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Grace Victoria G, Rajasekhara Reddy S. Recent advances in the synthesis of organic chloramines and their insights into health care. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen–chlorine compounds and their derivatives are important heterocyclic motifs, exhibiting applications such as N-chlorinating agents, analytical reagents, disinfectants, antipathogens, and as synthetic intermediates for drugs, polymers, and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Grace Victoria
- Department of Chemistry
- Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)
- Vellore 632014
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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Grygorenko OO, Biitseva AV, Zhersh S. Amino sulfonic acids, peptidosulfonamides and other related compounds. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline at the end of 2015. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:3-24. [PMID: 27353164 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing global recognition that the continued emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to human health. Action plans released by the World Health Organization and governments of the UK and USA in particular recognize that discovering new antibiotics, particularly those with new modes of action, is one essential element required to avert future catastrophic pandemics. This review lists the 30 antibiotics and two β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations first launched since 2000, and analyzes in depth seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations launched since 2013. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity and genesis (natural product, natural product-derived, synthetic or protein/mammalian peptide) of the 37 compounds and six β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations being evaluated in clinical trials between 2013 and 2015 are discussed. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2013 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed.
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Synthesis, resolution, and determination of absolute configuration of protected α-ethynylphenylalanine enantiomers. Amino Acids 2015; 47:899-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Butler MS, Blaskovich MA, Cooper MA. Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in 2013. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:571-91. [PMID: 24002361 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The continued emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. The identification and development of new antibiotics, especially those with new modes of action, is imperative to help treat these infections. This review lists the 22 new antibiotics launched since 2000 and details the two first-in-class antibiotics, fidaxomicin (1) and bedaquiline (2), launched in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, historical discovery and origin of the drug pharmacophore (natural product, natural product derived, synthetic or protein/mammalian peptide) of the 49 compounds and 6 β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations in active clinical development are discussed, as well as compounds that have been discontinued from clinical development since 2011. New antibacterial pharmacophore templates are also reviewed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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N-chloramines, a promising class of well-tolerated topical anti-infectives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1107-14. [PMID: 23295936 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02132-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health crisis. To address the development of bacterial resistance, the use of antibiotics has to be minimized for nonsystemic applications in humans, as well as in animals and plants. Possible substitutes with low potential for developing resistance are active chlorine compounds that have been in clinical use for over 180 years. These agents are characterized by pronounced differences in their chlorinating and/or oxidizing activity, with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as the strongest and organic chloramines as the weakest members. Bacterial killing in clinical practice is often associated with unwanted side effects such as chlorine consumption, tissue irritation, and pain, increasing proportionally with the chlorinating/oxidizing potency. Since the chloramines are able to effectively kill pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa), their application as anti-infectives is advisable, all the more so as they exhibit additional beneficial properties such as destruction of toxins, degradation of biofilms, and anticoagulative and anti-inflammatory activities. Within the ample field of chloramines, the stable N-chloro derivatives of β-aminosulfonic acids are most therapeutically advanced. Being available as sodium salts, they distinguish themselves by good solubility and absence of smell. Important representatives are N-chlorotaurine, a natural compound occurring in the human immune system, and novel mono- and dichloro derivatives of dimethyltaurine, which feature improved stability.
