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Pastor FM, de Melo Ocarino N, Silva JF, Reis AMS, Serakides R. Bone development in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction caused by maternal endocrine-metabolic dysfunctions. Bone 2024; 186:117169. [PMID: 38880170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects a large proportion of infants, particularly in underdeveloped countries. Among the main causes of IUGR, maternal endocrine-metabolic dysfunction is highlighted, either due to its high incidence or due to the severity of the immediate and mediated changes that these dysfunctions cause in the fetus and the mother. Although the effects of endocrine and metabolic disorders have been widely researched, there are still no reviews that bring together and summarize the effects of these conditions on bone development in cases of IUGR. Therefore, the present literature review was conducted with the aim of discussing bone changes observed in fetuses with IUGR caused by maternal endocrine-metabolic dysfunction. The main endocrine dysfunctions that occur with IUGR include maternal hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism. Diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, and obesity are the most important maternal metabolic dysfunctions that compromise fetal growth. The bone changes reported in the fetus are, for the most part, due to damage to cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as failures in the synthesis and mineralization of the extracellular matrix, which results in shortening and fragility of the bones. Some maternal dysfunctions, such as hyperthyroidism, have been widely studied, whereas conditions such as hypoparathyroidism and gestational hypertensive disorders require further study regarding the mechanisms underlying the development of bone changes. Similarly, there is a gap in the literature regarding changes related to intramembranous ossification, as most published articles only describe changes in endochondral bone formation associated with IUGR. Furthermore, there is a need for more research aimed at elucidating the late postnatal changes that occur in the skeletons of individuals affected by IUGR and their possible relationships with adult diseases, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Martins Pastor
- Departamento de Cínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália de Melo Ocarino
- Departamento de Cínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Amanda Maria Sena Reis
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Departamento de Cínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Hidalgo-Álvarez J, Salas-Lucia F, Vera Cruz D, Fonseca TL, Bianco AC. Localized T3 production modifies the transcriptome and promotes the hepatocyte-like lineage in iPSC-derived hepatic organoids. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173780. [PMID: 37856222 PMCID: PMC10795825 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) levels are low during development, and the deiodinases control TH signaling through tissue-specific activation or inactivation of TH. Here, we studied human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) hepatic organoids and identified a robust induction of DIO2 expression (the deiodinase that activates T4 to T3) that occurs in hepatoblasts. The surge in DIO2-T3 (the deiodinase that activates thyroxine [T4] to triiodothyronine [T3]) persists until the hepatoblasts differentiate into hepatocyte- or cholangiocyte-like cells, neither of which expresses DIO2. Preventing the induction of the DIO2-T3 signaling modified the expression of key transcription factors, decreased the number of hepatocyte-like cells by ~60%, and increased the number of cholangiocyte-like cells by ~55% without affecting the growth or the size of the mature liver organoid. Physiological levels of T3 could not fully restore the transition from hepatoblasts to mature cells. This indicates that the timed surge in DIO2-T3 signaling critically determines the fate of developing human hepatoblasts and the transcriptome of the maturing hepatocytes, with physiological and clinical implications for how the liver handles energy substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Vera Cruz
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and
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Chen H, Pang Y, Wei Y, He X, Zhang Y, Xie L. Nitrate and sodium nitroprusside alter the development of Asian black-spined toads' embryos by inducing nitric oxide production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23060-23069. [PMID: 36318412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is the most stable and abundant form of inorganic nitrogen in water. However, owing to human activities, the nitrate concentration in aquatic ecosystems has notably increased worldwide. One of the mechanisms underlying nitrate toxicity in vertebrates includes the functional inhibition of the sodium iodide symporter, resulting in thyroid dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to determine the alternative mechanisms underlying the toxicological effects of nitrates on the Asian black-spined toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Embryos of D. melanostictus were exposed to sodium nitroprusside (SNP, positive control) or 100 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) for 184 h. We observed that both SNP and NO3-N significantly decreased body mass and length and delayed developmental processes. Teratogenic symptoms, including tumors, hyperplasia, and abdominal edema, were also observed in embryos exposed to SNP and NO3-N. Furthermore, SNP and NO3-N significantly increased nitric oxide levels in the embryos, altering the thyroid hormone, nitrogen, cytochrome P450-mediated drug, and xenobiotic metabolism signaling pathways, as well as the pathway involved in chemical carcinogenesis. The similar toxicological effects of SNP and NO3-N suggested that nitrate toxicity resulted from the generation of nitric oxide. Therefore, the present study provides insights into an alternative mechanism underpinning nitrate toxicity, which is useful for the conservation of amphibians in nitrate-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuting Pang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yunqi Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xinni He
