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Festino E, Papale O, Di Rocco F, De Maio M, Cortis C, Fusco A. Effect of Physical Activity Behaviors, Team Sports, and Sitting Time on Body Image and Exercise Dependence. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:260. [PMID: 39330737 PMCID: PMC11435772 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether the type and degree of physical activity commitment (i.e., team sport athletes, highly active individuals, sedentary behavior) influence body image and exercise behavior. A total of 96 participants (46 women and 50 men; age: 22.7 ± 2.7 years; height: 170 ± 8.6 cm; weight: 67.6 ± 10.8 kg) were divided in six groups: female volleyball and male football players (student athletes classified as Tier 2), highly physically active women and men, with high sitting time completed the Body Image Dimensional Assessment and the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale to evaluate body dissatisfaction and level of dependency on exercise. The Body Image Dimensional Assessment is a silhouette-based scale, where three direct indices are derived from the participants' responses: body dissatisfaction, sexual body dissatisfaction, and comparative body dissatisfaction. The Exercise Dependence Scale is a six-point Likert scale that evaluates seven dimensions of exercise dependence (tolerance, withdrawal, intention effects, lack of control, time, reductions in other activities, and continuance) and provides an overall score. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of different levels of physical activity, team sport participation (volleyball and football), and sedentary behavior (i.e., high sitting time) on participants' body image indices and dimensions of exercise dependence according to sex. Volleyball players showed significantly higher body dissatisfaction than football players (d = 0.99) and the physically active men group (d = 2.31), who had lower values than sedentary women group (d = 1.68). Football players had lower comparative body dissatisfaction values than volleyball players (d = 1.70) and sedentary women (d = 1.69), who had higher values than sedentary men (d = 1.04). Sedentary women had a significantly lower exercise dependence scale score than volleyball players (d = 1.71), football players (d = 1.12), and physically active men (d = 1.21). The findings highlight the impact of regular physical activity on body dissatisfaction and the variance in body image perceptions between the sexes. Moreover, the high exercise dependence values found in volleyball and football players and physically active men suggest an effect of intense training and maladaptive exercise behaviors, underlining the need for comprehensive strategies to address exercise dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Festino
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Viale dell’Università, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (E.F.); (O.P.); (F.D.R.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Olga Papale
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Viale dell’Università, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (E.F.); (O.P.); (F.D.R.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Francesca Di Rocco
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Viale dell’Università, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (E.F.); (O.P.); (F.D.R.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Marianna De Maio
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Viale dell’Università, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (E.F.); (O.P.); (F.D.R.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Viale dell’Università, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (E.F.); (O.P.); (F.D.R.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Andrea Fusco
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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Thompson F, Rongen F, Cowburn I, Till K. A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Case Study Investigation of the Academic, Athletic, Psychosocial and Psychological Impacts of Being a Sport School Student Athlete. Sports Med 2024; 54:2423-2451. [PMID: 38635007 PMCID: PMC11393160 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sport schools are popular environments for simultaneously delivering education and sport to young people. Previous research suggests sport school involvement to have impact (i.e. the positive/negative, intended/unintended and long/short-term outcomes, results and effects) on student athlete's holistic (i.e. academic, athletic, psychosocial and psychological) development. However, previous research is limited by (1) cross-sectional methods, (2) limited multidimensional assessments, (3) lack of consideration for athlete characteristics (e.g. sex) and (4) failure to evaluate how sport school features affect student-athlete impacts. OBJECTIVES The study, using a mixed methods case study approach, aims to (1) longitudinally evaluate the impact of sport school involvement on the holistic development of student athletes, (2) evaluate the impact on holistic development by student-athlete characteristics and (3) explore the features and processes of the sport-school programme that drive/facilitate holistic impacts. METHODS A longitudinal mixed methods design was employed across one full academic school year (33 weeks). Six data-collection methods (i.e. online questionnaire, physical fitness testing battery, academic assessment grades, log diaries, field notes/observation and timeline diagram/illustration) were used to assess the academic, athletic, psychosocial and psychological impacts for 72 student athletes from one sport school in the United Kingdom (UK). RESULTS Student athletes developed positive long-term holistic overall impacts (i.e. academically, athletically and personally), including maintaining stable and relatively high levels of sport confidence, academic motivation, general recovery, life skills, resilience and friends, family and free time scores. Despite positive impacts, juggling academic and sport workload posed challenges for student athletes, having the potential to lead to negative holistic impacts (e.g. fatigue, stress and injury). Positive and negative impacts were linked to many potential features and processes of the sport school (e.g. academic and athletic support services versus insufficient training load build-up, communication, coordination, flexibility and planning). Furthermore, when considering student-athlete characteristics, females had lower sport confidence, higher general stress and body image concerns and less general recovery than males and student athletes who played sport outside the school had lower general recovery. CONCLUSIONS This mixed method, longitudinal study demonstrated sport school involvement resulted in many positive academic (e.g. good grades), athletic (e.g. fitness development), psychosocial (e.g. enhanced confidence) and psychological (e.g. improved resilience) impacts attributed to the academic and athletic support services provided. However, juggling heavy academic and athletic workloads posed challenges leading to negative impacts including fatigue, pressure, stress and injury. Furthermore, holistic impacts may be sex dependent and further support may be required for female student athletes in sport school environments. Overall, these findings demonstrate the complex nature of combining education and sport commitments and how sport schools should manage, monitor and evaluate the features of their programme to maximise the holistic impacts of sport-school student athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Thompson
- Room G07, Cavendish Hall, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
- Queen Ethelburga's College, York, UK.
| | - Fieke Rongen
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Cowburn
- Room G07, Cavendish Hall, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Room G07, Cavendish Hall, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
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Baceviciene M, Bliujute K, Jankauskiene R. Analysis of Factors Contributing to State Body Appreciation during Exercise. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:690. [PMID: 39199086 PMCID: PMC11351326 DOI: 10.3390/bs14080690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to analyse the factors contributing to state body appreciation (SBA) during exercise. After providing their informed consent, 200 study participants (mean age 30.0 ± 9.4 years, 72.0% were men) filled in an online questionnaire immediately after the completion of resistance training (n = 125), cardiovascular exercise (n = 55), or functional/interval group exercise (n = 20) sessions. The study measures included socio-demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), the duration of involvement in sports, SBA, state body surveillance (SBS), state mindfulness in physical activity, state intrinsic exercise regulation, and perceived pleasantness during exercise. The results showed that exercisers involved in sports for >2 years and those whose body weight was within a healthy range (<25.0 kg/m2) demonstrated higher SBA and mindfulness during exercise, lower SBS, more intrinsic exercise regulation, and higher satisfaction during physical activity compared to exercisers with less exercise experience (≤2 years) and a body weight higher than a healthy range (≥25.0 kg/m2). The negative effects of being overweight or obese were more pronounced in individuals with ≤2 years of sports participation, except regarding body surveillance and monitoring the mind. The factors significantly contributing to SBA during the exercise sessions were a longer duration of involvement in sports, a lower BMI and SBS, and greater mindful body acceptance and exercise pleasantness. Decreasing SBS and enhancing mindful body acceptance, pleasantness, and intrinsic motivation during exercise might significantly contribute to SBA in physical activity. These results can inform physical-activity-based programmes aiming to promote a positive body image. Also, these results show that it is important to increase education and develop competencies for fitness coaches to create inclusive and positive-body-image-promoting sports environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Bliujute
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Riddervold S, Haug E, Kristensen SM. Sports participation, body appreciation and life satisfaction in Norwegian adolescents: A moderated mediation analysis. Scand J Public Health 2024; 52:704-710. [PMID: 37403364 DOI: 10.1177/14034948231184525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Life satisfaction is an important aspect of quality of life and plays an essential role in optimal developmental adaption in adolescence. This study investigated whether being active in organised leisure sports is associated with a higher level of life satisfaction among adolescents, both directly and indirectly, through increased body appreciation. Whether gender moderates the mentioned associations will also be examined. METHODS The study was cross-sectional and based on a sample of 541 participants (44% females) between 16 and 19 years of age (Mage=16.89 years, SD=0.46). A moderated mediation model was examined using SPSS v27 and the PROCESS macro. RESULTS Boys had higher life satisfaction and body appreciation levels than girls did. There was no direct effect of organised leisure sports participation on life satisfaction. However, there was a positive association between organised leisure sports participation and life satisfaction through increased body appreciation. No gender differences were observed for the direct association between sports participation and life satisfaction or the indirect associations between sports participation and life satisfaction through body appreciation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that body appreciation is a mediator for the association between organised leisure sports participation and life satisfaction for both boys and girls. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to further examine if causal relationships exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Riddervold
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Norway
