF 100, California 92697-1825, United States
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697-2300, United States
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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11
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Hobson AD, Harris CM, van der Kam EL, Turner SC, Abibi A, Aguirre AL, Bousquet P, Kebede T, Konopacki DB, Gintant G, Kim Y, Larson K, Maull JW, Moore NS, Shi D, Shrestha A, Tang X, Zhang P, Sarris KK. Discovery of A-971432, An Orally Bioavailable Selective Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 5 (S1P5) Agonist for the Potential Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9154-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D. Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Christopher M. Harris
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | | | - Sean C. Turner
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ayome Abibi
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ana L. Aguirre
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan
Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Peter Bousquet
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Tegest Kebede
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Donald B. Konopacki
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Gary Gintant
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan
Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Youngjae Kim
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kelly Larson
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan
Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John W. Maull
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Nigel S. Moore
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Dan Shi
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Anurupa Shrestha
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan
Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Xiubo Tang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., Building 10, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., Building 10, 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kathy K. Sarris
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan
Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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12
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Camp SM, Chiang ET, Sun C, Usatyuk PV, Bittman R, Natarajan V, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. "Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Barrier Enhancement by Novel FTY720 Analogs: Methoxy-FTY720, Fluoro-FTY720, and β-Glucuronide-FTY720". Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:85-93. [PMID: 26496151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic agents are lacking for the prevention and reversal of vascular leak, a frequent pathophysiologic result of inflammatory processes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. We previously demonstrated the potent barrier-enhancing effects of related compounds sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the pharmaceutical agent FTY720, and its analog (S)-FTY720 phosphonate (Tys) in models of inflammatory lung injury. In this study, we characterize additional novel FTY720 analogs for their potential to reduce vascular leak as well as utilize them as tools to better understand the mechanisms by which this class of agents modulates permeability. Transendothelial resistance (TER) and labeled dextran studies demonstrate that (R)-methoxy-FTY720 ((R)-OMe-FTY), (R)/(S)-fluoro-FTY720 (FTY-F), and β-glucuronide-FTY720 (FTY-G) compounds display in vitro barrier-enhancing properties comparable or superior to FTY720 and S1P. In contrast, the (S)-methoxy-FTY720 ((S)-OMe-FTY) analog disrupts lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity in TER studies in association with actin stress fiber formation and robust intracellular calcium release, but independent of myosin light chain or ERK phosphorylation. Additional mechanistic studies with (R)-OMe-FTY, FTY-F, and FTY-G suggest that lung EC barrier enhancement is mediated through lipid raft signaling, Gi-linked receptor coupling to downstream tyrosine phosphorylation events, and S1PR1-dependent receptor ligation. These results provide important mechanistic insights into modulation of pulmonary vascular barrier function by FTY720-related compounds and highlight common signaling events that may assist the development of novel therapeutic tools in the prevention or reversal of the pulmonary vascular leak that characterizes ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Eddie T Chiang
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chaode Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter V Usatyuk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Camp SM, Chiang ET, Sun C, Usatyuk PV, Bittman R, Natarajan V, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement by novel FTY720 analogs: methoxy-FTY720, fluoro-FTY720, and β-glucuronide-FTY720. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 191:16-24. [PMID: 26272033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic agents are lacking for the prevention and reversal of vascular leak, a frequent pathophysiologic result of inflammatory processes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. We previously demonstrated the potent barrier-enhancing effects of related compounds sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the pharmaceutical agent FTY720, and its analog (S)-FTY720 phosphonate (Tys) in models of inflammatory lung injury. In this study, we characterize additional novel FTY720 analogs for their potential to reduce vascular leak as well as utilize them as tools to better understand the mechanisms by which this class of agents modulates permeability. Transendothelial resistance (TER) and labeled dextran studies demonstrate that (R)-methoxy-FTY720 ((R)-OMe-FTY), (R)/(S)-fluoro-FTY720 (FTY-F), and β-glucuronide-FTY720 (FTY-G) compounds display in vitro barrier-enhancing properties comparable or superior to FTY720 and S1P. In contrast, the (S)-methoxy-FTY720 ((S)-OMe-FTY) analog disrupts lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity in TER studies in association with actin stress fiber formation and robust intracellular calcium release, but independent of myosin light chain or ERK phosphorylation. Additional mechanistic studies with (R)-OMe-FTY, FTY-F, and FTY-G suggest that lung EC barrier enhancement is mediated through lipid raft signaling, Gi-linked receptor coupling to downstream tyrosine phosphorylation events, and S1PR1-dependent receptor ligation. These results provide important mechanistic insights into modulation of pulmonary vascular barrier function by FTY720-related compounds and highlight common signaling events that may assist the development of novel therapeutic tools in the prevention or reversal of the pulmonary vascular leak that characterizes ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Eddie T Chiang
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chaode Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter V Usatyuk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, NY, United States
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Zhu J, Liu Y, Huang Y. Topical application of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 prolongs corneal graft survival in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3800-7. [PMID: 25607596 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of topical application of sphingosine 1‑phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) on allogeneic corneal transplantation in mice. A total of 45 BALB/c mice received corneal grafts from C57BL/6 donors. The recipients were randomly divided into three groups and treated with eye drops containing 0.5% S1P1, 1% cyclosporine A or saline as a negative control. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)‑2, IL‑10, tumor growth factor (TGF)‑β1 and interferon (IFN)‑γ were measured by ELISA. The numbers of CD4+ T cell and T‑regulatory (Treg) cell phenotypes were measured by flow cytometry. The cytokine mRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that corneal graft survival was prolonged in the S1P1 group [mean survival time (MST), 24.11±1.58 days], and 1% cyclosporine A (MST, 25.0±1.91 days) compared with the controls (MST, 13.44±0.48 days; P<0.01). S1P1 and cyclosporine A decreased CD4+ T‑cell levels (P<0.05) in the peripheral blood compared with those of the controls. However, an increase of CD4+ T cells in the spleen was noted in the S1P1 group (P<0.05) and Treg cells were also increased in the cervical lymph nodes in the S1P1 group (P<0.01). TGF‑β1 mRNA transcription in the corneal grafts increased following treatment with S1P1 (P<0.05) and TGF‑β1 in the serum following treatment with S1P1 also increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, S1P1 had a significant effect in corneal allograft rejection inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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15
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Zhu J, Liu Y, Pi Y, Jia L, Wang L, Huang Y. Systemic application of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 immunomodulator inhibits corneal allograft rejection in mice. Acta Ophthalmol 2014; 92:e12-21. [PMID: 23910624 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the effects of systemic application of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1(S1P1) on allogeneic corneal transplantation in mice. METHODS A total of 112 BALB/c mice received corneal grafts from C57BL/6 donors. Recipients were randomly divided into seven groups and treated with intraperitoneal injections of S1P1 (5 mg/kg/days), cyclosporine A (5 mg/kg/days), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg/days) and rapamycin (2 mg/kg/days). S1P1was combined with rapamycin or cyclosporine A, and saline served as negative control. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ were measured by Elisa. The numbers of CD4+ T and regulatory (Treg) cell phenotype were measured by flow cytometry. Cytokine mRNA expression was analysed by real-time quantitative PCR. CD4+ T cells and cytokines were histologically identified by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Corneal graft survival was prolonged by intraperitoneal injections in S1P1 alone (mean survival time MST, 35.3 ± 5.6 days), S1P1 combined with rapamycin (MST, 38.7 ± 6.5 days) or S1P1 and cyclosporine A (MST, 32.7 ± 4.8 days) compared with the controls (MST, 14.6 ± 0.2 days; n = 5, p < 0.01). S1P1 alone increased CD4+ T (p < 0.01) and Treg cells (p < 0.01; n = 5) in the cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes compared with the controls and S1P1 + rapamycin (p < 0.05; n = 5). TGF-β1 and IL-10 mRNA transcriptions in corneal grafts following S1P1+ rapamycin increased (both p < 0.01; n = 3), and TGF-β1 and IL-10 in the serum level following S1P1 alone increased (both p < 0.01; n = 3). These results paralleled the findings obtained from immunofluorescence. CONCLUSION S1P1 has significant effect in corneal allograft rejection inhibition. The combined treatment of S1P1 and rapamycin results in synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100038, ChinaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, ChinaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA Air force General Hospital, Beijing 100038, China
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Fransson R, McCracken AN, Chen B, McMonigle RJ, Edinger AL, Hanessian S. Design, Synthesis, and Anti-leukemic Activity of Stereochemically Defined Constrained Analogs of FTY720 (Gilenya). ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4. [PMID: 24273632 DOI: 10.1021/ml4002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