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yongpu Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Lei Xie
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Phenotypic effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism on SSC7 on fetal outcomes in PRRSV-2 infected gilts. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bundy JA, Yang JT, Morscher MA, Steiner RP, Adamczyk MJ, Weiner DS, Jacquet RD, Landis WJ. Induced hypothyroidism alters articular cartilage in skeletally immature miniature swine. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:643-657. [PMID: 33073630 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1839436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Thyroid hormone has been implicated in the normal growth and development of articular cartilage; however, its effect on a disease state, such as hypothyroidism, is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to compare normal articular cartilage from proximal femurs of immature miniature swine to proximal femurs from hypothyroid-induced immature miniature swine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two 11-week-old male Sinclair miniature swine were made hypothyroid by administration of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in their drinking water; two control animals did not receive PTU. At 25 weeks of age, the animals were euthanized and their proximal femurs were fixed and decalcified. Samples were sectioned and analyzed by histology to define extracellular matrix (ECM) structure, immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify types II and X collagen, and histomorphometry to assess articular cartilage mean total and localized height and cell density. Statistics included nested mixed-effects ANOVA with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Compared to controls, hypothyroid articular cartilage demonstrated statistically significant quantitative differences in mean tissue height, mean cell density and type II collagen localized zone height. Qualitative differences in ECM proteoglycans and overall collagen types were also found. Type X collagen was not detected in either hypothyroid or control articular cartilage specimens. CONCLUSIONS Significant changes in articular cartilage structure in hypothyroid compared to control immature miniature swine suggest that thyroid hormone is critical in the growth and development of articular cartilage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding articular cartilage development in immature animal models may provide insight into healing or repair of degenerative human articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Bundy
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julianne T Yang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stark Women's Center, Canton, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Adamczyk
- Department of Orthopedics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Dennis S Weiner
- Department of Orthopedics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Robin DiFeo Jacquet
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - William J Landis
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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Vrachnis N, Tsonis O, Vrachnis D, Antonakopoulos N, Paltoglou G, Barbounaki S, Mastorakos G, Paschopoulos M, Iliodromiti Z. The Effect of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Antithyroid Drugs on Fetal Thyroid Function. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:454. [PMID: 34071168 PMCID: PMC8228147 DOI: 10.3390/children8060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A euthyroid pregnant woman will normally have a fetus that displays normal fetal development. However, studies have long demonstrated the role of T3 (Triiodothyronine), T4 (Thyroxine), and TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) and their degree of penetrability into the fetal circulation. Maternal thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) crosses the placental site and, from mid-gestation onward, is able to promote fetal TSH secretion. Its origin is not only hypothalamic, as was believed until recently. The maternal pancreas, and other extraneural and extrahypothalamic organs, can produce TRH variants, which are transported through the placenta affecting, to a degree, fetal thyroid function. Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) also cross the placenta and, because of their therapeutic actions, can affect fetal thyroid development, leading in some cases to adverse outcomes. Furthermore, there are a number of TRH analogues that share the same properties as the endogenous hormone. Thus, in this narrative review, we highlight the interaction of all the above with fetal growth in uncomplicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Vrachnis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
- Vascular Biology, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Orestis Tsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ioannina Medical School, University Hospital of Ioannina, 455 00 Ioannina, Greece; (O.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Dionisios Vrachnis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Antonakopoulos
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Paltoglou
- Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | | | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece; (G.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Minas Paschopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ioannina Medical School, University Hospital of Ioannina, 455 00 Ioannina, Greece; (O.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Zoi Iliodromiti
- Department of Neonatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
