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McKeown JP, Byrne AJ, Bright SA, Charleton CE, Kandwal S, Čmelo I, Twamley B, McElligott AM, Fayne D, O’Boyle NM, Williams DC, Meegan MJ. Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Ethanoanthracenes and Related Compounds: Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1034. [PMID: 39204139 PMCID: PMC11359702 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of mature B cells, and it is the most frequent form of leukemia diagnosed in Western countries. It is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of neoplastic B lymphocytes in the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. We report the synthesis and antiproliferative effects of a series of novel ethanoanthracene compounds in CLL cell lines. Structural modifications were achieved via the Diels-Alder reaction of 9-(2-nitrovinyl)anthracene and 3-(anthracen-9-yl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones (anthracene chalcones) with dienophiles, including maleic anhydride and N-substituted maleimides, to afford a series of 9-(E)-(2-nitrovinyl)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-[3,4]epipyrroloanthracene-12,14-diones, 9-(E)-3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-[3,4]epipyrroloanthracene-12,14-diones and related compounds. Single-crystal X-ray analysis confirmed the structures of the novel ethanoanthracenes 23f, 23h, 24a, 24g, 25f and 27. The products were evaluated in HG-3 and PGA-1 CLL cell lines (representative of poor and good patient prognosis, respectively). The most potent compounds were identified as 20a, 20f, 23a and 25n with IC50 values in the ranges of 0.17-2.69 µM (HG-3) and 0.35-1.97 µM (PGA-1). The pro-apoptotic effects of the potent compounds 20a, 20f, 23a and 25n were demonstrated in CLL cell lines HG-3 (82-95%) and PGA-1 (87-97%) at 10 µM, with low toxicity (12-16%) observed in healthy-donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations representative of the compounds IC50 values for both the HG-3 and PGA-1 CLL cell lines. The antiproliferative effect of the selected compounds, 20a, 20f, 23a and 25n, was mediated through ROS flux with a marked increase in cell viability upon pretreatment with the antioxidant NAC. 25n also demonstrated sub-micromolar activity in the NCI 60 cancer cell line panel, with a mean GI50 value of 0.245 µM. This ethanoanthracene series of compounds offers potential for the further development of lead structures as novel chemotherapeutics to target CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. McKeown
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Byrne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra A. Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland (D.C.W.)
| | - Clara E. Charleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shubhangi Kandwal
- Molecular Design Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
- Molecular Design Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- DCU Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ivan Čmelo
- Molecular Design Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- DCU Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 P3X2 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony M. McElligott
- Discipline of Haematology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Darren Fayne
- Molecular Design Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
- DCU Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland (D.C.W.)
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, East End 4/5, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland (N.M.O.)
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
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Byrne AJ, Bright SA, McKeown JP, O’Brien JE, Twamley B, Fayne D, Williams DC, Meegan MJ. Design, Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Novel Ethanoanthracenes and Related Compounds to Target Burkitt's Lymphoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13010016. [PMID: 31963567 PMCID: PMC7168933 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas (cancers of the lymphatic system) account for 12% of malignant diseases worldwide. Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in which the cancer starts in the immune B-cells. We report the synthesis and preliminary studies on the antiproliferative activity of a library of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene based compounds structurally related to the antidepressant drug maprotiline against BL cell lines MUTU-1 and DG-75. Structural modifications were achieved by Diels-Alder reaction of the core 9-(2-nitrovinyl)anthracene with number of dienophiles including maleic anhydride, maleimides, acrylonitrile and benzyne. The antiproliferative activity of these compounds was evaluated in BL cell lines EBV− MUTU-1 and EBV+ DG-75 (chemoresistant). The most potent compounds 13j, 15, 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d and 19a displayed IC50 values in the range 0.17–0.38 μM against the BL cell line EBV− MUTU-1 and IC50 values in the range 0.45–0.78 μM against the chemoresistant BL cell line EBV+ DG-75. Compounds 15, 16b and 16c demonstrated potent ROS dependent apoptotic effects on the BL cell lines which were superior to the control drug taxol and showed minimal cytotoxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results suggest that this class of compounds merits further investigation as antiproliferative agents for BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Byrne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (A.J.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Sandra A. Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (S.A.B.); (D.F.); (D.C.W.)
| | - James P. McKeown
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (A.J.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - John E. O’Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (J.E.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (J.E.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Darren Fayne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (S.A.B.); (D.F.); (D.C.W.)
| | - D. Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (S.A.B.); (D.F.); (D.C.W.)