FTY720 functions as an immunosuppressant due to its effect on sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. At doses well above those needed for immunosuppression, FTY720 also has anti-neoplastic actions. Our published work suggests that at least some of FTY720's anti-cancer activity is independent of its effects on S1P receptors and due instead to its ability to induce nutrient transporter down-regulation. Compounds that trigger nutrient transporter loss but lack FTY720's S1P receptor-related, dose-limiting toxicity have the potential to be effective and selective anti-tumor agents. In this study, a series of enantiomerically pure and stereochemically diverse O-substituted benzyl ethers of pyrrolidines was generated and tested for the ability to kill human leukemia cells. The stereochemistry of the hydroxymethyl was found to be a key determinant of compound activity. Moreover, phosphorylation of this group was not required for anti-leukemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Fransson
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alison N. McCracken
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697, United States
| | - Bin Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ryan J. McMonigle
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697, United States
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Department
of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 2128 Natural Sciences 1, California 92697, United States
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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FTY720 and cyclosporin protect ovarian tissue grafted into rabbits. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 171:88-95. [PMID: 24035595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether FTY720 combined with CsA has immunomodulatory effects on human ovarian tissue transplanted to the back muscle of rabbits for an 8-week period. STUDY DESIGN We selected rabbits as recipients of ovarian xenografts with and without treatment by CsA and FTY720. Ovarian fragments from twelve patients were cut into 2 mm × 2 mm, 1-2mm thick pieces and randomly distributed into four groups: Group 1 (FTY720 2 mg/kg/d+CsA 3 mg/kg/d), Group 2 (FTY720 1 mg/kg/d+CsA 3mg/kg/d), Group 3 (FTY720 0.5 mg/kg/d+CsA 3mg/kg/d) and Group 4 for control (CsA 3 mg/kg/d). FTY720 was started three days before transplantation and was given daily after transplantation. CsA was administrated post-transplantation. All the animals were killed 8 weeks post- transplantation. Levels of serum estrogen (E2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected by radioimmunoassay and ELISA. Anti-CD31 and anti-Ki-67 antibodies were used to evaluate neo-vascularization in xenografts and proliferation activity of ovarian follicles. Peripheral CD4+/CD8+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Combined treatment with cyclosporin A and FTY720 improved graft survival and reduced peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts compared to treatment with cyclosporin A alone. Neovascularization took place in the peripheral zone of the xenograft while granulosa cells, positively stained by Ki-67, were found in early-stage follicles and stromal cells in the combined treatment groups. CONCLUSION FTY720 in combination with cyclosporin A maintains human ovarian xenografts in these rabbit models.
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Delgado A, Fabriàs G, Casas J, Abad JL. Natural products as platforms for the design of sphingolipid-related anticancer agents. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 117:237-81. [PMID: 23290782 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394274-6.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of sphingolipid metabolism is a promising strategy for cancer therapy that has already opened innovative approaches for the development of pharmacological tools and rationally designed new drugs. On the other hand, natural products represent a classical and well-established source of chemical diversity that has guided medicinal chemists on the development of new chemical entities with potential therapeutic use. Based on these premises, the aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with a general overview of some of the most representative families of sphingolipid-related natural products that have been described in the recent literature as lead compounds for the design of new modulators of sphingolipid metabolism. Special emphasis is placed on the structural aspects of natural sphingoids and synthetic analogs that have found application as anticancer agents. In addition, their cellular targets and/or their mode of action are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Delgado
- Spanish National Research Council, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain.
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Discovery of fingolimod, the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator and its application for the therapy of multiple sclerosis. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:771-81. [PMID: 22530640 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) is a first-in-class, orally active, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-receptor modulator with a structure closely related to sphingosine. The compound was discovered by chemical modification of a natural product, myriocin. Phosphorylated form of FTY720 acts as a functional antagonist at S1P receptor type 1 (S1P(1)), inhibits lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs and shows immunomodulating effects. Phase III studies in multiple sclerosis demonstrated that oral FTY720 had superior efficacy compared with intramuscular IFN-β1a (AVONEX(®)) with regard to reducing the rate of relapse and the number of inflammatory lesions in the CNS. FTY720 has been approved as a new therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis in more than 50 countries, including the USA, Japan and some of those in the EU.