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Bilici G, Ural C, Saçik U, Çavdar Z, Erbil G. The effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on placental Hofbauer cells of pregnant rats. Biotech Histochem 2021; 97:126-135. [PMID: 33845696 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1912828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of maternal thyroid disorders on Hofbauer cells of both the placenta and the fetus in pregnant rats. We divided 21 rats into three groups: control group, induced hypothyroidism (hypo) group and induced hyperthyroidism (hyper) group. Hypothyroidism was induced using propylthiouracil and hyperthyroidism was induced using L-thyroxine. We measured maternal weight, maternal free thyroxine, fetal weight, fetal viability and placental morphology. At the end of the experiment, fetuses of the hypo and hyper groups were less developed than those of the control group. In the hypo and hyper groups, the thickness of the labyrinth zone was decreased, but thickness of the basal zone and decidua basalis was increased. The number of Hofbauer cells was increased in both the hypo and hyper groups. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression was increased in both the hypo and hyper groups compared to controls. Our findings indicate that maternal thyroid disorders exert a negative effect on fetal growth and placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Bilici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cemre Ural
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Uygar Saçik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zahide Çavdar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güven Erbil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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Nie X, Xu Y, Shen Y, Wang Y, Ma X, Bao Y. Suppressing Effect of Free Triiodothyronine on the Negative Association between Body Mass Index and Serum Osteocalcin Levels in Euthyroid Population. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:6624516. [PMID: 33628237 PMCID: PMC7884131 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6624516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies found that thyroid hormones stimulate osteoblast-like cells to secrete osteocalcin. We aimed to investigate the association between serum thyroid hormone and serum osteocalcin in euthyroid population. The study recruited 1152 community-based euthyroid subjects (average age 59 ± 8 years), among whom 677 were women. Serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and osteocalcin were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. After adjusting for age and gender, partial correlation analysis showed that FT3 and FT3/FT4 were both positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and serum osteocalcin levels (all P < 0.05) and BMI was negatively correlated with serum osteocalcin levels (P < 0.01), while FT4 and TSH were not correlated with serum osteocalcin levels (all P > 0.05). Age, gender, blood pressure, thyroid hormones, and multiple metabolic risk factors were included in the ridge regression model. FT3 and FT3/FT4 were independently and positively associated with serum osteocalcin levels (all P < 0.05), while BMI was independently and negatively associated with serum osteocalcin levels (P < 0.01). The mediating effect model showed that FT3 and FT3/FT4 suppressed the negative association between BMI and serum osteocalcin levels, with suppressing effects of 6.41% and 10.39%, respectively. In euthyroid subjects, both FT3 and FT3/FT4 were positively associated with serum osteocalcin levels, and they further suppressed the negative association between BMI and serum osteocalcin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Nie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai 200233, China
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Lademann F, Tsourdi E, Rijntjes E, Köhrle J, Hofbauer LC, Heuer H, Rauner M. Lack of the Thyroid Hormone Transporter Mct8 in Osteoblast and Osteoclast Progenitors Increases Trabecular Bone in Male Mice. Thyroid 2020; 30:329-342. [PMID: 31910109 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bone is an important target of thyroid hormones (THs), which require transport into target cells to exert their actions. Recently, the TH-specific monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) was reported as a regulator of bone mass in male mice. However, its global deletion leads to high 3,3',5-L-triiodothyronine (T3) serum concentrations that may mask direct effects of Mct8-deficiency on bone. In this study, we assessed the bone cell intrinsic function of Mct8 ex vivo and in vivo using conditional Mct8-knockout lines specifically targeting osteoclast and osteoblast progenitors, as well as mature osteoblasts and osteocytes. Materials and Methods: Twelve-week-old male mice with a global Mct8-deficiency or a conditional Mct8-knockout in osteoclast precursors, osteoprogenitors, or mature osteoblasts/osteocytes were analyzed regarding their bone microarchitecture, turnover, and strength. Furthermore, ex vivo studies were conducted to investigate the role of Mct8 in bone cell differentiation and functionality, as well as TH uptake. Results: Global Mct8-knockout mice demonstrated 1.7-fold higher T3 serum concentrations and trabecular bone loss (-28%) likely due to an increased bone turnover as shown by increased osteoblast (+45%) and osteoclast numbers (+41%). However, cortical bone mineral density was increased. Ex vivo cultures of bone marrow-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts revealed highest expression of Mct8 in mature bone cells. In addition, Mct8-deficiency resulted in a lower mRNA expression of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation markers, as well as a reduced mineralization capacity and osteoclast numbers, respectively, indicating a bone cell intrinsic role of Mct8. In fact, conditional Mct8-knockout and inhibition of Mct8 in osteoblasts led to an attenuated T3 uptake ex vivo. In vivo, osteoprogenitor-specific Mct8-knockout enhanced trabecular bone volume (+16%) with osteoblast numbers being increased 3.7 fold. Interestingly, Mct8-deficiency in osteoprogenitors and late osteoblasts/osteocytes both resulted in cortical bone loss. Finally, Mct8-deletion in osteoclast progenitors increased trabecular bone volume (+20%) due to reduced osteoclast numbers (-32%), whereas osteoblast numbers were enhanced (+25%). Conclusions: This study confirms that high systemic T3 in global Mct8-knockout mice masks the direct effect of Mct8. Moreover, it identifies Mct8 as a critical regulator of trabecular vs. cortical bone by regulating T3 uptake and highlights its cell intrinsic role in osteoclast and osteoblast progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lademann