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (A.J.B.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-896-2798; Fax: +353-1-8962793
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Gong H, Yang M, Xiao Z, Doweyko AM, Cunningham M, Wang J, Habte S, Holloway D, Burke C, Shuster D, Gao L, Carman J, Somerville JE, Nadler SG, Salter-Cid L, Barrish JC, Weinstein DS. Discovery of acylurea isosteres of 2-acylaminothiadiazole in the azaxanthene series of glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3268-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kuzmich D, Bentzien J, Betageri R, DiSalvo D, Fadra-Khan T, Harcken C, Kukulka A, Nabozny G, Nelson R, Pack E, Souza D, Thomson D. Function-regulating pharmacophores in a sulfonamide class of glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6640-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of novel indazolyl glucocorticoid receptor partial agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5448-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sheppeck JE, Gilmore JL, Xiao HY, Dhar TM, Nirschl D, Doweyko AM, Sack JS, Corbett MJ, Malley MF, Gougoutas JZ, Mckay L, Cunningham MD, Habte SF, Dodd JH, Nadler SG, Somerville JE, Barrish JC. Discovery of potent and selective nonsteroidal indazolyl amide glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5442-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Straus DS. Design of small molecules targeting transcriptional activation by NF-κB: overview of recent advances. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:823-36. [PMID: 23496269 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903143739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor NF-κB plays a central role in immune signaling and the inflammatory response. It also activates transcription of antiapoptotic factors in tumor cells, leading to enhanced cell survival. Because of the importance of NF-κB in inflammation and cancer, there is considerable interest in development of drugs that inhibit NF-κB activation or NF-κB-directed transcription. Recent elucidation of the intracellular pathways that activate NF-κB and mechanisms for transcriptional regulation by NF-κB has identified molecular targets for rational design of such drugs. OBJECTIVE This review provides an update on NF-κB signaling and an overview of three classes of NF-κB inhibitors: i) inhibitors of IκB kinase-β (also called IKK2), an essential link in the inflammatory response; ii) agents that react with NF-κB and prevent its binding to DNA; and iii) ligands for nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor, PPARs and liver X receptor, which interfere with NF-κB-mediated transcription through a mechanism termed ligand-dependent transrepression. Recent progress in development of glucocorticoid receptor, PPAR and liver X receptor ligands with dissociated activity, which retain transrepression but have reduced transactivation potency, is also described. CONCLUSIONS NF-κB inhibitors have yielded promising results in rodent models of inflammatory disease and cancer. Some of these are currently advancing into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Straus
- University of California, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521-0121, USA +1 951 827 5612 ; +1 951 827 5504 ;
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RAZAVI HOSSEIN, HARCKEN CHRISTIAN. Non-steroidal Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisolone, are amongst the most commonly used drugs due to their potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, their long-term and/or high-dose administration is limited by a number of deleterious side-effects, including glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and osteoporosis. Glucocorticoids exert their effects through binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. Since the discovery of multiple differentiated down-stream functions of the glucocorticoid-bound receptor, such as gene transrepression and transactivation, researchers in academia and industry have been on a quest to discover novel glucocorticoids that achieve functional selectivity, hence dissociating the desired anti-inflammatory from the undesired side-effects. This review describes the current state of discovery and development of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Several small-molecule drug candidates have advanced into clinical trials, and have shown promising early biomarker data, as well as beneficial effects in topical applications. However, a clinically efficacious and systemically available glucocorticoid with significantly reduced side-effects as compared to current steroidal drugs, the “Holy Grail” in immunology, is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- HOSSEIN RAZAVI
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
| | - CHRISTIAN HARCKEN
- Department of Research Networking & Strategic Planning Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
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Weinstein DS, Gong H, Doweyko AM, Cunningham M, Habte S, Wang JH, Holloway DA, Burke C, Gao L, Guarino V, Carman J, Somerville JE, Shuster D, Salter-Cid L, Dodd JH, Nadler SG, Barrish JC. Azaxanthene Based Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of (S)-4-(5-(1-((1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide (BMS-776532) and Its Methylene Homologue (BMS-791826). J Med Chem 2011; 54:7318-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Weinstein
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hua Gong
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arthur M. Doweyko
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mark Cunningham
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sium Habte
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jin Hong Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Deborah A. Holloway
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Christine Burke
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ling Gao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Victor Guarino
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Julie Carman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John E. Somerville
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - David Shuster
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John H. Dodd
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Steven G. Nadler