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Masotti S, Piva T, Zerbini V, Raisi A, Menegatti E, Pagani A, Bigoni C, Ballarin E, De Luca F, Zaccagni L, Rinaldo N, Toselli S, Gualdi-Russo E, Argentoni A, Veli A, Mazzoni G, Mandini S. Assessing the Relationship between Body Image Satisfaction and Physical Activity in Italian Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Investigation. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:818. [PMID: 39062267 PMCID: PMC11276193 DOI: 10.3390/children11070818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image perception can significantly influence various aspects of adolescent lives. The study analyzed the relationship between body image satisfaction and sports participation in adolescents, examining various factors that contribute to body image concerns and their implications for sports engagement. METHODS A total of 237 schoolchildren were recruited from lower secondary Italian schools. Anthropometric characteristics were measured directly. Assessment of body image perception was performed using Body Silhouette Charts for preadolescent children. The Italian version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents questionnaire was administered to assess physical activity (PA) levels at school and during leisure time in the last 7 days. Analysis of variance was used to test differences in PA levels, while multiple regression models were carried out to assess possible predictors of body dissatisfaction. RESULTS In total, 42.6% of children were not satisfied with their figure and 23.2% were very dissatisfied; among them, the vast majority would have liked to be thinner. The dissatisfaction and satisfaction were similar in boys and girls. The frequency of satisfaction with one's body image was higher in children who practiced extracurricular sports compared to those who did not. The percentage of dissatisfaction with one's body image was similar in the two groups, but the frequency of children being very dissatisfied was double in the group that does not practice extracurricular sport (31.2% vs. 17.7%). Body dissatisfaction increases with increasing body mass index in both genders but decreases in children involved in extracurricular sports. CONCLUSIONS Encouraging teenagers to engage in regular physical activity should be a key component of therapies supporting positive body image. This study found a relationship between extracurricular sports and body image satisfaction, suggesting that physical activity protects teenagers' body image satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Masotti
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Tommaso Piva
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Environmental Sustainability and Wellbeing, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Zerbini
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Environmental Sustainability and Wellbeing, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Raisi
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Environmental Sustainability and Wellbeing, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erica Menegatti
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anselmo Pagani
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Translational Neurosciences and Neurotechnologies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Costanza Bigoni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Elena Ballarin
- Filippo De Pisis Lower Secondary School, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica De Luca
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Antonio Argentoni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Arli Veli
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Gianni Mazzoni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Mandini
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (T.P.); (A.R.); (L.Z.); (N.R.); (E.G.-R.); (A.A.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
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Jankauskiene R, Balciuniene V, Rutkauskaite R, Pajaujiene S, Baceviciene M. The effects of Nirvana fitness and functional training on the body appreciation of young women: non-randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1412259. [PMID: 39011281 PMCID: PMC11247536 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is an important intervention used to improve body image. The present non-randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effects of Nirvana Fitness (NF) and functional training (FT) on body appreciation and its correlates in young women. Methods Twenty-two students participated in FT, 21 in NF, and 47 in the control (CN) group. The mean age of the study participants was 22.79 ± 6.14 years. The FT and NF groups participated in sessions 2 days per week for 8 weeks, and the CN group did not participate in any sessions. All the participants were evaluated at pre- and post-intervention, filling in the Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2), Mind-Body Connection from the Physical Activity Body Experiences Questionnaire (PABEQ), Body Surveillance from the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS), intrinsic exercise motivation from Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 2 (BREQ-2), and perceived physical fitness. Results Significant improvements were found in terms of all outcome measures in the FT group, and improvements of body and mind connection and body surveillance in the NF group, while no improvements were observed in the CN group. FT's effect on body appreciation appeared to operate through the improvement of the mind-body connection in the FT and NF groups and via decreased body surveillance in the FT group. Conclusion These findings support the developmental theory of embodiment and provide initial evidence that professionally delivered FT and NF might be used as effective strategies for the promotion of positive body image in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Balciuniene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Pajaujiene
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Webb MD, Melough MM, Earthman CP, Katz SE, Pacanowski CR. Associations between anthropometry, body composition, and body image in athletes: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1372331. [PMID: 38803833 PMCID: PMC11129708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1372331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Poor body image is a potent risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders. Athletes are a population at increased risk for eating disorders despite reports of lower body image concerns compared to non-athletes. Body size and composition may influence an athlete's susceptibility to poor body image. Methods Five electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) were searched to systematically evaluate the literature regarding the association between body measures (i.e., anthropometric and body composition indicators) and body image in athletes. The systematic review was completed following PRISMA guidelines and 27 cross-sectional studies were identified for inclusion and evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Results Studies differed in methodological assessment of anthropometry or body composition (i.e., self-reported versus researcher-measured), methods for evaluating aspects of body image, geographic location, and sport type. Higher body mass index (BMI) or percent body fat (%BF) was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction in 16 of 22 studies (72.7%). Positive associations between body measures and aspects of negative body image were most consistently observed among studies that assessed BMI based on self-reported heights and weights, while significant associations between body composition measures (e.g., %BF, fat mass, fat-free mass) were less common. Four of seven studies assessing relationships between BMI and an aspect of positive body image reported significant inverse relationships, while three revealed insignificant associations. Discussion Overall, higher BMI and body fat were associated with body dissatisfaction among athletes. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings within focused populations and utilizing body composition methods (e.g., bioelectrical impedance techniques). Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42023446518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D. Webb
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carrie P. Earthman
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sarah E. Katz
- Research and Engagement Department, Library, Museums, and Press, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carly R. Pacanowski
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Jiménez-Morcillo J, Ramos-Campo DJ, Rodríguez-Besteiro S, Clemente-Suárez VJ. The Association of Body Image Perceptions with Behavioral and Health Outcomes among Young Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:1281. [PMID: 38732530 PMCID: PMC11085562 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted on 5 March 2024, by the Universidad Europea de Madrid. This study aims to explore how body image perceptions influence health behaviors and mental and physical health outcomes among a specific group of 605 young adults aged 20 to 35 engaged in strength training regimes. To measure these perceptions, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) was employed, an advanced tool that assesses multiple dimensions of body image through its subscales, including feelings of physical attractiveness, investment in one's appearance, and satisfaction with different body areas. Participants were segmented into two groups based on a median split of their self-reported body image. The survey assessed a diverse array of variables, including demographic details, physiological data, resistance training routines, and psychological attributes. In this revision, we consistently use the term 'dietary habits' to ensure clear and uniform language when discussing eating patterns. Notable differences were observed in dietary habits and exercise engagement, influenced significantly by body image perceptions. Negative body image was linked to less healthy dietary habits, diminished physical activity, and worse psychological outcomes, such as increased anxiety and depression. Conversely, a positive body image was associated with healthier dietary habits, more frequent physical activity, and better psychological health. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving body image could be crucial for enhancing overall health within this specific demographic. Due to the non-representative nature of the study group, conclusions are cautiously presented as applicable only to similar populations engaged in strength training. This study underscores the need for holistic strategies that encourage positive body image to improve both physical and psychological health outcomes in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Jiménez-Morcillo
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.-M.); (S.R.-B.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Rodríguez-Besteiro
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.-M.); (S.R.-B.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.-M.); (S.R.-B.); (V.J.C.-S.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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Jankauskiene R, Baceviciene M. Testing general sociocultural and coach-related appearance pressures as the factors associated with disordered eating in competitive female athletes participating in various sports. J Sports Sci 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38574362 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2338022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test the sociocultural Petrie and Greenleaf's (2007) model of disordered eating (DE) in competitive female athletes. Specifically, we tested a model of general sociocultural and coach-related pressures towards body weight and appearance of female athletes as the factors associated with athletes' DE through the mediators such as internalization of appearance ideals and overweight preoccupation. 515 athletes participated in this study. The mean age of the sample was 19.0 ± 5.9 years. Athletes were provided with study measures on general sociocultural and coach-related appearance and body weight pressures, internalization of appearance ideals, overweight preoccupation and DE. Path analyses showed that general sociocultural pressures were associated with DE directly and through internalization of appearance ideals and overweight preoccupation. Pressures from coaches were associated with DE through overweight preoccupation and through the internalization of appearance ideals and overweight preoccupation. The models were invariant across body weight sensitivity in sports and age groups. These results inform DE prevention for female athletes. It is important to increase resistance to sociocultural pressures and pressures from coaches in DE prevention programmes for female competitive athletes of all ages and participating in sports irrespective of sports group (weight-sensitive or less weight-sensitive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Social and Physical Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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10
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Burgon RH, Waller G. Body image concerns among individuals with different levels of sporting engagement and exercise: A longitudinal study. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101881. [PMID: 38703751 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examined whether body image concerns (general; sporting) predicted eating disorder psychopathology, and whether the link differed according to nature of sport engagement. Participants were competitive sports engagers, non-competitive sports engagers, or sports non-engagers. At baseline, 510 adults completed online measures of sports demographics, eating psychopathology and body image. Eating psychopathology and body image measures were taken at follow-up (6 months later). Competitive sports engagers had better body image than the other two groups. Poorer body appreciation and better appearance-related body image predicted higher eating disorder psychopathology. Engaging in sports competitively may be beneficial for body image. However, positive appearance-related sporting body image may pose a risk for later eating psychopathology.
