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Granfield P, Kemps E, Prichard I. A pre-post evaluation of the impact of the Embrace Kids film on children's and adults' body image and self-compassion. Body Image 2024; 49:101700. [PMID: 38554670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among young people, which tends to persist into adulthood, a need exists for large-scale interventions that address this problem. Film has been identified as a resource that is well-suited to large-scale dissemination, which can achieve broad impact and reach. Embrace Kids, a film aimed at improving young people's body image, is one such resource. To evaluate the film's impact on body image, 55 children (M = 10.59, SD = 1.49) and 47 adults (M = 43.75, SD = 8.54) were recruited from the Australian general public to complete a brief survey before and after viewing the film. After viewing the film, significant increases in state body appreciation, state functionality appreciation and state self-compassion were reported for children (d = 0.46 - 0.61) and adults (d = 0.88 - 1.08). They supported the safety of the film by indicating that it did not make them more concerned about their appearance. Findings provide initial support for the film as a scalable intervention that can be safely task-shifted to non-professional audiences. Future research directions include comparing the effect of Embrace Kids against a control film, and testing the longitudinal impact of the film on trait body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Granfield
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Embrace Impact Lab, Australia; Flinders University, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Health & Exercise Sciences, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Embrace Impact Lab, Australia; Flinders University, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Health & Exercise Sciences, Australia
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Hidalgo SG, Henning T, Gomez F, Perez M. Examining Teacher Concerns and Anxiety on the Implementation of a Universal Body Image Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:419. [PMID: 38673330 PMCID: PMC11049956 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In the past 30 years, there have been numerous positive body image and eating disorder prevention programs targeting youth developed for school-based settings. Frequently, teachers are used as interventionists to increase dissemination, decrease costs relative to researchers, and increase scalability. However, little is known about teacher concerns and barriers that may hinder successful uptake and implementation. The current study recruited a total of 269 teachers who consented to implement a universal body image and appearance-related bullying and teasing prevention program in their classrooms as part of a randomized controlled trial. Teachers expressed some worry that they may say the wrong thing, and concern about feeling uncomfortable teaching the program due to their own body dissatisfaction. Teacher's ethnicity, gender, years teaching, dieting behaviors and other weight control behaviors, and self-efficacy were not associated with concerns related to teaching the curriculum. Teachers with lower body esteem reported higher concerns and anxiety related to teaching a body image curriculum. In free response items, teachers worried about handling student comments that were beyond the scope of the curriculum. Teacher self-efficacy was the only variable associated with the number of program sessions implemented. Findings suggest avenues to increase implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Hidalgo
- REACH Institute, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA;
| | - Taryn Henning
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2018, USA;
| | - Francesca Gomez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA;
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA;
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Self-esteem, self-image, and school bullying in eating disorders. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:41-48. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Pursey KM, Burrows TL, Barker D, Hart M, Paxton SJ. Disordered eating, body image concerns, and weight control behaviors in primary school aged children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of universal-selective prevention interventions. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1730-1765. [PMID: 34245459 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body image concerns and extreme weight control behaviors frequently develop in childhood indicating an important age group for the implementation of universal-selective prevention approaches. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of universal-selective prevention interventions addressing disordered eating, body image concerns, and/or extreme weight control behaviors in children aged 6-12 years. METHOD Nine databases were searched up to April 2021. Studies were included if they delivered a universal-selective prevention intervention to children aged 6-12 years and reported outcomes relating to body image, disordered eating, or weight control behaviors. The review was conducted in line with the PRISMA Guidelines. RESULTS A total of 42 articles describing 39 studies included in the review, with most (n = 24; 57%) classified as neutral quality. Thirty studies implemented an eating disorder specific universal-selective program and nine implemented lifestyle interventions plus content to address disordered eating risk factors. Meta-analysis (n = 16 studies) revealed an improvement in body image-related outcomes across all studies (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.26 [95%CI 0.01, 0.51]); with a high level of heterogeneity (Î2 = 89.9%; p < .01). Meta-analysis according to gender revealed a general improvement in body image-related outcomes for girls (SMD 0.40 [95%CI 0.07, 0.73]), but not boys (SMD 0.23 [95%CI -0.24, 0.70]). DISCUSSION By investigating child, parental and teaching interventions and including outcomes such as weight control and disordered eating behaviors, a trend toward a reduction in eating disorder risk factors was observed, particularly body image-related outomes in girls. Future directions include embedded disordered eating prevention materials within existing lifestyle interventions and inclusion of more diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirrilly M Pursey
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Barker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Hart
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter New England Mental Health, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan J Paxton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Neves CM, Filgueiras Meireles JF, Morgado FFDR, Campos PF, Ferreira MEC. Child Body Concerns and Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Body Image Scale for Children. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:220-242. [PMID: 32799733 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520948285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are few instruments with good validity and reliability for evaluating body image in children. In this study we aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale for Brazilian children. In Study 1, we developed 53 items on the basis of a literature review, previous body image scales and qualitative study. We developed the item format and response options and developed instructions for both researchers and participants. In Study 2, we used 10 experts and 21 boys and girls aged 7-11 years (M = 8.25 years, SD = 1.70) to evaluate item content and semantics. The scale went through further refinement, leading to the exclusion of some items and the modification of others. In Study 3, we analyzed the instrument's psychometric properties in 571 girls (M = 9.17 years of age, SD = 1.23) and 597 boys (M = 9.32 years, SD = 1.24) from all over Brazil, using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses with independent samples. The scale's final version for females was composed of 17 items divided into five factors; and the final male version included 13 items and two factors. Both versions presented satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, and these scales can now be used reliably with 7-11 year old Brazilian children.