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Tsourdi
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Lademann F, Tsourdi E, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Thyroid Hormone Actions and Bone Remodeling – The Role of the
Wnt Signaling Pathway. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:450-454. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1088-1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThyroid hormones are indispensable for bone development and growth. Also in
adults, bone mass maintenance is under the control of thyroid hormones.
Preclinical and clinical studies established untreated hyperthyroidism as a
cause for secondary osteoporosis with increased fracture risk. Thus, normal
thyroid function is essential for bone health. Mechanistically, thyroid hormone
excess accelerates bone turnover with predominant bone resorption. How thyroid
hormones affect osteoblast and osteoclast functions, however, still remains
ill-defined. The Wnt signaling pathway is a major determinant of bone mass and
strength as it promotes osteoblastogenesis and bone formation, while inhibiting
bone resorption. So far, only few studies investigated a possible link between
thyroid hormones, bone metabolism and the Wnt pathway. In this review, we
summarize the literature linking thyroid hormones to bone homeostasis through
Wnt signaling and discuss its potential as a therapeutic approach to treat
hyperthyroidism-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lademann
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische
Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Tsourdi
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische
Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische
Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische
Universität Dresden, Germany
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11
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Xie L, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Chai L, Li X, Wang H. Effects of nitrate on development and thyroid hormone signaling pathway during Bufo gargarizans embryogenesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:227-238. [PMID: 31260863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is known to disrupt the thyroid hormone, which is essential for the metamorphosis of amphibians. However, few studies are focused on the effects of nitrate on the maternal thyroid hormone in early amphibian embryos. We aimed to determine the impact of nitrate on maternal thyroid hormone signaling pathway in Bufo gargarizans embryos. B. gargarizans embryos were exposed to different concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) for 7 days. High concentration of NO3-N (50, 100, and 200 mg/L) could induce embryonic malformation and influence the development of embryos. In addition, maternal T4 and components of the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling pathway were detected by ELISA and RNA-seq, respectively. The expression levels of mRNA related to thyroid hormone and oxidative stress were affected in the early developing embryos in all NO3-N treatment groups. However, the T4 levels and the spatial expression patterns of type II iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), type III iodothyronine deiodinase (D3), thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα), and thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) mRNA were not changed by nitrate. In conclusion, the results of our study highlight the crucial role of the maternal thyroid hormone signaling pathway in normal embryonic development, and the adverse effects of nitrate on the expression levels of mRNA related to thyroid hormone signaling pathway and oxidative stress in B. gargarizans embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China; College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Pharmacological exposures may precipitate craniosynostosis through targeted stem cell depletion. Stem Cell Res 2019; 40:101528. [PMID: 31415959 PMCID: PMC6915957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Birth Defects Study suggests that environmental exposures including maternal thyroid diseases, maternal nicotine use, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may exacerbate incidence and or severity of craniofacial abnormalities including craniosynostosis. Premature fusion of a suture(s) of the skull defines the birth defect craniosynostosis which occurs in 1:1800–2500 births. A proposed mechanism of craniosynostosis is the disruption of proliferation and differentiation of cells in the perisutural area. Here, we hypothesize that pharmacological exposures including excess thyroid hormone, nicotine, and SSRIs lead to an alteration of stem cells within the sutures resulting in premature fusion. In utero exposure to nicotine and citalopram (SSRI) increased the risk of premature suture fusion in a wild-type murine model. Gli1+ stem cells were reduced, stem cell populations were depleted, and homeostasis of the suture mesenchyme was altered with exposure. Thus, although these pharmacological exposures can deplete calvarial stem cell populations leading to craniosynostosis, depletion of stem cells is not a unifying mechanism for pharmacological exposure associated craniosynostosis.