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11
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Mitchell J, Tilbrook M, Kiropoulos L, Krug I. Australian elite sport coaches' mental health literacy of eating disorders, orthorexia, and muscle dysmorphia in athletes: A qualitative study. Body Image 2024; 48:101670. [PMID: 38150783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Athletes have an increased risk of developing eating disorders (EDs) compared to non-athletes. Coaches are in a unique position to identify symptoms and promote timely support; however, research has not yet explored coaches' mental health literacy about DSM-5 EDs and related orthorexia and muscle dysmorphia conditions in elite athletes. Eighteen Australian elite sport coaches from aesthetic, weight-class, and endurance sports participated in individual semi-structured interviews to investigate their mental health literacy of EDs and related conditions. Four themes emerged from the data. Theme 1 (knowledge of EDs and related conditions) highlighted coaches' awareness of maladaptive perfectionism as a key risk factor, limited awareness of EDs without observable weight loss, and conceptualisation of EDs as a nutritional issue. Theme 2 (facilitators to managing EDs) highlighted the helpfulness of building trust with athletes, accessing support staff, emphasising body functionality, and lived experience. Theme 3 (barriers to managing EDs) highlighted coaches' challenges with communicating about body image, responding to denial, and funding constraints. Theme 4 (future ED education and training) highlighted coaches' desire for in-person, interactive training and to support junior-level coaches. These findings may assist in developing tailored educational resources to improve coaches' ability to identify and manage eating-related concerns in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardine Mitchell
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Molly Tilbrook
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Litza Kiropoulos
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia.
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12
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Walker D, Qureshi AW, Marchant D, Bahrami Balani A. Developing a simple risk metric for the effect of sport-related concussion and physical pain on mental health. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292751. [PMID: 37831707 PMCID: PMC10575528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk factors associated with depression in athletes include biological sex, physical pain, and history of sport-related concussion (SRC). Due to the well-documented benefits of sport and physical activity on mental health, athletes and non-athletes were recruited to assess any differences. Beyond this, athletes were also grouped by sport-type (contact/non-contact sports) due to the increased prevalence of pain and SRC in contact sports. To our knowledge, there has been no research on how these factors influence the likelihood of depression. In the current study, 144 participants completed a short survey on the above factors and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Sixty-two of these reported a history of concussion. Logistic regression revealed all the above predictors to be significantly associated with the depression scale. Individuals that had previously sustained SRC, were experiencing greater physical pain and females were more likely to display poor mental health. However, we provide further evidence for the benefits of engaging in sport and physical activity as those that took part in sport were less likely to report depression. Therefore, this study provides a simple risk metric whereby sportspeople can make a better informed choice of their sporting participation, making their own cost/reward judgement.
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13
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Forino S, Cameron L, Stones N, Freeman M. Horse-Rider Pairing Perception by Dressage Judges and Equestrian Coaches. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104864. [PMID: 37343691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The ideal equestrian body image (BI) is a smaller physique and riders feel body shape (BS) influences subjective judge scoring within dressage competitions. The aims were to identify perceptions of equestrian coaches and dressage judges of rider body shape (BS), identify perceptions of appropriate horse-rider matching and establish the impact of BS on perceived rider ability. An online survey (GoogleFormsTM) was shared, respondents (n = 265, coaches = 174 judges = 91) viewed images of twelve riders of different BS (Ectomorph, Mesomorph, and Endomorph) mounted on three horses of different breeds/types and asked to indicate the best horse-rider match. Judges were asked if body shape or inappropriate horse-rider matching influenced scores given, this was used to identify any bias from judges. A significant perception for horse rider matching identified the cob as the most appropriate for the Endomorph physique (P < .001). Ectomorph was the most chosen as the ideal BS on all horses. Both coaches and judges identified the ideal physique as a smaller image from the BI scale. Both coaches and judges individually perceive that BS impacts rider ability (P < .001). These findings of BS perceived as linked to rider skill potentially identifies an issue and may correspond to the smaller physique being idealistic. Future research into physique related bias from judges is required to further identify the impact of BS on subjective judging within equestrian sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Forino
- University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Winchester, SO21 2NF, UK.
| | - Lorna Cameron
- Hartpury University, Hartpury House, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK
| | - Natalie Stones
- University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Winchester, SO21 2NF, UK
| | - Marianne Freeman
- University Centre Sparsholt, Westley Lane, Winchester, SO21 2NF, UK
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14
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Burgon RH, Beard J, Waller G. Body image concerns across different sports and sporting levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2023; 46:9-31. [PMID: 37172557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mixed findings exist regarding whether athletes have different levels of body image concerns to non-athletes. Such body image concerns have not been reviewed recently, meaning that new findings need to be incorporated into our understanding of the adult sporting population. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed first to characterise body image in adult athletes versus non-athletes, and second to explore whether specific sub-groups of athletes report different body image concerns. Impact of gender and competition level were considered. A systematic search identified 21 relevant papers, mostly rated moderate quality. Following a narrative review, a meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the outcomes. While the narrative synthesis indicated possible differences between types of sport, the meta-analysis demonstrated that athletes in general reported lower body image concerns than non-athletes. In general, athletes had a better body image than non-athletes, with no reliable differences between different type of sport. A combination of prevention and intervention strategies might assist athletes in focusing on the benefits to their body image without encouraging restriction/compensation or overeating. Future research should define comparison groups clearly, along with attending to training background/intensity, external pressures, gender and gender identity.
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15
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Ricketts C, Malete L, Myers ND, Bateman AG, James Bateman C. Sport bodies: An examination of positive body image, sport-confidence, and subjective sport performance in Jamaican athletes. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 67:102434. [PMID: 37665887 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Guided by the Sport-Confidence Model, this study examined the associations among a positive body image, sport-confidence, and sport performance evaluations. Using a cross-sectional design, a purposive sample of 314 Jamaican athletes (male = 70.7%; Mage = 22.85; SD = 4.89) completed measures of body and functionality appreciation, sport-confidence, and subjective sport performance. Results from path analysis provided evidence for good model-data fit. Body (B = 9.03, p < .001) and functionality (B = 4.93, p = .036) appreciation exerted direct effects on sport-confidence. Sport-confidence exerted a direct effect on sport performance evaluations (B = 0.09, p < .001). Body (B = 0.79, CI95% [0.44, 1.17]) and functionality (B = 0.43, CI95% [0.05, 0.92]) appreciation exerted indirect effects on sport performance evaluations through sport-confidence. Results indicate that supporting the development of a positive body image in athletes may contribute to feelings of sport-confidence and positive performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsi Ricketts
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W. Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States.
| | - Leapetswe Malete
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W. Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Nicholas D Myers
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W. Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - André G Bateman
- Department of Sociology, Psychology, and Social Work, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Caryl James Bateman
- Department of Sociology, Psychology, and Social Work, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
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16
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Baceviciene M, Jankauskiene R, Rutkauskaite R. The Comparison of Disordered Eating, Body Image, Sociocultural and Coach-Related Pressures in Athletes across Age Groups and Groups of Different Weight Sensitivity in Sports. Nutrients 2023; 15:2724. [PMID: 37375628 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare disordered eating (DE), body image, and sociocultural and coach-related pressures between athletes of different age groups (adolescents and adults) and between athletes participating in weight-sensitive (WS) and less WS groups. A total of 1003 athletes participated in this study. The age range of the sample was 15 to 44 years, and the mean age was 18.9 ± 5.8 years (51.3% were female). Athletes who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study were provided with the study measures on DE, body image and sociocultural attitudes towards appearance. Vomiting, laxative misuse and excessive exercise were more prevalent in adolescent female athletes than adults, while dietary restraint was more common in adult male athletes than adolescents. Adolescent female athletes experienced higher sociocultural (family, peers) and sport-related (coach) pressures and a less positive body image compared with adult female athletes. Adult male athletes experienced higher overweight preoccupation, more DE and unhealthy eating habits, and engaged in more frequent self-weighing behaviour compared with adolescent males. When the effect of weight sensitivity in sports was tested, a higher prevalence of DE and overweight preoccupation, more frequent self-weighing, and higher body-image-related pressure from coaches were observed in female athletes participating in aesthetic weight-sensitive (WS) sports as compared with those participating in less WS sports. No differences in positive body image were observed in female WS and less WS sports. Special DE prevention and positive body image promotion programs are necessary for female competitive athletes and parents of adolescent female athletes, especially those participating in aesthetic ones. For adult male athletes, special programs aiming to promote healthy eating should be implemented to prevent DE and body image concerns. Special education about DE prevention is compulsory for coaches who train female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Rutkauskaite
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Brooks J, Walker DC, Murray K. What can my body do for me? Guided body-functionality mirror gazing task improved college women's body appreciation and body functionality orientation. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37207308 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2209195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Focusing on body functionality - what the body can do - may benefit women's body image. This pilot study examined the effects of focusing on body functionality appreciation during an audio-guided mirror gazing task (F-MGT). Participants: 101 college women, M(SD)AGE = 19.49(1.31), were alternately assigned to F-MGT or a comparison with no guidance on how to examine the body, directed attention mirror gazing task (DA-MGT). Methods: Participants self-reported pre- and post-MGT body appreciation, state appearance satisfaction, and orientation to and satisfaction with physical functionality. Results: Group interactions were significant for body appreciation and functionality orientation. DA-MGT decreased body appreciation from pre- to post-MGT; F-MGT did not change. There were no significant interactions in post-MGT state appearance satisfaction or functionality satisfaction, though state appearance satisfaction increased significantly in F-MGT. Conclusions: Integrating body functionality may buffer against harmful effects of mirror gazing. Given F-MGT's brevity, additional work must assess its potential as an intervention technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brooks
- Union College Psychology Department, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA
| | - D Catherine Walker
- Union College Psychology Department, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA
| | - Kristen Murray
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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18
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Murray K, Rieger E, Brown PM, Brichacek A, Walker I. Body image explains differences in intuitive eating between men and women: Examining indirect effects across negative and positive body image. Body Image 2023; 45:369-381. [PMID: 37087957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive eating is an adaptive and flexible form of eating. Men report higher rates of intuitive eating than women. Objectification processes are proposed to underlie this (binary) gender difference due to the intense body-related pressures that disrupt body image in women. The current study is the first known to test whether body image indirectly explains lower levels of intuitive eating in women relative to men. A cross-sectional sample of 498 adults aged 18-74 years recruited through Prolific completed an online survey assessing intuitive eating and negative and positive body image indicators. Women reported poorer body image and lower levels of intuitive eating compared to men. Significant indirect effects suggested body image explained gender differences in intuitive eating, controlling for age and body mass index. In women relative to men, greater body surveillance and lower aesthetic satisfaction explained lower total intuitive eating and reliance on hunger and satiety, greater aesthetic investment explained lower total intuitive eating and eating for physical reasons, and lower functionality investment explained lower body-food choice congruence. More research is needed, but findings suggest programs may benefit from decreasing critical views of appearance and strengthening functionality investment in women to reduce gender differences in intuitive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Murray
