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Sharma S, Garfield AS, Shah B, Kleyn P, Ichetovkin I, Moeller IH, Mowrey WR, Van der Ploeg LHT. Current Mechanistic and Pharmacodynamic Understanding of Melanocortin-4 Receptor Activation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101892. [PMID: 31100979 PMCID: PMC6572030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we summarize our understanding of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) pathway activation, aiming to define a safe and effective therapeutic targeting strategy for the MC4R. Delineation of cellular MC4R pathways has provided evidence for distinct MC4R signaling events characterized by unique receptor activation kinetics. While these studies remain narrow in scope, and have largely been explored with peptidic agonists, the results provide a possible correlation between distinct ligand groups and differential MC4R activation kinetics. In addition, when a set of small-molecule and peptide MC4R agonists are compared, evidence of biased signaling has been reported. The results of such mechanistic studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bhavik Shah
- Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
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Blough B, Namjoshi O. Small Molecule Neuropeptide S and Melanocortin 4 Receptor Ligands as Potential Treatments for Substance Use Disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 258:61-87. [PMID: 31628605 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a vital need for novel approaches and biological targets for drug discovery and development. Treatment strategies for substance use disorders (SUDs) to date have been mostly ineffective other than substitution-like therapeutics. Two such targets are the peptide G-protein-coupled receptors neuropeptide S (NPS) and melanocortin 4 (MC4). Preclinical evidence suggests that antagonists, inverse agonists, or negative allosteric modulators of these receptors might be novel therapeutics for SUDs. NPS is a relatively unexplored receptor with high potential for treating SUD. MC4 has a strong link to early-onset obesity, and emerging evidence suggests significant overlap between food-maintained and drug-maintained behaviors making MC4 an intriguing target for SUD. This chapter provides an overview of the literature in relation to the roles of NPS and MC4 in drug-seeking behaviors and then provides a medicinal chemistry-based survey of the small molecule ligands for each receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Ojas Namjoshi
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Ericson MD, Lensing CJ, Fleming KA, Schlasner KN, Doering SR, Haskell-Luevano C. Bench-top to clinical therapies: A review of melanocortin ligands from 1954 to 2016. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2414-2435. [PMID: 28363699 PMCID: PMC5600687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the endogenous melanocortin agonists in the 1950s have resulted in sixty years of melanocortin ligand research. Early efforts involved truncations or select modifications of the naturally occurring agonists leading to the development of many potent and selective ligands. With the identification and cloning of the five known melanocortin receptors, many ligands were improved upon through bench-top in vitro assays. Optimization of select properties resulted in ligands adopted as clinical candidates. A summary of every melanocortin ligand is outside the scope of this review. Instead, this review will focus on the following topics: classic melanocortin ligands, selective ligands, small molecule (non-peptide) ligands, ligands with sex-specific effects, bivalent and multivalent ligands, and ligands advanced to clinical trials. Each topic area will be summarized with current references to update the melanocortin field on recent progress. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cody J Lensing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katlyn A Fleming
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katherine N Schlasner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Skye R Doering
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Yang Y, Harmon CM. Molecular signatures of human melanocortin receptors for ligand binding and signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2436-2447. [PMID: 28478228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human melanocortin receptors (hMCRs) belong to the seven-transmembrane (TM) domain proteins. There are five hMCR subtypes and each of these receptor subtypes has different patterns of tissue expression and physiological function. The endogenous agonists for hMCRs are α-, β-, and γ-MSH and ACTH and endogenous antagonists are Agouti and AGRP which are the only known naturally occurring antagonists for the receptors. These peptides have their own profiles regarding the relative potency for specific hMCR subtype. Extensive studies have been performed to examine the molecular basis of the hMCRs for different ligand binding affinity and potency. Studies indicate that natural ligand α-MSH utilizes conserved amino acid residues for MCR specific binding (orthosteric binding) while synthetic ligands utilize non-conserved amino acid residues for receptor subtype specific binding (allosteric binding). ACTH is the only endogenous agonist for hMC2R and more amino acid residues at hMC2R are required for ACTH binding and signaling. HMCR computer modeling provides the detailed information of ligand and MCR interaction. This review provides the latest understanding of the molecular basis of the hMCRs for ligand binding and signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkui Yang
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States.
