Discovery of the oxazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives as potent and orally active GPR119 agonists

Discovery and SAR Evolution of Pyrazole Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Sulfonamides as a Novel Class of Non-Covalent N-Acylethanolamine-Hydrolyzing Acid Amidase (NAAA) Inhibitors for Oral Administration

Inhibition of intracellular N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) activity is a promising approach to manage the inflammatory response under disabling conditions. In fact, NAAA inhibition preserves endogenous palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) from degradation, thus increasing and prolonging its anti-inflammatory and analgesic efficacy at the inflamed site. In the present work, we report the identification of a potent, systemically available, novel class of NAAA inhibitors, featuring a pyrazole azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane structural core. After an initial screening campaign, a careful structure-activity relationship study led to the discovery of endo-ethoxymethyl-pyrazinyloxy-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-pyrazole sulfonamide 50 (ARN19689), which was found to inhibit human NAAA in the low nanomolar range (IC50 = 0.042 μM) with a non-covalent mechanism of action. In light of its favorable biochemical, in vitro and in vivo drug-like profile, sulfonamide 50 could be regarded as a promising pharmacological tool to be further investigated in the field of inflammatory conditions.

GPR119 agonists: Novel therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) is a group of genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorders whose frequency has gradually risen worldwide. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (T2D) has started to achieve a pandemic level, and it is estimated that within the next decade, cases of diabetes might get double due to increase in aging population. Diabetes is rightly called the 'silent killer' because it has emerged to be one of the major causes, leading to renal failure, loss of vision; besides cardiac arrest in India. Thus, a clinical requirement for the oral drug molecules monitoring glucose homeostasis appears to be unmet. GPR119 agonist, a family of G-protein coupled receptors, usually noticed in β-cells of pancreatic as well as intestinal L cells, drew considerable interest for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). GPR119 monitors physiological mechanisms that enhance homeostasis of glucose, such as glucose-like peptide-1, gastrointestinal incretin hormone levels, pancreatic beta cell-dependent insulin secretion and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). In this manuscript, we have reviewed the work done in the last five years (2015-2020) which gives an approach to design, synthesize, evaluate and study the structural activity relationship of novel GPR119 agonist-based lead compounds. Our article would help the researchers and guide their endeavours in the direction of strategy and development of innovative, effective GPR119 agonist-based compounds for the management of diabetes mellitus type 2.

Design and synthesis of bridged piperidine and piperazine isosteres

We have developed versatile methods toward the synthesis of a variety of piperidine/piperazine bridged isosteres of pridopidine. The compounds were assessed against the D2 receptor in agonist and antagonist modes and against the D4 receptor in agonist mode. hERG Binding and the ADME profiles were studied.

Discovery of MK-8282 as a Potent G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

The ever-growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the world has necessitated an urgent need for multiple orally effective agents that can regulate glucose homeostasis with a concurrent reduction in body weight. G-Protein coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) is a GPCR target at which agonists have demonstrated glucose-dependent insulin secretion and shows beneficial effects on glycemic control. Herein, we describe our efforts leading to the identification of a potent, oral GPR-119 agonist, MK-8282, which shows improved glucose tolerance in multiple animal models and has excellent off-target profile. The key design elements in the compounds involved a combination of a fluoro-pyrimidine and a conformationally constrained bridged piperidine to impart good potency and efficacy.

Structure and biological activity of endogenous and synthetic agonists of GPR119

A G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR119, is a promising pharmacological target for a new class of hypoglycaemic drugs with an original mechanism of action, namely, increase in the glucose-dependent incretin and insulin secretion. In 2005, the first ligands were found and in the subsequent years, a large number of GPR119 agonists were synthesized in laboratories in various countries; the safest and most promising agonists have entered phase I and II clinical trials as agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The review describes the major endogenous GPR119 agonists and the main trends in the design and modification of synthetic structures for increasing the hypoglycaemic activity. The data on synthetic agonists are arranged according to the type of the central core of the molecules.

The bibliography includes 104 references.