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Building 12, Faculty of Health, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Rieger
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia M Brown
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Building 12, Faculty of Health, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Anna Brichacek
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Building 12, Faculty of Health, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Iain Walker
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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19
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Jankauskiene R, Baceviciene M. Internalisation of stereotyped body appearance standards and body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys: Moderating role of sports participation. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:8-19. [PMID: 36958797 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2193459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the moderating role of sport participation in the mediation model of media pressures, internalisation of appearance ideals and body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys. Five hundred and seventy adolescent boys (mean age 17.2 ± 0.45; range 15-19 years) participated in the cross-sectional study. Adolescents completed a questionnaire consisting of measures of attitudes towards sociocultural pressures on appearance, body dissatisfaction and sport participation (participation in achievement sport, leisure exercising and non-participation in any sports). Sports participation moderated the associations between the internalisation of stereotyped appearance ideals and body dissatisfaction. In athletes, the effect of internalisation of thin body ideals on body dissatisfaction was not significant, while the effect of internalisation of muscular/athletic body ideals was negative. In leisure exercisers, the effect of internalisation of muscular body ideals on body dissatisfaction was not significant, yet internalisation of thin body ideals had a significant effect on body dissatisfaction. The strongest associations between appearance ideals internalisation and body dissatisfaction were found in adolescent boys who reported no participation in sports. Sports participation might be an effective tool in decreasing the negative effect of internalisation of stereotyped appearance ideals on adolescent boys' body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education; Kaunas, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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20
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Zaccagni L, Gualdi-Russo E. The Impact of Sports Involvement on Body Image Perception and Ideals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20065228. [PMID: 36982136 PMCID: PMC10049477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about body image may affect athletes, mainly because of specific sports models to achieve successful performance. This systematic review reports on body image dissatisfaction (BID) in athletes following the guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. From a total of 887 articles identified through a systematic search of electronic databases, 15 articles conducted on 2412 athletes were included in this review. To be eligible for inclusion, the studies must have been published in the last ten years up until September 2022 and analyze body image perception using body figure drawings and anthropometric profiles. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies. These studies were compared through thematic analysis of BID to develop four general issues, including gender, sport type and level, and weight status. According to the meta-analyses, the significant medium and small effect sizes found for gender and weight status, respectively, indicated that male athletes had lower BID than females and that, among the latter, normal-weight athletes had a higher BID than underweight ones. The implications and limitations of the included studies are discussed extensively in this review, highlighting the need for further research on BID examined both in the social and the sports contexts. Sports activity should be carried out following healthy lifestyles, and promoting positive BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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21
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Functionality appreciation and its correlates: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2023; 45:65-72. [PMID: 36796304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Functionality appreciation is a component of positive body image that refers to respecting and honoring the body for what it is capable of doing. A growing number of studies have investigated the features, correlates, and outcomes of functionality appreciation, yet a synthesis of this literature is missing. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of research on functionality appreciation. Fifty-six studies were included (85 % cross-sectional). Random effects meta-analyses were performed on 21 cross-sectional correlates and on seven randomized trials of psychological interventions that assessed functionality appreciation as an outcome. Meta-analyses showed that functionality appreciation was consistently associated with fewer body image problems, lower levels of eating disorder symptoms, and better mental health and wellbeing. Functionality appreciation was unrelated to age and gender, but weakly (and negatively) related to body mass index. Preliminary evidence from prospective designs suggests that the appreciation of body functionality may promote adaptive eating patterns and prevent maladaptive eating and body image patterns over time. Psychological interventions designed to cultivate functionality appreciation in full or in part produced greater improvements in this construct than control conditions. Findings confirm that functionality appreciation is associated with numerous wellbeing constructs and could serve as a potentially useful target for intervention.
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22
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Du XY, Wang L, Zuo YF, Wu Q, Qian YL, Ma R. Association between physical activity and online sexual objectification experience: The mediating role of body-image depression. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1049588. [PMID: 36704671 PMCID: PMC9872941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1049588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective With the popularization and development of online media technology, more and more women are paying attention to their body image and physical behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of online sexual objectification experience on the physical activity of female college students and verify the mediating role of body-image depression between them. Methods A cross-sectional convenient sample of 882 female college students from four universities in Hubei Province completed an online survey, and the Online Sexual Objectification Experience Scale (OSOES), the Body-Image Depression Questionnaire, and the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS) were used to collect the data. The mediating effect of the association between online sexual objectification experience and physical activity, was examined using the process procedure in SPSS and the bootstrap method. Results Online sexual objectification experience was significantly positively correlated with physical activity (r = 0.420, p < 0.01). Body-image depression was significantly negatively correlated with online sexual objectification experience and physical activity (r = -0.484, p < 0.01; r = -0.569, p < 0.01). Online sexual objectification experience can affect physical activity directly (β = 6.49, p < 0.001, effect value 44.97%) and also indirectly through body-image depression (β = 7.95, p < 0.001, effect value 55.03%); there were significant differences between major and education-level categories in body-image depression and physical activity. Conclusion Both online sexual objectification experience and body-image depression can promote physical activity among female college students, and body-image depression has a mediating effect between online sexual objectification experience and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Du
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Lin Wang,
| | - Yi-Fan Zuo
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Ling Qian
- School of Physical Education, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi City, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Public Administration, School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Rui Ma,
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23
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Toselli S, Zaccagni L, Rinaldo N, Mauro M, Grigoletto A, Maietta Latessa P, Marini S. Body Image Perception in High School Students: The Relationship with Gender, Weight Status, and Physical Activity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010137. [PMID: 36670687 PMCID: PMC9856625 DOI: 10.3390/children10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Body image perception includes body size assessment, body desirability estimation, and perceptions concerning one’s own body shape and size. Adolescence is a period of intense and prompt physical transformation, which changes the perception of one’s body. This represents a critical period for the development of body image. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate body image perception and investigate the relationships between it, weight status, sex, and physical activity in a sample of high school students living in Italy. General demographic information and details about physical activity were collected. Body image perception was measured with a body silhouette and two indexes were calculated: the FID (Feel minus Ideal Discrepancy) to evaluate the discrepancy between the perceived current figure and the ideal figure; and the FAI (Feel weight status minus Actual weight status Inconsistency) to observe improper perception of weight status. In addition, body shape concerns were evaluated with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), in which participants reported the frequency of experiencing negative thoughts about their body shape in the last four weeks. Two hundred and four students were included in the study (155 = female, mean age = 17.13 ± 1.70; 49 = male, mean age = 17.25 ± 1.69). Females felt more concerned about body shape than males (χ2 = 11.347, p = 0.001). Distinctions emerged in terms of body mass index, the scores of Feel minus Ideal Discrepancy (FID), Feel weight status minus Actual weight status Inconsistency (FAI), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and of the silhouette mean comparisons due to sex, weight status, and PA interaction effects (p < 0.001). Additionally, 94% of the BSQ variability could be explained by sex, weight status, and PA. Although no direct effects were observed on body image perception, healthy habit promotion, such as physical activity, could positively affect adolescent lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Sofia Marini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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Adolescent girls' participation in sports is associated with lower negative effects of internalization of thin body ideals on self-objectification: findings from a cross-sectional study. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3289-3300. [PMID: 35913568 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to test a partial sociocultural model of integrated tripartite influence and objectification theories in adolescent girls and to assess the moderating role of participation in sport. METHODS This study is part of a larger research that involved a sample of adolescent girls and boys from the 11th grade. In the present study, data on 842 girls were analysed. The mean age of the sample was 16.9 ± 0.5 years. The adolescent girls completed online questionnaires assessing internalization of thin body ideals, disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, and self-objectification, as well as various aspects of participation in sports. To assess the primary hypotheses, moderated mediation models were tested. RESULTS Self-objectification mediated associations between internalization of thin body ideals and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours in adolescent girls. Participation in an achievement sport moderated the association between internalization of thin body ideals and self-objectification, but not between the latter and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. Internalization of thin body ideals was not significantly associated with self-objectification in girls participating in achievement sport. The association between internalization of thin body ideals and self-objectification was stronger in adolescent girls not involved in any sports activities than in leisure-time exercisers. CONCLUSION It is important to promote involvement in sport for all adolescent girls, since it might help them to decrease the negative effect of internalization of thin body ideals on self-objectification and to value body functions over appearance. Decreasing self-objectification and teaching about body functionality might be an effective strategy in programmes aimed at decreasing disordered eating in adolescent girls participating in achievement sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level of evidence V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Mäkituomas L, Heikkilä L, Nurkkala M, Korpelainen R, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Kokko S, Kujala U, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Valtonen M, Vasankari T, Villberg J, Vanhala M. Factors associated with body size perception among adolescent goal-oriented sports participants and non-participants: a cross-sectional Finnish study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2188. [PMID: 36434562 PMCID: PMC9700987 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regardless of competitive athletes' body image pressures, only few studies have focused on adolescent sport participants' body image and the findings are inconclusive. Furthermore, the role of competitive goals in sports on adolescents' body size perception has not been studied. We examined the factors associated with adolescents' competitive goals in sports and body size perception, and the associations between adolescents' competitive goals in sports and body size perception. METHODS The cross-sectional study consisted of 475 goal-oriented sports club participants and 936 reference youths (aged 14-16 years). The study questionnaire included multiple choice items on health behaviours, motives to exercise, competitive goals in sports and body size perception. The multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the associations. RESULTS Adolescents with competitive goals in sports perceived their body size as about the right size more frequently than reference youths (68% vs 47%, p < 0.001 in girls; 74% vs 61%, p < 0.001 in boys). More than one-fourth of girls with competitive goals in sports perceived themselves as overweight, although only 7% of them were overweight. Adolescents with appearance/weight motives to exercise and poor perceived physical fitness had higher odds of perceived fatness. Additionally, BMI was positively associated with perceived fatness and negatively with perceived thinness. Having competitive goals in sports was not independently associated with perceived fatness or perceived thinness. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' BMI, appearance/weight motives to exercise, and perceived physical fitness were more strongly associated with body size perception than their competitive goals in sports. However, perceived fatness among girls with competitive goals in sports should be considered in organized sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leevi Mäkituomas