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Neves CM, Meireles JFF, da Rocha Morgado FF, Amaral ACS, Ferreira MEC. Translation, Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of SATAQ-4R for Brazilian Children. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2020; 33:12. [PMID: 32617756 PMCID: PMC7332665 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-020-00149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ) is one of the most investigated instruments for the evaluation of sociocultural pressure and internalization of the beauty standard, and it is considered to be one of the most robust instruments for this purpose. The most recent version of this questionnaire is the SATAQ-4R, originally designed for adults and teenagers, which has been used in different countries, contexts, and populations. The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian children are appropriate and necessary. OBJECTIVE The general objective of this study was to translate, adapt, and verify the psychometric qualities of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian girls and boys aged between 7 and 11 years old. METHODS Study 1 describes the cross-cultural adaptation, from the translation stage to the pretest in children of both sexes (n = 36, M = 8.76, SD = 1.59 years). SATAQ-4R has been demonstrated to be easily understood by Brazilian children. Studies 2 and 3 analyze the psychometric qualities of such an instrument in 566 girls (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23 years) and in 592 boys (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23), respectively. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have been performed with independent samples. RESULTS Both instruments presented factor structures composed of five factors, good reliability, and convergent validity. CONCLUSION We concluded that SATAQ-4R-Female and SATAQ-4R-Male are useful tools for evaluating the internalization of beauty standards and of sociocultural pressure on Brazilian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mockdece Neves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
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Chua JYX, Tam W, Shorey S. Research Review: Effectiveness of universal eating disorder prevention interventions in improving body image among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:522-535. [PMID: 31746023 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, children are at risk of developing eating disorders. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted to examine the effectiveness of universal eating disorder prevention interventions in improving body image, internalization of appearance ideals, and self-esteem among children aged 5-17 years old. METHODS Nine electronic databases were systematically searched from each database's point of inception to March 2019. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool assessed each study's risk of bias, while the GRADE approach judged the overall evidence for each review outcome. A meta-analysis was conducted using the random-effect model to obtain standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals under the inverse variance method. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistic and Cochran's Q chi-squared test. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. RESULTS A total of 24 studies (22 trials) were included in this review. Universal interventions were found to be effective in improving children's body esteem, self-esteem, and internalization of appearance ideals at postintervention and at follow-up timepoints. Subgroup analyses found that girls benefited more from these interventions than boys. Multisessional interventions with an optimal duration of approximately one month were found to be more effective. CONCLUSIONS The findings encourage the incorporation of universal preventive interventions into school curricula to benefit most children. Laypeople such as teachers can deliver these interventions, but content experts should address topics on body dissatisfaction. Due to the low quality of evidence, as accorded by the GRADE approach, current findings should be validated by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilson Tam
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Schwartz C, Drexl K, Fischer A, Fumi M, Löwe B, Naab S, Voderholzer U. Universal prevention in eating disorders: A systematic narrative review of recent studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mph.2019.200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Halliwell E, Jarman H, Tylka TL, Slater A. Evaluating the impact of a brief yoga intervention on preadolescents' body image and mood. Body Image 2018; 27:196-201. [PMID: 30359869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Yoga is an embodying activity that promotes body awareness, body connection, body responsiveness, and appreciation of body functionality, and it therefore may be a beneficial school-based intervention for children's body image. The present study examined the impact of a 4-week yoga intervention on pre-adolescent girls' and boys' body image (body appreciation, body esteem, and body surveillance) and mood (positive and negative affect) 1-week post-intervention and at 6-week follow-up. British children (N = 344; 54.4% female) aged 9-11 years were recruited from four schools, two of which were randomly assigned to the yoga intervention and two to a physical education control condition. Overall, girls reported greater body image concern and negative mood than boys. Unexpectedly, both groups reported increased body appreciation, body esteem, and positive mood, and decreased body surveillance and negative affect from baseline to post-intervention and/or follow-up. Both girls and boys in the yoga intervention evaluated the sessions very favourably; the majority desired to participate in more lessons. Potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Halliwell
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, UK.