| | - Carroll M Harmon
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States
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Abstract
There are many reported examples of small structural modifications to GPCR-targeted ligands leading to major changes in their functional activity, converting agonists into antagonists or vice versa. These shifts in functional activity are often accompanied by negligible changes in binding affinity. The current perspective focuses on outlining and analyzing various approaches that have been used to interconvert GPCR agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists in order to achieve the intended functional activity at a GPCR of therapeutic interest. An improved understanding of specific structural modifications that are likely to alter the functional activity of a GPCR ligand may be of use to researchers designing GPCR-targeted drugs and/or probe compounds, specifically in cases where a particular ligand exhibits good potency but not the preferred functional activity at the GPCR of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ambrose Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute for Advanced Computational Research, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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Fani L, Bak S, Delhanty P, van Rossum EFC, van den Akker ELT. The melanocortin-4 receptor as target for obesity treatment: a systematic review of emerging pharmacological therapeutic options. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:163-9. [PMID: 23774329 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century. Obesity is currently responsible for ∼0.7-2.8% of a country's health costs worldwide. Treatment is often not effective because weight regulation is complex. Appetite and energy control are regulated in the brain. Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) has a central role in this regulation. MC4R defects lead to a severe clinical phenotype with lack of satiety and early-onset severe obesity. Preclinical research has been carried out to understand the mechanism of MC4R regulation and possible effectors. The objective of this study is to systematically review the literature for emerging pharmacological obesity treatment options. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Embase for articles published until June 2012. The search resulted in 664 papers matching the search terms, of which 15 papers remained after elimination, based on the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. In these 15 papers, different MC4R agonists were studied in vivo in animal and human studies. Almost all studies are in the preclinical phase. There are currently no effective clinical treatments for MC4R-deficient obese patients, although MC4R agonists are being developed and are entering phase I and II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Bak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E L T van den Akker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Subtleties in GPCR drug discovery: a medicinal chemistry perspective. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Akdemir A, Rucktooa P, Jongejan A, Elk RV, Bertrand S, Sixma TK, Bertrand D, Smit AB, Leurs R, de Graaf C, de Esch IJ. Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) as template for hierarchical in silico screening procedures to identify structurally novel ligands for the nicotinic receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6107-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Hong Q, Bakshi RK, Palucki BL, Park MK, Ye Z, He S, Pollard PG, Sebhat IK, Liu J, Guo L, Cashen DE, Martin WJ, Weinberg DH, MacNeil T, Tang R, Tamvakopoulos C, Peng Q, Miller RR, Stearns RA, Chen HY, Chen AS, Strack AM, Fong TM, MacIntyre DE, Wyvratt MJ, Nargund RP. Discovery of a piperazine urea based compound as a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor partial agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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He S, Ye Z, Dobbelaar PH, Bakshi RK, Hong Q, Dellureficio JP, Sebhat IK, Guo L, Liu J, Jian T, Lai Y, Franklin CL, Reibarkh M, Holmes MA, Weinberg DH, MacNeil T, Tang R, Tamvakopoulos C, Peng Q, Miller RR, Stearns RA, Chen HY, Chen AS, Strack AM, Fong TM, Wyvratt MJ, Nargund RP. Discovery of highly potent and efficacious MC4R agonists with spiroindane N-Me-1,2,4-triazole privileged structures for the treatment of obesity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Robak MT, Herbage MA, Ellman JA. Synthesis and applications of tert-butanesulfinamide. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3600-740. [PMID: 20420386 DOI: 10.1021/cr900382t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn T Robak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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12
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He S, Ye Z, Dobbelaar PH, Sebhat IK, Guo L, Liu J, Jian T, Lai Y, Franklin CL, Bakshi RK, Dellureficio JP, Hong Q, Weinberg DH, MacNeil T, Tang R, Strack AM, Tamvakopoulos C, Peng Q, Miller RR, Stearns RA, Chen HY, Chen AS, Fong TM, Wyvratt MJ, Nargund RP. Spiroindane based amides as potent and selective MC4R agonists for the treatment of obesity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lansdell MI, Hepworth D, Calabrese A, Brown AD, Blagg J, Burring DJ, Wilson P, Fradet D, Brown TB, Quinton F, Mistry N, Tang K, Mount N, Stacey P, Edmunds N, Adams C, Gaboardi S, Neal-Morgan S, Wayman C, Cole S, Phipps J, Lewis M, Verrier H, Gillon V, Feeder N, Heatherington A, Sultana S, Haughie S, Martin SW, Sudworth M, Tweedy S. Discovery of a Selective Small-Molecule Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist with Efficacy in a Pilot Study of Sexual Dysfunction in Humans. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3183-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9017866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I. Lansdell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - David Hepworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Andrew Calabrese
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Alan D. Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Julian Blagg
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Denise J. Burring
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Peter Wilson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - David Fradet
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - T. Bruce Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Faye Quinton
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Neela Mistry
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Kim Tang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Natalie Mount
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Peter Stacey
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Nick Edmunds
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Cathryn Adams
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Samantha Gaboardi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Stevie Neal-Morgan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Chris Wayman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Susan Cole
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Joanne Phipps
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Mark Lewis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Hugh Verrier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Val Gillon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Neil Feeder
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Anne Heatherington
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Stefan Sultana
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Scott Haughie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Steven W. Martin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Maria Sudworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Sarah Tweedy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
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