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Heikkilä
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjukka Nurkkala
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Sports Medicine Clinic, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Clinic, Mäkelänkatu 47, FI-00550 Helsinki, Finland ,Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Hoitajantie 3, FI-40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli J. Heinonen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho Kujala
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland ,Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- grid.419013.eKuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Haapaniementie 16, FI-70100 Kuopio, Finland ,grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XDepartment of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- grid.419101.c0000 0004 7442 5933Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, FI-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- grid.415179.f0000 0001 0868 5401UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500 Tampere, Finland ,grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kalevantie 4, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Vanhala
- grid.417779.b0000 0004 0450 4652Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P.O. Box 365, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland ,grid.10858.340000 0001 0941 4873Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Sundgot-Borgen C, Trangsrud LKJ, Otterbring T, Bratland-Sanda S. Hiking, indoor biking, and body liking: a cross-sectional study examining the link between physical activity arenas and adults' body appreciation. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:183. [PMID: 36434702 PMCID: PMC9701012 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body appreciation might serve as a protective factor for developing eating disorders and is associated with participation in physical activity. Less is known about whether various arenas for physical activity may be linked to body appreciation. Therefore, the current study sought to (1) identify potential associations between physical activity level and arenas for physical activity, connectedness with nature, self-compassion, and body appreciation in adults, and (2) explore physical activity level and arenas, connectedness with nature, and self-compassion as explanatory factors for body appreciation. METHODS A total of 360 adult Norwegian inhabitants (75% women, mean (SD) age 42.58 (12.30) yrs) responded to an online questionnaire. Instruments included the Body Appreciation Scale, the Connectedness with Nature Scale, and the Self-Compassion Scale. RESULTS The percentage of participants who engaged in various physical activity arenas were 98.5% for nature, 57.5% for fitness centers, and 43.0% for organized sports. Small, positive associations were found between body appreciation and the frequency of using fitness centers and nature as physical activity arenas. Self-compassion, connectedness with nature, and frequency of using fitness centers and nature as physical activity arenas explained 39% of the variance in body appreciation. DISCUSSION The importance of both fitness centers and nature as arenas for physical activity to explain body appreciation was surprising and might reflect different use of fitness centers among adults compared to younger age groups. CONCLUSION Physical activity at fitness centers and in nature were positively associated with body appreciation in adults. Self-compassion, connectedness with nature, and using fitness centers and nature as arenas for physical activity, were found to explain variation in body appreciation in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sundgot-Borgen
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4956, 0424, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud
- Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 235, 3603, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Tobias Otterbring
- Department of Management, University of Agder, Postboks 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Solfrid Bratland-Sanda
- Department of Sports, Physical Education and Outdoor Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, P.O. Box 235, 3603, Kongsberg, Norway
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Argyrides M, Anastasiades E. Intuitive eating in Greek-Cypriot adults: Influence of gender and body mass. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1033720. [PMID: 36506965 PMCID: PMC9731100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To date, research on eating behaviors has largely taken a pathological approach. Researchers are increasingly taking a positive approach to explore adaptive eating styles. One such style that has recently received much research attention is intuitive eating. Recent work examining intuitive eating and its relationships with body mass and gender has yielded mixed findings. The current study explored the differential effects of gender and body mass on intuitive eating scores in a sample of Greek-Cypriot adults. Method A total of 1,312 adult participants (women n = 655; M age = 34.49) completed the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 and provided demographic information. Results Our analyses revealed that men reported significantly higher intuitive eating scores than women. Body mass was significantly inversely associated with intuitive eating in both men and women. Additionally, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated significant interaction effects between gender and body mass on intuitive eating. These interaction effects were explored for each of the four subscales of intuitive eating, identifying differential associations for intuitive eating and BMI between men and women. Discussion Both gender and body mass are important factors which influence intuitive eating levels in Greek-Cypriot adults. Discussions of how these findings can inform future research, theory and practice are presented.
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Barry CT, Moran-Miller K, Levy HF, Gray T. Social media engagement, perceptions of social media costs and benefits, and well-being in college student-athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022:1-10. [PMID: 36395063 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2142797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigated the association between social media engagement and factors related to well-being (e.g., depression, anxiety, sleep, loneliness, self-esteem). Participants: A sample of 1120 college student-athletes (338 males, 777 females, 5 identified as non-binary) from nine universities participated in this study. Method: Data were collected through self-report measures and screen shots of participants' screen time in the previous week. Results: Overall screen time taken from devices was not associated with self-reported well-being, whereas use of social media during daily activities was related to worse well-being across domains (e.g., lower self-esteem, higher fear of missing out, stress, anxiety, depression). In addition, student-athlete perceptions that social media interfere with their lives were related to worse well-being. Conclusions: The implications of these findings, including the possibility of using protective behavioral strategies (PBS) to reduce negative impacts of social media in college students, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Barry
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kelli Moran-Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hannah F Levy
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Tiffany Gray
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Toselli S, Rinaldo N, Mauro M, Grigoletto A, Zaccagni L. Body Image Perception in Adolescents: The Role of Sports Practice and Sex. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192215119. [PMID: 36429834 PMCID: PMC9690021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about weight and body image are common among adolescents, as adolescence represents a time of intense and rapid change. This cross-sectional study assessed the difference in body image perception by sex, weight status and sports practice in a sample of Italians aged 13-18 years. For this purpose, we considered a sample of 140 adolescents subdivided into two groups: a group of sports-playing teenagers practicing volleyball (39 males and 26 females), and a group of teenagers not actively involved in sports (24 males and 51 females). Body mass index (BMI), body image variables, and sports practice were examined. Due to COVID-19 limitations, height and weight were self-reported and BMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in meters). Body image perception was assessed by the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-14) and by the Stunkard Body Silhouette Chart. Two-way ANCOVAs adjusted for age were performed to test the differences between sexes and sports groups. Adolescent volleyball players had a lower incidence of weight disorders. Weight status significantly differed between those who played sports and those who did not, but there was no significant difference in weight status between sexes. On the whole, sports players and males showed higher results than non-sports players and females. The highest level of body image dissatisfaction was found in non-sports-playing females, while sports-playing males showed the lowest. The present study confirms the positive link between sport and body image and can be of support to lead adolescents to adopt a healthier and more active lifestyle. Further research is needed to validate our findings through a longitudinal study during the entire period of adolescence. In addition, it would be interesting to validate the results on a larger sample, also taking into account socio-demographic variables and including athletes engaged in different types of sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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Murray MF, Perelman H, Sandhu D, Quiñones IC, Haedt-Matt AA. Overweight preoccupation is associated with eating pathology in male collegiate athletes with body dissatisfaction. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2387-2395. [PMID: 35175574 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined specific aspects of body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity as correlates of eating pathology and explored sport confidence as a moderator of these associations in male collegiate athletes. METHOD Ninety-three male collegiate athletes who endorsed body dissatisfaction and were enrolled in a body dissatisfaction intervention study completed baseline measures of appearance orientation, appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, muscularity-oriented attitudes and behaviors, eating pathology symptoms, and sport confidence. RESULTS There were significant associations between overweight preoccupation and cognitive restraint, purging, binge eating, and excessive exercise, appearance orientation and cognitive restraint, negative appearance evaluation and restricting, muscularity-oriented attitudes and binge eating, and muscularity-oriented behaviors and excessive exercise. Low-to-moderate sport confidence moderated the association between muscularity-oriented behaviors and purging. CONCLUSION Findings highlight a need for interventions targeting drive for muscularity and body dissatisfaction, especially overweight preoccupation, in male collegiate athletes. Findings additionally suggest a need to further examine the utility of sport confidence in prevention and intervention programs targeting eating pathology in larger samples of male athletes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, Cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Murray
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Hayley Perelman
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Applied Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Sandhu
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Isabel C Quiñones
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Alissa A Haedt-Matt
- Department of Psychology, Illinois Institute of Technology, 213 Tech Central, 3424 S. State St, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
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Construction of Correlation Analysis Model of College Students’ Sports Performance Based on Convolutional Neural Network. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:3621316. [PMID: 35669652 PMCID: PMC9167112 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3621316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a network model recurrent fully connected network (RFC-Net) based on recurrent full convolution and polarization change. RFC-Net enriches the network by reconstructing and fine-tuning the fully convolutional network and adding recurrent convolutions to it. By studying the data mining technology of multidimensional association rules, based on the existing algorithms, this paper improves the shortcomings of the algorithms and realizes an efficient and practical method for data mining based on interdimensional multidimensional association rules. On the basis of mastering the actual student information, the effectiveness of the method is tested, and an employment analysis system based on association rules is established. Aiming at the fact that traditional grade prediction methods ignore the different influences of different behavioral characteristics on grades, and considering that behavioral data in different periods have different influences on student grades, the grade prediction problem is abstracted into a time series classification problem. The mechanism is combined with long short-term memory neural network to construct a performance prediction model based on Attention-BiLSTM. Experiments show that the prediction model proposed in this paper improves the accuracy and effectively improves the prediction quality compared with the logistic regression model with a better prediction effect in the traditional benchmark model and the long short-term memory neural network model without the introduction of the attention mechanism. Research shows that physical performance and academic performance are not contradictory. We must face up to the status of physical exercise in schools; as long as physical exercise is properly arranged, it can inspire students to form a spirit of unity, interaction, positivity, and perseverance in cultural studies.