| | - Hannah Jarman
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, UK
| | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, USA
| | - Amy Slater
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, UK
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Damiano SR, Yager Z, McLean SA, Paxton SJ. Achieving body confidence for young children: Development and pilot study of a universal teacher-led body image and weight stigma program for early primary school children. Eat Disord 2018; 26:487-504. [PMID: 29578841 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2018.1453630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Negative body image attitudes develop in early childhood and there is a need for school-based resources during the early school years, but no teacher-delivered curriculum-based resources exist to mitigate these attitudes in young children. Achieving Body Confidence for Young Children (ABC-4-YC), a universal body dissatisfaction and weight stigma prevention program, was developed and then delivered in a pilot study. Fifty-one 5- to 8-year-old children completed pre- and post-intervention interviews assessing body image attitudes, and seven teachers provided feedback. Significant improvement in body esteem and positive teacher feedback were found. The results provide preliminary support for ABC-4-YC to improve children's body image attitudes, but extensive evaluation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Damiano
- a School of Psychology and Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Zali Yager
- b Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Siân A McLean
- a School of Psychology and Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Susan J Paxton
- a School of Psychology and Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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Rousseau A, Eggermont S. Media ideals and early adolescents' body image: Selective avoidance or selective exposure? Body Image 2018; 26:50-59. [PMID: 29883900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study combines selective exposure theory with body image coping literature to study effects of media internalization in early adolescence. The main objective was to explore how early adolescents selectively internalize media body ideals to manage their body image. To examine the role of media internalization in early adolescents' body image management, we used two-wave panel data (NWave1 = 1986) gathered among 9- to 14-year-olds. Structural equation analyses indicated that media internalization (Wave 1) positively related to body surveillance (Wave 2). Body surveillance (Wave 2), in turn, was associated with more body image self-discrepancy (Wave 2). In addition, body image self-discrepancy (Wave 1) related to higher body surveillance (Wave 1). Body surveillance, in turn, related to more media internalization cross-sectionally, but less media internalization six months later. Taken together, these results suggest a role for media internalization in early adolescents' body image management. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Rousseau
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven Eggermont
- Leuven School for Mass Communication Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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BodiMojo: Efficacy of a Mobile-Based Intervention in Improving Body Image and Self-Compassion among Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 47:1363-1372. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Neves CM, Cipriani FM, Meireles JFF, Morgado FFDR, Ferreira MEC. BODY IMAGE IN CHILDHOOD: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2017; 35:331-339. [PMID: 28977287 PMCID: PMC5606170 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;3;00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the scientific literature regarding the evaluation of body image in children through an integrative literature review. DATA SOURCE An intersection of the keywords "body image" AND "child" was conducted in Scopus, Medline and Virtual Health Library (BVS - Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde) databases. The electronic search was based on studies published from January 2013 to January 2016, in order to verify the most current investigations on the subject. Exclusion criteria were: articles in duplicate; no available summaries; not empirical; not assessing any component of body image; the sample did not consider the target age of this research (0 to 12 years old) and/or considered clinical populations; besides articles not fully available. DATA SYNTHESIS 7,681 references were identified, and, after the exclusion criteria were implemented, 33 studies were analysed. Results showed that the perceptual and attitudinal dimensions focusing on body dissatisfaction were explored, mainly evaluated by silhouette scales. Intervention programs were developed internationally to prevent negative body image in children. CONCLUSIONS The studies included in this review evaluated specific aspects of body image in children, especially body perception and body dissatisfaction. The creation of specific tools for children to evaluate body image is recommended to promote the psychosocial well being of individuals throughout human development.
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The Development of Body Image and Weight Bias in Childhood. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 52:269-298. [PMID: 28215287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Negative body image attitudes are related to the onset of disordered eating, poor self-esteem, general mental health problems, and obesity. In this chapter, we will review the nature of body image attitudes in girls and boys in early (approximately 3-7 years old) and later childhood (approximately 8-11 years old). The body image attitudes explored in this chapter include body image attitudes related to the self, with a focus on body dissatisfaction, and body image attitudes related to others, with a focus on weight bias. Issues of measurement of body image and weight bias will first be explored. In light of measurement considerations, the prevalence and predictors of body dissatisfaction and related concerns, and weight bias will be examined. The chapter will conclude with a review of promising directions in the prevention of body dissatisfaction and weight bias in children.
