Synthesis and biological evaluation of bicyclo[3.3.0] octane derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

A review upon medicinal perspective and designing rationale of DPP-4 inhibitors

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the highly prevalence disorder and increasing day by day worldwidely. T2DM is a metabolic disorder, which is characterized by deficiency in insulin or resistance to insulin and thus increases the glucose levels in the blood. Various approaches are there to treat diabetes but still there is no cure for this disease. DPP-4 inhibitor is a privileged target in the field of drug discovery and provides various opportunities in exploring this target for development of molecules as antidiabetic agents. DPP-4 acts by inhibiting the incretin action and thus decreases the level of blood glucose by imparting minimal side effects. Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin etc. are the different DPP-4 based drugs approved throughout the world for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Cyanopyrrolidines, triazolopiperazine amide, pyrrolidines are basic core nucleus present in various DPP-4 inhibitors and has potential effects. In the past few years, researchers had applied various approaches to synthesize potent DPP-4 inhibitors as antidiabetic agent without side effects like weight gain, cardiovascular risks, retinopathy etc. This review will also emphasize the recent strategies and rationale utilized by researchers for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. This review also reveals about the various other approaches like molecular modelling, ligand based drug designing, high throughput screening etc. are used by the various research group for the development of potential DPP-4 inhibitors.

Research Progress on Dipeptidyl Peptidase Family: Structure, Function and Xenobiotic Metabolism

Prolyl-specific peptidases or proteases, including Dipeptidyl Peptidase 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, Fibroblast Activation Protein, prolyl endopeptidase and prolyl carboxypeptidase, belong to the dipeptidyl peptidase family. In human physiology and anatomy, they have homology amino acid sequences, similarities in structure, but play distinct functions and roles. Some of them also play important roles in the metabolism of drugs containing endogenous peptides, xenobiotics containing peptides, and exogenous peptides. The major functions of these peptidases in both the metabolism of human health and bioactive peptides are of significant importance in the development of effective inhibitors to control the metabolism of endogenous bioactive peptides. The structural characteristics, distribution of tissue, endogenous substrates, and biological functions were summarized in this review. Furthermore, the xenobiotics metabolism of the dipeptidyl peptidase family is illustrated. All the evidence and information summarized in this review would be very useful for researchers to extend the understanding of the proteins of these families and offer advice and assistance in physiology and pathology studies.

Development of chiral building blocks having a bicyclo[3.3.0]octane framework using a diastereomeric resolution-selective deprotection

A protocol is presented for an efficient and practical approach to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure bicyclo[3.3.0]octane derivatives from achiral Cs-symmetric bicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2,8-dione using a diastereomeric resolution-selective deprotection method. This method affords chiral building blocks having bicyclo[3.3.0]octane framework with the same site of diastereotopic carbonyl functional group.

Novel DPP-4 inhibitors against diabetes

DPP-4 specifically degrades the incretin hormone GLP-1 and GIP, both of which are vital modulators of blood glucose homeostasis. Attributed to its potential biological function, DPP-4 inhibition has presently represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating diabetes and aroused a significant interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical stability, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties have been continuously emphasized during the long journey of R&D centered on DPP-4 inhibitors. The current landscape of the development of DPP-4 inhibitors is outlined in this review, with a focus on rational drug design and structural optimization to pursue chemical stability, selectivity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, the structure-activity relationships, based on reported DPP-4 inhibitors, will be discussed.