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Zancu SA, Dafinoiu I, Enea V. Alexithymia, body image and disordered eating in fashion models and student athletes. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:709-716. [PMID: 34021902 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fashion models and athletes are considered at risk for eating disorders, but research has produced mixed findings and little insight into psychological risk factors. Body-focused performance is common to both occupations, but emotional risk factors like alexithymia and body-image particularities have not been compared between them. This study aimed to: (1) examine the levels of alexithymia and affective states among female fashion models and athletes as body-performing occupations, and a control group, and (2) compare multidimensional body image and disordered eating among these groups. METHODS Data from 351 females aged 16-30 were compared among three samples: fashion models (n = 88), student athletes (n = 84) and control students (n = 179), who completed measures for alexithymia, affective states, multidimensional body image, and disordered eating. RESULTS Fashion models had significantly lower alexithymia compared with the other groups, and lower negative affect than controls. Positive affect was significantly lower among controls than the other groups. Body image comparisons revealed significantly higher fitness evaluation and orientation in fashion models and athletes compared to controls. Fashion models had significantly higher appearance orientation than the other groups. Student athletes had significantly higher appearance evaluation than controls and higher fitness evaluation than fashion models. Disordered eating did not differ among groups. CONCLUSION Lower alexithymia among fashion models is discussed in the context of emotional labor and artistic public performance. The findings suggest that body-focused performance may have emotional benefits and may drive higher body-image investment and satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Alexandra Zancu
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, 3 Toma Cozma Street, Iasi, România.
| | - Ion Dafinoiu
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, 3 Toma Cozma Street, Iasi, România
| | - Violeta Enea
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, 3 Toma Cozma Street, Iasi, România.
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Balciuniene V, Jankauskiene R, Baceviciene M. Effect of an education and mindfulness-based physical activity intervention for the promotion of positive body image in Lithuanian female students. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:563-577. [PMID: 33877646 PMCID: PMC8056191 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of an 8-week classroom education and mindfulness-based physical activity intervention for the promotion of positive body image in female students. METHODS A quasi-experimental study was carried out with 110 Lithuanian female students (mean age 21.5 ± 3.5, range 19-35 years). Thirty students voluntarily participated in the intervention programme and 80 students volunteered in the assessment-only control group. The intervention comprised five cognitive behavioural therapy classroom education sessions and mindfulness-based exercise (one exercise workout per week). The intervention group was evaluated with a pre-test and post-test and the control group completed measures at parallel times. RESULTS Compared with the control group participants, the intervention group participants reported greater improvements in positive body image and a reduction in body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness and internalisation of stereotyped beauty ideals, with medium to large effects. There were significant time × group interactions for pre-test to post-test changes in internalisation of beauty ideals, body area satisfaction, body dissatisfaction and body appreciation. In all cases, the interaction reflected greater pre-test to post-test changes in the intervention group compared with the control group, whose scores remained stable. A decrease in appearance orientation, overweight preoccupation, disordered eating and physical activity was observed in the control group, but the effect sizes were low. CONCLUSION The preliminary findings of this study support the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy methods and mindfulness-based exercise intervention aimed to promote positive body image in student-aged women. Future studies should test the efficacy of the introduced programme in larger randomised samples of young women. LEVEL IV Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaiva Balciuniene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Namatame H, Yamamiya Y, Shimai S, Sawamiya Y. Psychometric validation of the Japanese version of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS). Body Image 2022; 40:116-123. [PMID: 34922063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) is a widely adopted measure to assess appreciation for one's body and its capacity. In this study, we performed a psychometric validation of the Japanese translation of the FAS. Participants included an online sample of 750 Japanese individuals (20-70 years old), who completed the FAS and other previously validated measures of body appreciation, intuitive eating, gratitude, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Moreover, the survey was conducted twice, 3 weeks apart, to determine test-retest reliability. Exploratory factor analyses replicated the unidimensional factor structure of the FAS, which was also verified by the confirmatory factor analysis. FAS scores had gender invariance, and demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability over the 3-week period. In addition, further analyzes indicated adequate construct, and incremental validity. These findings indicate that the Japanese version of FAS demonstrates good psychometric properties, and can be used to examine the importance of functionality appreciation for enhancing positive body image and healthy eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Yamamiya
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University - Japan Campus, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimai
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Forino S, Cameron L, Stones N, Freeman M. Potential Impacts of Body Image Perception in Female Equestrians. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 107:103776. [PMID: 34802624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Female body image (BI) has been investigated in many sports yet, in female-dominated equestrianism, there is a paucity of BI research. This study aimed to identify self-perceptions of BI, rider perceptions of judge and coach bias, relationships between BI and self-consciousness and effect of breast size. A four-part, 27 question survey (GoogleForms) was completed by female equestrians (n = 493). The second smallest BI was considered ideal for equestrianism (χ2 = 352.751, P < .001) regardless of age, own BI or level of riding commitment. There was a perception judges favor riders with smaller frames (χ2 = 54.2111, P < .001) and an association between riders with a larger BI feeling self-conscious when riding (χ2 = 87.514, P < .001). More respondents perceived the ideal equestrian BI to be smaller than theirs (Median = -1.5, W = 7777.00, P < .001) and an association between those dissatisfied with their BI and self-consciousness when riding was seen (χ2 = 83.649, P < .001). Perception of the ideal equestrian frame is smaller than many riders' own BI, and a larger BI perception negatively impacts self-confidence, potentially hindering performance and participation. Female riders with a larger frame feel they are perceived negatively by judges and further study is indicated to investigate the extent of this potential bias on subjective judging in equestrian disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorna Cameron
- University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, UK; Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK.