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van Doorn R, Lopes Pinheiro MA, Kooij G, Lakeman K, van het Hof B, van der Pol SMA, Geerts D, van Horssen J, van der Valk P, van der Kam E, Ronken E, Reijerkerk A, de Vries HE. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5 mediates the immune quiescence of the human brain endothelial barrier. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:133. [PMID: 22715976 PMCID: PMC3425155 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator FTY720P (Gilenya®) potently reduces relapse rate and lesion activity in the neuroinflammatory disorder multiple sclerosis. Although most of its efficacy has been shown to be related to immunosuppression through the induction of lymphopenia, it has been suggested that a number of its beneficial effects are related to altered endothelial and blood–brain barrier (BBB) functionality. However, to date it remains unknown whether brain endothelial S1P receptors are involved in the maintenance of the function of the BBB thereby mediating immune quiescence of the brain. Here we demonstrate that the brain endothelial receptor S1P5 largely contributes to the maintenance of brain endothelial barrier function. Methods We analyzed the expression of S1P5 in human post-mortem tissues using immunohistochemistry. The function of S1P5 at the BBB was assessed in cultured human brain endothelial cells (ECs) using agonists and lentivirus-mediated knockdown of S1P5. Subsequent analyses of different aspects of the brain EC barrier included the formation of a tight barrier, the expression of BBB proteins and markers of inflammation and monocyte transmigration. Results We show that activation of S1P5 on cultured human brain ECs by a selective agonist elicits enhanced barrier integrity and reduced transendothelial migration of monocytes in vitro. These results were corroborated by genetically silencing S1P5 in brain ECs. Interestingly, functional studies with these cells revealed that S1P5 strongly contributes to brain EC barrier function and underlies the expression of specific BBB endothelial characteristics such as tight junctions and permeability. In addition, S1P5 maintains the immunoquiescent state of brain ECs with low expression levels of leukocyte adhesion molecules and inflammatory chemokines and cytokines through lowering the activation of the transcription factor NFκB. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that S1P5 in brain ECs contributes to optimal barrier formation and maintenance of immune quiescence of the barrier endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben van Doorn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Urbano M, Guerrero M, Velaparthi S, Crisp M, Chase P, Hodder P, Schaeffer MT, Brown S, Rosen H, Roberts E. Discovery, synthesis and SAR analysis of novel selective small molecule S1P4-R agonists based on a (2Z,5Z)-5-((pyrrol-3-yl)methylene)-3-alkyl-2-(alkylimino)thiazolidin-4-one chemotype. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6739-45. [PMID: 21982495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
High affinity and selective S1P(4) receptor (S1P(4)-R) small molecule agonists may be important proof-of-principle tools used to clarify the receptor biological function and effects to assess the therapeutic potential of the S1P(4)-R in diverse disease areas including treatment of viral infections and thrombocytopenia. A high-throughput screening campaign of the Molecular Libraries-Small Molecule Repository was carried out by our laboratories and identified (2Z,5Z)-5-((1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)methylene)-3-methyl-2-(methylimino) thiazolidin-4-one as a promising S1P(4)-R agonist hit distinct from literature S1P(4)-R modulators. Rational chemical modifications of the hit allowed the identification of a promising lead molecule with low nanomolar S1P(4)-R agonist activity and exquisite selectivity over the other S1P(1-3,5)-Rs family members. The lead molecule herein disclosed constitutes a valuable pharmacological tool to explore the effects of the S1P(4)-R signaling cascade and elucidate the molecular basis of the receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Urbano
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lee S, Lee S, Park HJ, Lee SK, Kim S. Design and synthesis of pyrrolidine-containing sphingomimetics. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4580-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05324h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Im DS. Pharmacological tools for lysophospholipid GPCRs: development of agonists and antagonists for LPA and S1P receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1213-22. [PMID: 20729877 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) using various approaches have shown that both the molecules can act as intercellular signaling molecules. The discovery of the Edg subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (later renamed LPA(1-3) and S1P(1-5)) for these molecules has opened up a new avenue for pathophysiological research on lysophospholipids. Genetic and molecular studies on lysophospholipid GPCRs have elucidated pathophysiological impacts and roles in cellular signaling pathways. Recently, lysophospholipid GPCR genes have been used to develop receptor subtype-selective agonists and antagonists. The discovery of FTY720, a novel immune modulator, along with other chemical tools, has provided a means of elucidating the functions of each lysophospholipid GPCR on an organ and the whole body level. This communication attempts to retrospectively review the development of agonists and antagonists for lysophospholipid GPCRs, provide integrated information on pharmacological tools for lysophospholipid GPCR signaling, and speculate on future drug development.