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Kilanowicz A, Sitarek K, Stragierowicz J, Klimczak M, Bruchajzer E. Prenatal toxicity and maternal-fetal distribution of 1,3,5,8-tetrachloronaphthalene (1,3,5,8-TeCN) in Wistar rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:75-84. [PMID: 30921639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1,3,5,8-tetrachloronaphthalene (1,3,5,8-TeCN) is a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) that belongs to the group of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The aim of the study was to investigate the maternal-fetal distribution and prenatal toxicity of 1,3,5,8-TeCN after its administration to pregnant Wistar rats during organogenesis. Radiolabeled 1,3,5,8-tetrachloronaphthalene-[ring-U-3H] was given by gavage at a dose of 0.3 mg per dam to evaluate its tissue distribution, and that of unlabeled 1,3,5,8-TeCN, at daily doses of 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg kg b.w.-1 to assess prenatal toxicity. After a single administration of 1,3,5,8-TeCN, the highest concentration was detected in maternal adipose tissue. The concentration in the brain, uterus, kidneys, adrenals, ovaries, lungs and liver established in dams were two to nine times higher than in the maternal blood. 1,3,5,8-TeCN penetrated the blood-brain-barrier and the placenta. The results obtained from developmental toxicity indicate that 1,3,5,8-TeCN did not cause maternal toxicity and was not embryotoxic or teratogenic. However, fetotoxic effects were observed after non-toxic doses for dams (1.0 and 3.0 mg∙b.w.-1·day-1). 1,3,5,8-TeCN did not induce congenital skeletal defects but increased the number of fetuses with sternum ossification delay. After a dose of 3.0 mg kg b.w.-1·day-1, significantly more fetuses were found with enlargement of the renal pelvis: unilateral in female offspring and bilateral in male offspring. At the doses used, 1,3,5,8-TeCN, unlike hexachloronaphthalene, was not a CYP1A1 inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Sitarek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Sw. Teresy od Dzieciatka Jezus 8, 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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15
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone has profound effects on skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Here, we review the current literature concerning thyroid hormone action in bone and cartilage in relation to human disease and animal models. We describe state-of-the-art imaging and biomechanical methods used to determine structural and functional parameters in the skeletal phenotyping of mouse models.