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Baceviciene M, Jankauskiene R, Swami V. Nature Exposure and Positive Body Image: A Cross-Sectional Study Examining the Mediating Roles of Physical Activity, Autonomous Motivation, Connectedness to Nature, and Perceived Restorativeness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12246. [PMID: 34832003 PMCID: PMC8622969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Research shows that nature exposure is directly and indirectly associated with more positive body image, which is an important facet of well-being more generally. In this study, we tested the mediating roles of physical activity in nature, perceived restoration in nature, autonomous motivation, and connectedness to nature in explaining the association between nature exposure and positive body image. An online sample of 924 Lithuanian adults (age M = 40.0 years, 73.6% women) completed a survey that included the Nature Exposure (NE) Scale, the Body Appreciation Scale-2, a measure of frequency of physical activity in nature (PAN), the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, the Restoration Outcome Scale, and the Connectedness to Nature Scale. Path analysis was conducted to examine hypothesized direct and indirect effects. Results showed that both greater NE (B = 0.564, SE = 0.057, p < 0.001) and autonomy in exercise motivation (B = 0.039, SE = 0.006, p < 0.001) were associated with more frequent PAN. Direct effects from exercise autonomy to nature restorativeness (B = 0.017, SE = 0.006, p = 0.004) and body appreciation (B = 0.041, SE = 0.004, p < 0.001) were observed. Associations were also found between connectedness to nature and body appreciation (B = 0.166, SE = 0.040, p < 0.001), nature restorativeness and body appreciation (B = 0.075, SE = 0.019, p < 0.001), and frequency of PAN and body appreciation (B = 0.064, SE = 0.019, p < 0.001). PAN mediated the relationship between NE and body appreciation. The final model was invariant across place of residence (urban vs. rural) and gender. Including self-determined physical activity in nature may increase the effectiveness of intervention programs aimed at promoting more positive body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK;
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia
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Wu J, Xie M, Lai Y, Mao Y, Harmat L. Flow as a Key Predictor of Subjective Well-Being Among Chinese University Students: A Chain Mediating Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:743906. [PMID: 34867624 PMCID: PMC8636857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.743906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated a conceptual model by testing flow experience and subjective well-being of university students during Coronavirus Diseas-19 (COVID-19) via considering their underlying mechanisms of academic self-efficacy and self-esteem. A total of 1,109 Chinese university students completed a questionnaire containing scales of subjective well-being, flow, academic self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Results yielded from the structural equation modeling analysis indicated a significant and positive association between flow experience and subjective well-being, and such an association was sequentially mediated by academic self-efficacy and self-esteem. Findings also provided empirical evidence for the proposed model highlighting the significant role of flow experience at the higher educational context in predicting subjective well-being of Chinese university students, and how such a relation can be supported by suggested mediating roles academic self-efficacy and self-esteem played.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Xie
- School of Foreign Languages, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Lai
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanhui Mao
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Psychological Research and Counseling Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychology and Behavior Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laszlo Harmat
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
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38
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Lin HH, Lin TY, Ling Y, Lo CC. Influence of Imagery Training on Adjusting the Pressure of Fin Swimmers, Improving Sports Performance and Stabilizing Psychological Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211767. [PMID: 34831523 PMCID: PMC8621450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of imagery training on athletes' imagery ability, physical anxiety and athletic performance. This study employed a mixed research approach. Snowball sampling was used to select 55 fin swimmers with imagery training experience and formal competition participation. Basic statistics were obtained, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0, and the results were compared with the opinions of three experts and were tested using multivariate validation methods. The results revealed that although imagery training can help athletes improve their performance and significantly reduce their anxiety during the competition, athletes can still make mistakes due to internal and environmental factors and even have negative thoughts that lead to their reduced likelihood of competition participation. By strengthening strategic and technical imagery training, we can help our fin swimmers perform at a higher level, achieve their goals, and improve overall satisfaction with their competition process and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsien Lin
- School of Physical Education, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
- Correspondence: (H.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Tzu-Yun Lin
- Department of Sport Information and Communication, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung City 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Ying Ling
- Institute of Physical Education and Health, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China;
| | - Chih-Cheng Lo
- Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education, No. 2, Shi-Da Road, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.)
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Godoy-Izquierdo D, Díaz I. Inhabiting the Body(ies) in Female Soccer Players: The Protective Role of Positive Body Image. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718836. [PMID: 34630229 PMCID: PMC8497972 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a social and sports world dominated by weight-centred beliefs and highly exigent and gendered athletic and beauty body standards, the vulnerability for eating pathology, i.e., disordered eating and eating disorders (EDs), is elevated among women athletes. The aim of this study was to explore body image facets and ED risk among female athletes in masculinised sports such as soccer. Forty-five federated amateur female soccer players from Spain participated in this study, voluntarily complying with an extensive evaluation protocol on attitudes towards body and appearance and eating practises. The participants overall reported self-representations of their bodies that corresponded to their reality as athletes, but their body ideals were also more demanding in terms of low fat and muscularity, in association with the functionality of their body and the physical demands of their athletic activity. Despite having a fairly high positive body image and body satisfaction, they also expressed negative attitudes towards their bodies. Around 2 out of 10 players were at risk of suffering from an ED. Players with negative attitudes towards their bodies had an odd 12 times likely to develop an ED compared to those with lower self-devaluation, after adjusting for BMI and body perceptions (OR = 12.3, p < 0.01). On the contrary, players who appreciate their bodies and hold a positive body image had an odd 83% lower to suffer from eating pathology, after adjusting for BMI and body satisfaction (OR = 0.17, p < 0.05). Our findings support the healthy and protective role of positive body image in sports contexts. Body attitudes should be addressed in preventive and therapeutic efforts for reducing the prevalence of EDs in women's sports, within both a "negative" and a "positive" paradigm of body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Godoy-Izquierdo
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Women's and Gender Studies Research Institute, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Díaz
- Gimbernat-Cantabria Research Unit (Servicio Universitario de Investigación Gimbernat-Cantabria), University School Gimbernat-Cantabria, University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
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Cerea S, Todd J, Ghisi M, Mancin P, Swami V. Psychometric properties of an Italian translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS). Body Image 2021; 38:210-218. [PMID: 33962221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) is a widely used instrument for the measurement of individual's appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing (i.e., functionality appreciation). Here, we examined the psychometric properties of a novel Italian translation of the FAS. A sample of 950 Italian adults completed the FAS, as well as previously validated measures of body image (body appreciation, body esteem, body surveillance), disordered eating symptoms, and psychological well-being (self-esteem, general distress). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a 1-dimensional model of FAS scores, with all 7 items retained. Scores achieved scalar invariance across gender, and the gender difference in latent FAS scores was not significant. FAS scores were found to have adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability up to three weeks, and convergent and criterion-related validity through significant correlations with all additional constructs. However, evidence of incremental validity was weak, and likely reflected high nomological and conceptual similarity between functionality and body appreciation in this national context. Overall, these results provide strong evidence that scores on the Italian FAS are psychometrically valid, which may aid future development of interventions to promote more positive body image in Italian-speaking samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Mancin
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rato Barrio M, Ley C, Schomöller A, Dumon D. Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126543. [PMID: 34204539 PMCID: PMC8296415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is convincing evidence on the effects of sport and exercise on mental health and well-being. Less evidence is provided about how to achieve these benefits in the context of grassroots sport coaching. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature of three databases to narratively synthesize the current knowledge about which coaching-related factors influence well-being or ill-being, and how to promote mental health in adult athletes through sport coaches. The review includes 52 studies with different methodological and theoretical approaches and mental health outcomes. The wide range of themes were mapped and synthesized within two clusters, i.e., coaching behavior, antecedents, and context; and coach–athlete relationship and social support. The results highlight the importance of the promotion of empowering environments, autonomy-supportive coaching behavior, and coach–athlete relationship quality that relate to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. The review also calls for a critical perspective, in the sense that the coaching context and working environment may not be empowering and supportive to the well-being of coaches and consequently to the athletes, and that coaches who want to provide autonomy-supportive environments may face various obstacles. Finally, the review synthesizes recommendations for the training of coaches, as one piece of a holistic mental health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rato Barrio
- International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE/CIEPSS), 14053 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Clemens Ley
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Health Sciences, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, 1100 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne Schomöller
- International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE/CIEPSS), 14053 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Detlef Dumon
- International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE/CIEPSS), 14053 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.B.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
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Baceviciene M, Jankauskiene R. Changes in sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, body image, eating attitudes and behaviours, physical activity, and quality of life in students before and during COVID-19 lockdown. Appetite 2021; 166:105452. [PMID: 34107292 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus pandemic resulted in national lockdowns that are associated with a rise in important macro-stressors for populations worldwide. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19-related lockdown period on the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, body image, eating attitudes and behaviours, physical activity, and quality of life of Lithuanian university-aged students of both genders. METHOD A total of 1850 students completed the body image, health-related behaviour and quality of life assessments three months before the first lockdown, of which 959 provided consent and an e-mail to be contacted by for further surveys. Of these 959, 230 completed the same questionnaire during the second lockdown providing the informed consent for the participation in the COVID-19-impact for the lifestyle study and use their first round data for the comparison with the lockdown. The age of the participants was 23.9 ± 5.4 years. Independent comparisons were used to test lifestyle and body image differences between men and women before and during the lockdown. Paired-sample statistics were conducted to evaluate any changes in the male and female groups separately with Cohen's d employed to represent effect sizes. RESULTS No body image or disordered eating changes were found, however, body appearance evaluation increased in women (effect size 0.15). Significant increases in media pressures (in women, effect size 0.16) and the internalization of thin/low body fat beauty ideals (effect size 1.18-1.46) were observed during the lockdown when compared to baseline. No changes in quality of life were evident for men, however, for women, an increase in general and psychological domain was observed (effect size 0.17). We observed a significant decrease in physical activity (in men, effect size 0.46), an increase in internet browsing time (effect size 0.52-0.8), a decrease in unhealthy eating habits (effect size 0.49-0.60), an increase in sleep duration (in women, effect size 0.40) and lower self-rated health (in men, effect size 0.42) during the lockdown when compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the majority of students cope with lockdown-related situation well. However, based on the Tripartite influence model, we can speculate that a drastic increase in the internalization of stereotyped thin/low body fat ideals might trigger body image concerns and increase disordered eating after the lockdown. Specific interventions helping students to decrease internalization of stereotyped body ideals, to promote positive body image and physical activity may be beneficial during and after the COVID-19-related lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migle Baceviciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Rasa Jankauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Swami V, Todd J, Goian C, Tudorel O, Barron D, Vintilă M. Psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS). Body Image 2021; 37:138-147. [PMID: 33676303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS; Alleva et al., 2017) is a 7-item measure of an individual's appreciation of their body for what it can do and is capable of doing. Although the instrument is increasingly used in interventionist studies, its psychometric properties have been infrequently investigated outside Anglophone populations. Here, we examined psychometric properties of a novel Romanian translation of the FAS. An online sample of 959 Romanian adults (18-73 years old) completed the Romanian FAS, and validated measures of positive body image (body appreciation), negative body image (weight discrepancy in women, drive for muscularity in men), eating disorder symptomatology, and psychological well-being (self-esteem, gratitude). Exploratory factor analyses led to the extraction of a 1-dimensional model of FAS scores, which we confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. FAS scores achieved scalar invariance across sex, but the sex difference in latent FAS scores did not reach significance (d = 0.15). FAS scores had adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability up to four weeks, and further analyses provided evidence of convergent, construct, and incremental validity. These results support the psychometric properties of the Romanian FAS and present evidence of the importance of functionality appreciation in relation to healthier body image and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Swami
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Todd
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cosmin Goian
- Department of Social Work, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Otilia Tudorel
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - David Barron
- Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mona Vintilă
- Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
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Jankauskiene R, Baceviciene M. Testing modified gender-moderated exercise and self-esteem (EXSEM) model of positive body image in adolescents. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:1805-1818. [PMID: 33863249 DOI: 10.1177/13591053211009287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The most acceptable model explaining the associations between physical exercise and self-esteem is the exercise and self-esteem model (EXSEM). The present cross-sectional study tested the mediating role of body appreciation and physical fitness perception in the associations between physical activity and self-esteem in modified EXSEM. Overall, 1412 Lithuanian adolescents (40.2% were boys, mean age 17.0 (SD = 0.5) years) completed online questionnaires. The study was implemented in 2019 from October to December. Perceived physical fitness and body appreciation mediated the associations in the EXSEM. Physical fitness perception was directly associated with the self-esteem of girls, but not boys. Gender moderated EXSEM associations in body appreciation and perceived physical fitness showed stronger mediation effects for the adolescent girls compared to boys. Increasing physical activity, positive body image and perception of physical fitness might help to foster mental health, especially in girls.