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Camp SM, Bittman R, Chiang ET, Moreno-Vinasco L, Mirzapoiazova T, Sammani S, Lu X, Sun C, Harbeck M, Roe M, Natarajan V, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Synthetic analogs of FTY720 [2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol] differentially regulate pulmonary vascular permeability in vivo and in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:54-64. [PMID: 19592667 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.153544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are needed to address the vascular endothelial cell (EC) barrier disruption that occurs in inflammatory diseases such as acute lung injury (ALI). We previously demonstrated the potent barrier-enhancing effects of both sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and the structurally similar compound FTY720 [2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol] in inflammatory lung injury. In this study, we examined the therapeutic potential of several novel FTY720 analogs to reduce vascular leak. Similar to S1P and FTY720, the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of FTY720 phosphonate and enephosphonate analogs produce sustained EC barrier enhancement in vitro, as seen by increases in transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). In contrast, the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of FTY720-regioisomeric analogs disrupt EC barrier integrity in a dose-dependent manner. Barrier-enhancing FTY720 analogs demonstrate a wider protective concentration range in vitro (1-50 microM) and greater potency than either S1P or FTY720. In contrast to FTY720-induced EC barrier enhancement, S1P and the FTY720 analogs dramatically increase TER within minutes in association with cortical actin ring formation. Unlike S1P, these FTY720 analogs exhibit differential phosphorylation effects without altering the intracellular calcium level. Inhibitor studies indicate that barrier enhancement by these analogs involves signaling via G(i)-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinases, and lipid rafts. Consistent with these in vitro responses, the (S)-phosphonate analog of FTY720 significantly reduces multiple indices of alveolar and vascular permeability in a lipopolysaccharide-mediated murine model of ALI (without significant alterations in leukocyte counts). These results demonstrate the capacity for FTY720 analogs to significantly decrease pulmonary vascular leakage and inflammation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Camp
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the Year 2007. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Cho J, Lee YM, Kim D, Kim S. Design and Synthesis of Piperidine-Containing Sphingoid Base Analogues. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3900-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900378h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim, Kwanak, Seoul 151−742, Korea
| | - Yun Mi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim, Kwanak, Seoul 151−742, Korea
| | - Deukjoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim, Kwanak, Seoul 151−742, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim, Kwanak, Seoul 151−742, Korea
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Hiestand PC, Rausch M, Meier DP, Foster CA. Ascomycete derivative to MS therapeutic: S1P receptor modulator FTY720. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008; 66:361, 363-81. [PMID: 18416311 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8595-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) represents the first in a new class of immune-modulators whose target is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. It was first identified by researchers at Kyoto University and Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical as a chemical derivative of the ascomycete metabolite ISP-1 (myriocin). Unlike its natural product parent, FTY720 does not interfere with sphingolipid biosynthesis. Instead, its best characterized mechanism of action upon in vivo phosphorylation, leading to the active principle FTY720-P, is the rapid and reversible inhibition of lymphocyte egress from peripheral lymph nodes. As a consequence of S1P1 receptor internalization, tissue-damaging T-cells can not recirculate and infiltrate sites of inflammation such as the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, FTY720-P modulation of S1P receptor signaling also enhances endothelial barrier function. Due to its mode of action, FTY720 effectively prevents transplant rejection and is active in various autoimmune disease models. The most striking efficacy is in the multiple sclerosis (MS) model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which has now been confirmed in the clinic. FTY720 demonstrated promising results in Phase II trials and recently entered Phase III in patients with relapsing MS. Emerging evidence suggests that its efficacy in the CNS extends beyond immunomodulation to encompass other aspects of MS pathophysiology, including an influence on the blood-brain-barrier and glial repair mechanisms that could ultimately contribute to restoration of nerve function. FTY720 may represent a potent new therapeutic modality in MS, combined with the benefit of oral administration.