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Zaitune CR, Fonseca TL, Capelo LP, Freitas FR, Beber EH, Dora JM, Wang CC, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Nonaka KO, Maia AL, Gouveia CHA. Abnormal Thyroid Hormone Status Differentially Affects Bone Mass Accrual and Bone Strength in C3H/HeJ Mice: A Mouse Model of Type I Deiodinase Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:300. [PMID: 31156551 PMCID: PMC6530334 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice are deficient of type I deiodinase (D1), an enzyme that activates thyroid hormone (TH), converting thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). Nevertheless, C3H mice present normal serum T3 and a gross euthyroid phenotype. To investigate if a global D1 deficiency interferes in the TH effects on bone, we compared bone growth, bone mass accrual and bone strength of C3H and C57BL/6J (B6) mice under abnormal TH status. Four-week-old female mice of both strains were grouped as Euthyroid, Hypothyroid (pharmacologically-induced), 1xT4 and 10xT4 (hypothyroid animals receiving 1- or 10-fold the physiological dose of T4 /day/16 weeks). Hypothyroidism and TH excess similarly impaired body weight (BW) gain and body growth in both mice strains. In contrast, whereas hypothyroidism only slightly impaired bone mineral density (BMD) accrual in B6 mice, it severely impaired BMD accrual in C3H mice. No differences were observed in serum and bone concentrations of T3 between hypothyroid animals of both strains. Interestingly, treatment with 10xT4 was less deleterious to BMD accrual in C3H than in B6 mice and resulted in less elevated T3 serum levels in B6 than in C3H mice, which is probably explained by the lower D1 activity in C3H mice. In addition, hypothyroidism decreased bone strength only in C3H but not in B6 mice, while TH excess decreased this parameter in both strains. These findings indicate that D1 deficiency contributes to the TH excess-induced differences in bone mass accrual in C3H vs. B6 mice and suggest that deiodinase-unrelated genetic factors might account for the different skeleton responses to hypothyroidism between strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R. Zaitune
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Healthy Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chigago, IL, United States
| | - Luciane P. Capelo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fatima R. Freitas
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor) of Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H. Beber
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - José M. Dora
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charles C. Wang
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Manuela Miranda-Rodrigues
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Keico O. Nonaka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana L. Maia
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cecilia H. A. Gouveia
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cecilia H. A. Gouveia
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18
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Gouveia CHA, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Martins GM, Neofiti-Papi B. Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:383-472. [PMID: 29407443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for skeletal development from the late fetal life to the onset of puberty. During this large window of actions, TH has key roles in endochondral and intramembranous ossifications and in the longitudinal bone growth. There is evidence that TH acts directly in skeletal cells but also indirectly, specially via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, to control the linear skeletal growth and maturation. The presence of receptors, plasma membrane transporters, and activating and inactivating enzymes of TH in skeletal cells suggests that direct actions of TH in these cells are crucial for skeletal development, which has been confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies, including mouse genetic studies, and clinical studies in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to dominant-negative mutations in TH receptors. This review examines progress made on understanding the mechanisms by which TH regulates the skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gisele M Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone signaling is customized in a time and cell-specific manner by the deiodinases, homodimeric thioredoxin fold containing selenoproteins. This ensures adequate T3 action in developing tissues, healthy adults and many disease states. D2 activates thyroid hormone by converting the pro-hormone T4 to T3, the biologically active thyroid hormone. D2 expression is tightly regulated by transcriptional mechanisms triggered by endogenous as well as environmental cues. There is also an on/off switch mechanism that controls D2 activity that is triggered by catalysis and functions via D2 ubiquitination/deubiquitination. D3 terminates thyroid hormone action by inactivation of both T4 and T3 molecules. Deiodinases play a role in thyroid hormone homeostasis, development, growth and metabolic control by affecting the intracellular levels of T3 and thus gene expression on a cell-specific basis. In many cases, tight control of these pathways by T3 is achieved with coordinated reciprocal changes in D2-mediated thyroid hormone activation D3-mediated thyroid hormone inactivation.
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20
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Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Development of the Endochondral Skeleton. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:351-381. [PMID: 29407442 PMCID: PMC9830754 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is an established regulator of skeletal growth and maintenance both in clinical studies and in laboratory models. The clinical consequences of altered thyroid status on the skeleton during development and in adulthood are well known, and genetic mouse models in which elements of the TH signaling axis have been manipulated illuminate the mechanisms which underlie TH regulation of the skeleton. TH is involved in the regulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in several skeletal cell types including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. The effects of TH are mediated primarily via the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) α and β, ligand-inducible nuclear receptors which act as transcription factors to regulate target gene expression. Both TRα and TRβ signaling are important for different stages of skeletal development. The molecular mechanisms of TH action in bone are complex and include interaction with a number of growth factor signaling pathways. This review provides an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of TH action in bone, focusing particularly on the role of TH in endochondral bone formation during postnatal growth.