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Body Image in Primary Schools: A pilot evaluation of a primary school intervention program designed by teachers to improve children's body satisfaction. Body Image 2016; 19:133-141. [PMID: 27693763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Body Image in the Primary School (Hutchinson & Calland, 2011) is a body image curriculum that is widely available but has not yet been evaluated. This study evaluates a set of 6 of the 49 available lessons from this curriculum. Seventy-four girls and 70 boys aged 9-10 were recruited from four primary schools in the UK. Schools were randomly allocated into the intervention condition, where students received 6hours of body image lessons, or to lessons as normal. Body esteem was significantly higher among girls in the intervention group, compared to the control group, immediately post intervention, and at 3-month follow-up. Moreover, girls with lowest levels of body esteem at baseline reported the largest gains. Internalization was significantly lower among boys in the control group compared to the intervention group at 3-month follow-up. The pattern of results among the control group raises interesting issues for intervention evaluation.
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Slater A, Tiggemann M. The influence of maternal self-objectification, materialism and parenting style on potentially sexualized 'grown up' behaviours and appearance concerns in 5-8year old girls. Eat Behav 2016; 22:113-118. [PMID: 27203569 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread concern about young girls displaying 'grown up' or sexualized behaviours, as well as experiencing body image and appearance concerns that were previously thought to only impact much older girls. The present study examined the influence of three maternal attributes, self-objectification, materialism and parenting style, on sexualized behaviours and appearance concerns in young girls. A sample of 252 Australian mothers of 5-8year old girls reported on the behaviours and appearance concerns observed in their daughters and also completed measures of their own self-objectification, materialism and parenting style. It was found that a significant proportion of young girls were engaging with 'teen' culture, using beauty products and expressing some degree of appearance concern. Maternal self-objectification was related to daughters' engagement in teen culture, use of beauty products and appearance concern. Maternal materialism was related to girls' engagement in teen culture and appearance concern, while an authoritative parenting style was negatively related to girls' use of beauty products. The findings suggest that maternal self-objectification and materialism play a role in the body image and appearance concerns of young girls, and in so doing, identify these maternal attributes as novel potential targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Slater
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Marika Tiggemann
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
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Does Media Literacy Mitigate Risk for Reduced Body Satisfaction Following Exposure to Thin-Ideal Media? J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:1678-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The measurement of media literacy in eating disorder risk factor research: psychometric properties of six measures. J Eat Disord 2016; 4:30. [PMID: 27895912 PMCID: PMC5108084 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-016-0116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of media literacy-based interventions for the prevention of eating disorder risk is limited by the lack of appropriate measures with established psychometric properties with which to assess change in media literacy. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the psychometric properties and use in eating disorders risk factor research of six measures of media literacy that assess media processing and critical thinking about general media and critical thinking about appearance-focused media. METHODS The factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity, including convergent and discriminant validity, were examined in six measures in two samples of early adolescent females. The measures were the Realism Scepticism, Similarity Scepticism, and Desirability Scepticism subscales of the Media Attitudes Questionnaire, the Fake subscale of the Critical Processing of Beauty Images Scale, the Critical Thinking about Media Messages scale, and Critical Thinking about Media Messages - Appearance Focus scale. RESULTS The factor structure of the measures was supported with factor analysis. Items from the Media Attitudes Questionnaire loaded on the three subscales Realism Scepticism, Similarity Scepticism, and Desirability Scepticism and items from each of the Fake subscale, Critical Thinking about Media Messages scale and Critical Thinking about Media Messages - Appearance Focus scale loaded on one scale. In addition, scores on the measures were reliable (adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability) and valid (adequate construct, convergent, and discriminant validity) in early adolescent females. Two exceptions were Realism Scepticism, which had slightly low test-retest reliability, and the Fake subscale, for which support for construct validity was lacking. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence to support the use of select media literacy measures, particularly the Realism Scepticism subscale and the Critical Thinking about Media Messages scale, in eating disorder risk factor research and the findings will contribute to enhanced evaluation of media literacy-based prevention interventions.
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Trajectories of Body Dissatisfaction and Dietary Restriction in Early Adolescent Girls: A Latent Class Growth Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2015; 45:1664-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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