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Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Sphingosine 1-phosphate chemical biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:508-12. [PMID: 18638568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A dozen years ago, the term 'S1P' (sphingosine 1-phosphate) was not in the lexicons of scientific literature databases. By early 2008, this query term retrieved well over 1000 citations from PubMed - about 225 of these appeared in 2007. Indeed, S1P is arguably the most heavily studied lipid molecule at present. What happened to distinguish S1P among many other signaling lipids? We believe that the seminal event was the linking of the investigational drug, FTY720 (fingolimod), to S1P signaling. This realization profoundly altered understanding of S1P biology, revealing both that S1P is prominent in lymphocyte trafficking and that mimicking S1P signaling with an agonist drug can modulate the immune system to considerable therapeutic benefit. Neither fact was known prior to FTY720; indeed, this molecule is testament to the power of chemical biology. In this communication, we attempt to summarize progress to date in S1P chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Walzer T, Chiossone L, Chaix J, Calver A, Carozzo C, Garrigue-Antar L, Jacques Y, Baratin M, Tomasello E, Vivier E. Natural killer cell trafficking in vivo requires a dedicated sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1337-44. [PMID: 17965716 DOI: 10.1038/ni1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with their function in immune surveillance, natural killer (NK) cells are distributed throughout lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. However, the mechanisms governing the steady-state trafficking of NK cells remain unknown. The lysophospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), by binding to its receptor S1P1, regulates the recirculation of T and B lymphocytes. In contrast, S1P5 is detected in the brain and regulates oligodendrocyte migration and survival in vitro. Here we show that S1P5 was also expressed in NK cells in mice and humans and that S1P5-deficient mice had aberrant NK cell homing during steady-state conditions. In addition, we found that S1P5 was required for the mobilization of NK cells to inflamed organs. Our data emphasize distinct mechanisms regulating the circulation of various lymphocyte subsets and raise the possibility that NK cell trafficking may be manipulated by therapies specifically targeting S1P5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Walzer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U631, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6102, Marseille, France.
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Adachi K, Chiba K. FTY720 Story. Its Discovery and the following Accelerated Development of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Agonists as Immunomodulators Based on Reverse Pharmacology. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1177391x0700100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720) is the first of a novel class: sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator and is currently in phase 3 clinical trials for multiple sclerosis (MS). FTY720 was first synthesized in 1992 by chemical modification of an immunosuppressive natural product, ISP-I (myriocin). ISP-I was isolated from the culture broth of Isaria sinclairii, a type of vegetative wasp that was an ‘eternal youth’ nostrum in traditional Chinese medicine. ISP-I is an amino acid having three successive asymmetric centers and some functionalities. We simplified the structure drastically to find a nonchiral symmetric 2-substitued-2-aminopropane-1,3-diol framework for an in vivo immunosuppressive activity (inhibition of rat skin allograft rejection test or prolonging effect on rat skin allograft survival) and finally discovered FTY720. During the course of the lead optimization process, we encountered an unexpected dramatic change of the mechanism of action with an in vivo output unchanged. Since it proved that FTY720 did not inhibit serine palmitoyltransferase that is the target enzyme of ISP-I, reverse pharmacological approaches have been preformed to elucidate that FTY720 is mainly phosphorylated by sphingosine kinease 2 in vivo and the phosphorylated drug acts as a potent agonist of four of the five G protein coupled receptors for S1P: S1P1, S1P3, S1P4 and S1P5. Evidence has accumulated that immunomodulation by FTY720-P is based on agonism at the S1P1 receptor. Medicinal chemistry targeting S1P1 receptor agonists is currently in progress. The FTY720 story provides a methodology where in vivo screens rather than in vitro screens play important roles in the lead optimization. Unlike recent drug discovery methodologies, such a strategy as adopted by the FTY720 program would more likely meet serendipity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunitomo Adachi
- Chemistry Laboratory, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Chiba
- Research Laboratory III (Immunology), Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-0033, Japan
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