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Abstract
Body functionality describes everything that the body is able to do, across diverse domains (e.g., bodily senses, creative endeavours). Nearly a decade ago, leading scholars identified research on body functionality as a priority for the body image field. The field has responded, as shown by the recent rise of body functionality research. We considered this an opportune time to (a) define body functionality (what it is and is not); (b) present theoretical frameworks of body functionality; (c) articulate first-generation and current measures relating to body functionality; (d) offer functionality-focused body image interventions that can improve appreciation for one's body functionality (and body image more broadly); (e) summarise additional areas of research related to body functionality and positive body image; and (f) provide considerations and directions for future research and interventions incorporating body functionality. Research has underscored body functionality as a valuable construct with respect to positive body image and well-being, particularly when individuals appreciate what their bodies can do and conceptualise their body functionality holistically. Yet, the experience of body functionality is nuanced across social identities. Overall, the field has greatly advanced knowledge about body functionality, and we are excited to see the next generation of research that emerges.
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Amato A, Proia P, Caldara GF, Alongi A, Ferrantelli V, Baldassano S. Analysis of Body Perception, Preworkout Meal Habits and Bone Resorption in Child Gymnasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042184. [PMID: 33672264 PMCID: PMC7926894 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of physical activity on body image perception and bone are debated among artistic gymnasts. Gymnasts seem to be at greater risk of developing body dissatisfaction, eating disorders and osteoporosis due to inadequate nutrition and attention to the appearance of the body. The objective of this work was to investigate the association between the artistic gymnast and a more favorable body image compared to their sedentary peers and if a preworkout high-carbohydrate meal (HCM; 300 kcal, 88% carbohydrates, 9% protein, 3% fat) or high-protein meal (HPM; 300 kcal, 55% carbohydrates, 31% protein, 13% fat) is able to attenuate bone resorption in young rhythmic gymnasts. Twenty-eight preadolescent female gymnasts were examined. Self-esteem tests were used to analyze body image perception. Preworkout eating habits were examined by short food frequency questions (FFQ) validated for children. The biomarker of the bone resorption C-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (CTX) was measured in the urine (fasting, postmeal and postworkout). Gymnasts reported higher satisfaction with their body appearance compared to sedentary peers. Of the gymnasts, 30% did not have a preworkout meal regularly, and the timing of the consumption was variable. Bone resorption was decreased by the HCM, consumed 90 min before the training, with respect to the HPM. The study suggests that playing artistic gymnastics is associated with a positive body self-perception in a child. The variability in preworkout meal frequency and timing need attention to prevent inadequate eating habits in light of the ability of the HCM to reduce acute bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Amato
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (A.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Gaetano Felice Caldara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelina Alongi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.F.C.); (A.A.); (V.F.)
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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The role of body appreciation, weight bias internalization, and disordered eating behaviors among presurgical bariatric patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 17:1000-1007. [PMID: 33549507 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body appreciation and internalized weight bias have consistently been associated with eating behaviors. However, research has yet to examine the role of these variables among presurgical bariatric patients. OBJECTIVES The present study sought to assess the relationships between body appreciation and weight bias internalization, binge eating, disinhibited eating, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among a sample of presurgical bariatric patients. The study also sought to examine the extent to which body appreciation and weight bias internalization account for unique variance in disordered eating even when controlling for depression and anxiety. SETTING Academic medical center in the United States. METHODS Data were collected on body appreciation, weight bias internalization, eating behaviors, depression, and anxiety as part of a standard presurgical psychological evaluation for bariatric surgery (n = 319). Pearson correlations were used to assess relationships between all study variables. Multiple regressions were conducted to assess the roles of body appreciation and weight bias internalization on disordered eating. RESULTS Significant associations were found between low levels of body appreciation and high levels of weight bias internalization, disordered eating, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results indicated that body appreciation and weight bias internalization each significantly accounted for unique variance in symptoms of binge eating and disinhibited eating. Depressive symptoms were also statistically significant in all analyses. CONCLUSION Findings indicate the importance of conducting future positive body image research, as well as continuing to examine weight-related constructs, such as internalized weight bias, among bariatric surgery patients.
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Confirmatory factor analyses of the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and Functionality Appreciation Scale among LGBQ adults. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Gender-Typed Sport Practice, Physical Self-Perceptions, and Performance-Related Emotions in Adolescent Girls. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Youth sport experience provides opportunities for physical, personal, and social development in youngsters. Sport is a social system in which socially constructed gender differences and stereotypes are incorporated, and specific sport activities are often perceived as gender characterized. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between some salient physical and emotional self-perceptions and the type of sport practiced. A sample of 261 female athletes, aged 14–21 years (Mage = 15.59, SD = 2.00), practicing different sports, categorized as feminine (e.g., artistic and rhythmic gymnastics), masculine (e.g., soccer and rugby), or neutral (e.g., track and field and tennis), took part in a cross-sectional study. Significant differences were observed between aesthetic sports and other types of sports. Athletes involved in aesthetic sports reported the lowest values in their feelings of confidence and the highest values in feelings of worry related to competition. This may be attributed to the evaluation system of aesthetic sports, in which the athlete’s performance is evaluated by a jury. At the same time, they reported low values of dysfunctional psychobiosocial states associated with their general sport experience, likely because of their physical appearance close to the current body social standards for girls. Notwithstanding the differences by type of sport, athletes of all disciplines reported high mean values of functional psychobiosocial states, suggesting that their overall sporting experience was good.
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He J, Sun S, Lin Z, Fan X. The association between body appreciation and body mass index among males and females: A meta-analysis. Body Image 2020; 34:10-26. [PMID: 32505864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, a number of studies have reported an association between body appreciation and body mass index (BMI), but the findings are not consistent. Using a meta-analytic approach, the current study aimed to clarify this association as well as to explore what factors might have contributed to the inconsistency across previous studies. By searching and screening potential studies published up to June 2019 in four databases, we identified 26 articles that reported an association between body appreciation and BMI among males, and 59 articles among females. Under a random-effects model, among males the overall estimate of the association between body appreciation and BMI was negative and small, with the pooled r = -.20 (95 % CI: -.25, -.14) and an adjusted (for publication bias) pooled r = -.11 (95 % CI: -.16, -.06). Among females, the overall estimate of the association was negative and small (but close to moderate), with r = -.27 (95 % CI: -.30, -.24). A mixed-effects model identified several moderators that contributed to the inconsistency across previous studies. These results indicate that the overall negative association between body appreciation and BMI is weak among males, and slightly larger among females. Potential explanations, implications, and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaojing Sun
- School of Journalism, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xitao Fan
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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