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Jung HH, Buesking AW, Ellman JA. Rh-Catalyzed Addition of Arylboroxines to Cyclic N-(Isopropanesulfinyl)ketimines. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9593-600. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301634y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Hoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107,
United States
| | - Andrew W. Buesking
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107,
United States
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107,
United States
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Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is the most abundant free amino acid in humans and plays an important role in several essential biological processes such as bile acid conjugation, maintenance of calcium homeostasis, osmoregulation and membrane stabilization. Moreover, attenuation of apoptosis and its antioxidant activity seem to be crucial for the cytoprotective effects of taurine. Although these properties are not tissue specific, taurine reaches particularly high concentrations in tissues exposed to elevated levels of oxidants (e.g., inflammatory cells). It suggests that taurine may play an important role in inflammation associated with oxidative stress. Indeed, at the site of inflammation, taurine is known to react with and detoxify hypochlorous acid generated by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO)–halide system. This reaction results in the formation of less toxic taurine chloramine (TauCl). Both haloamines, TauCl and taurine bromamine (TauBr), the product of taurine reaction with hypobromous acid (HOBr), exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast to a well-documented regulatory role of taurine and taurine haloamines (TauCl, TauBr) in acute inflammation, their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases is not clear. This review summarizes our current knowledge concerning the role of taurine, TauCl and TauBr in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases initiated or propagated by MPO-derived oxidants. The aim of this paper is to show links between inflammation, neutrophils, MPO, oxidative stress and taurine. We will discuss the possible contribution of taurine and taurine haloamines to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, especially in the best studied example of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121, Kraków, Poland,
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Jung HH, Buesking AW, Ellman JA. Highly Functional Group Compatible Rh-Catalyzed Addition of Arylboroxines to Activated N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Ketimines. Org Lett 2011; 13:3912-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201438k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Hoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Andrew W. Buesking
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Ellman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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Francavilla C, Turtle ED, Kim B, O’Mahony DJ, Shiau TP, Low E, Alvarez NJ, Celeri CE, D’Lima L, Friedman LC, Ruado FS, Xu P, Zuck ME, Anderson MB, Najafi R(R, Jain RK. Novel N-chloroheterocyclic antimicrobials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3029-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Low E, Kim B, Francavilla C, Shiau TP, Turtle ED, O'Mahony DJR, Alvarez N, Houchin A, Xu P, Zuck M, Celeri C, Anderson MB, Najafi RR, Jain RK. Structure stability/activity relationships of sulfone stabilized N,N-dichloroamines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3682-5. [PMID: 21570284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Structure stability/activity relationships (SXR) of a new class of N,N-dichloroamine compounds were explored to improve antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans while maintaining aqueous solution stability. This study identified a new class of solution-stable and topical antimicrobial agents. These agents are sulfone-stabilized and possess either a quaternary ammonium or sulfonate appendages as a water solubilizing group. Several unique challenges were confronted in the synthesis of these novel compounds which are highlighted in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Low
- NovaBay Pharmaceuticals Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, United States
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Robak MT, Herbage MA, Ellman JA. Synthesis and applications of tert-butanesulfinamide. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3600-740. [PMID: 20420386 DOI: 10.1021/cr900382t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn T Robak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Gottardi W, Nagl M. N-chlorotaurine, a natural antiseptic with outstanding tolerability. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:399-409. [PMID: 20053689 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-chlorotaurine, the N-chloro derivative of the amino acid taurine, is a long-lived oxidant produced by activated human granulocytes and monocytes. Supported by a high number of in vitro studies, it has mainly anti-inflammatory properties and seems to be involved in the termination of inflammation. The successful synthesis of the crystalline sodium salt (Cl-HN-CH(2)-CH(2)-SO(3)Na, NCT) facilitated its development as an endogenous antiseptic. NCT can be stored long-term at low temperatures, and it has killing activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. Transfer of the active chlorine to amino groups of molecules of both the pathogens and the human body (transhalogenation) enhances rather than decreases its activity, mainly because of the formation of monochloramine. Furthermore, surface chlorination after sublethal incubation times in NCT leads to a post-antibiotic effect and loss of virulence of pathogens, as demonstrated for bacteria and yeasts. Being a mild oxidant, NCT proved to be very well tolerated by human tissue in Phase I and II clinical studies. A 1% aqueous solution can be applied to the eye, skin ulcerations, outer ear canal, nasal and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity and urinary bladder, and can probably be used for inhalation. Therapeutic efficacy in Phase II studies has been shown in external otitis, purulently coated crural ulcerations and keratoconjunctivitis, so far. Based upon all presently available data, NCT seems to be an antiseptic with a very good relation between tolerability and activity. Recently, C-methylated derivatives of NCT have been invented, which are of interest because of improved stability at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Gottardi
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Francavilla C, Low E, Nair S, Kim B, Shiau TP, Debabov D, Celeri C, Alvarez N, Houchin A, Xu P, Najafi R, Jain R. Quaternary ammonium N,N-dichloroamines as topical, antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2731-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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