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Tetrahydroquinolin-3-yl carbamate glucocorticoid receptor agonists with reduced PEPCK activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1658-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tetrahydroquinoline glucocorticoid receptor agonists: Discovery of a 3-hydroxyl for improving receptor selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:168-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Yang BV, Weinstein DS, Doweyko LM, Gong H, Vaccaro W, Huynh T, Xiao HY, Doweyko AM, McKay L, Holloway DA, Somerville JE, Habte S, Cunningham M, McMahon M, Townsend R, Shuster D, Dodd JH, Nadler SG, Barrish JC. Dimethyl-diphenyl-propanamide derivatives as nonsteroidal dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8241-51. [PMID: 21073190 DOI: 10.1021/jm100957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2,2-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-propanamides as novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators is reported. SAR exploration led to the identification of 4-hydroxyphenyl propanamide derivatives displaying good agonist activity in GR-mediated transrepression assays and reduced agonist activity in GR-mediated transactivation assays. Compounds 17 and 30 showed anti-inflammatory activity comparable to prednisolone in the rat carrageenan-induced paw edema model, with markedly decreased side effects with regard to increases in blood glucose and expression of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase. A hypothetical binding mode accounting for the induction of the functional activity by a 4-hydroxyl group is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei V Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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14
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Discovery of quinolines as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5835-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Berlin M. Recent advances in the development of novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:855-73. [PMID: 20553093 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.493876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The glucocorticoid receptor plays a number of fundamental roles in human physiology. Glucocorticosteroids are the ultimate anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents highly efficacious in the treatment of serious diseases, but also associated with serious side effects. Improvement in the therapeutic profiles of drugs, acting at the glucocorticoid receptor, is highly desired and may potentially arise from the separation of their gene transactivating and gene transrepressing properties. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The review summarizes progress towards novel glucocorticoid drug candidates as indicated by the patent applications over the last 2 years (2008 - 2009). A brief discussion of glucocorticoid receptor biology and previous drug candidates is included. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The understanding of the structural scope and biological profiles of the glucocorticoid receptor modulators, currently in preclinical and clinical development, based on the review of approximately 180 composition-of-matter and method-of-use patent applications. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The information on the good chemotypical diversity of glucocorticoid receptor modulators needs to be supplemented by the clinical data - presumably, soon to become available - to allow a look into a possible improvement in therapeutic index over the classic glucocorticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berlin
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Chemical Research, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Yates CM, Brown PJ, Stewart EL, Patten C, Austin RJH, Holt JA, Maglich JM, Angell DC, Sasse RZ, Taylor SJ, Uings IJ, Trump RP. Structure guided design of 5-arylindazole glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4531-44. [PMID: 20469868 DOI: 10.1021/jm100447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists have been used for more than half a century as the most effective treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions despite serious side effects that accompany their extended use that include glucose intolerance, muscle wasting, skin thinning, and osteoporosis. As a starting point for the identification of GR ligands with an improved therapeutic index, we wished to discover selective nonsteroidal GR agonists and antagonists with simplified structure compared to known GR ligands to serve as starting points for the optimization of dissociated GR modulators. To do so, we selected multiple chemical series by structure guided docking studies and evaluated GR agonist activity. From these efforts we identified 5-arylindazole compounds that showed moderate binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with clear opportunities for further development. Structure guided optimization was used to design arrays that led to potent GR agonists and antagonists. Several in vitro and in vivo experiments were utilized to demonstrate that GR agonist 23a (GSK9027) had a profile similar to that of a classical steroidal GR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Yates
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA
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Xiao HY, Wu DR, Malley MF, Gougoutas JZ, Habte SF, Cunningham MD, Somerville JE, Dodd JH, Barrish JC, Nadler SG, Dhar TGM. Novel Synthesis of the Hexahydroimidazo[1,5b]isoquinoline Scaffold: Application to the Synthesis of Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1270-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901551w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xiao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Mary F. Malley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Jack Z. Gougoutas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Sium F. Habte
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Mark D. Cunningham
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John E. Somerville
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - John H. Dodd
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Steven G. Nadler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
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