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21
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Leitch VD, Di Cosmo C, Liao XH, O’Boy S, Galliford TM, Evans H, Croucher PI, Boyde A, Dumitrescu A, Weiss RE, Refetoff S, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. An Essential Physiological Role for MCT8 in Bone in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3055-3066. [PMID: 28637283 PMCID: PMC5659673 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T3 is an important regulator of skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Thyroid hormone action requires efficient transport of T4 and T3 into target cells. We hypothesized that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8, encoded by Mct8 on the X-chromosome, is an essential thyroid hormone transporter in bone. To test this hypothesis, we determined the juvenile and adult skeletal phenotypes of male Mct8 knockout mice (Mct8KO) and Mct8D1D2KO compound mutants, which additionally lack the ability to convert the prohormone T4 to the active hormone T3. Prenatal skeletal development was normal in both Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice, whereas postnatal endochondral ossification and linear growth were delayed in both Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice. Furthermore, bone mass and mineralization were decreased in adult Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice, and compound mutants also had reduced bone strength. Delayed bone development and maturation in Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice is consistent with decreased thyroid hormone action in growth plate chondrocytes despite elevated serum T3 concentrations, whereas low bone mass and osteoporosis reflects increased thyroid hormone action in adult bone due to elevated systemic T3 levels. These studies identify an essential physiological requirement for MCT8 in chondrocytes, and demonstrate a role for additional transporters in other skeletal cells during adult bone maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D. Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Di Cosmo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Sam O’Boy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Galliford
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter I. Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alan Boyde
- Queen Mary University of London, Oral Growth and Development, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roy E. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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22
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Durham E, Howie RN, Parsons T, Bennfors G, Black L, Weinberg SM, Elsalanty M, Yu JC, Cray JJ. Thyroxine Exposure Effects on the Cranial Base. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 101:300-311. [PMID: 28391432 PMCID: PMC5545063 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is important for skull bone growth, which primarily occurs at the cranial sutures and synchondroses. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and act in all stages of cartilage and bone development and maintenance by interacting with growth hormone and regulating insulin-like growth factor. Aberrant thyroid hormone levels and exposure during development are exogenous factors that may exacerbate susceptibility to craniofacial abnormalities potentially through changes in growth at the synchondroses of the cranial base. To elucidate the direct effect of in utero therapeutic thyroxine exposure on the synchondroses in developing mice, we provided scaled doses of the thyroid replacement drug, levothyroxine, in drinking water to pregnant C57BL6 wild-type dams. The skulls of resulting pups were subjected to micro-computed tomography analysis revealing less bone volume relative to tissue volume in the synchondroses of mouse pups exposed in utero to levothyroxine. Histological assessment of the cranial base area indicated more active synchondroses as measured by metabolic factors including Igf1. The cranial base of the pups exposed to high levels of levothyroxine also contained more collagen fiber matrix and an increase in markers of bone formation. Such changes due to exposure to exogenous thyroid hormone may drive overall morphological changes. Thus, excess thyroid hormone exposure to the fetus during pregnancy may lead to altered craniofacial growth and increased risk of anomalies in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BS 230B, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BS 230B, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Trish Parsons
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Grace Bennfors
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BS 230B, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Laurel Black
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BS 230B, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Departments of Oral Biology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Orthopaedic Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jack C Yu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BS 230B, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Effects of In Utero Thyroxine Exposure on Murine Cranial Suture Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167805. [PMID: 27959899 PMCID: PMC5154521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large scale surveillance studies, case studies, as well as cohort studies have identified the influence of thyroid hormones on calvarial growth and development. Surveillance data suggests maternal thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism with pharmacological replacement, and Maternal Graves Disease) are linked to as much as a 2.5 fold increased risk for craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of one or more calvarial growth sites (sutures) prior to the completion of brain expansion. Thyroid hormones maintain proper bone mineral densities by interacting with growth hormone and aiding in the regulation of insulin like growth factors (IGFs). Disruption of this hormonal control of bone physiology may lead to altered bone dynamics thereby increasing the risk for craniosynostosis. In order to elucidate the effect of exogenous thyroxine exposure on cranial suture growth and morphology, wild type C57BL6 mouse litters were exposed to thyroxine in utero (control = no treatment; low ~167 ng per day; high ~667 ng per day). Thyroxine exposed mice demonstrated craniofacial dysmorphology (brachycranic). High dose exposed mice showed diminished area of the coronal and widening of the sagittal sutures indicative of premature fusion and compensatory growth. Presence of thyroid receptors was confirmed for the murine cranial suture and markers of proliferation and osteogenesis were increased in sutures from exposed mice. Increased Htra1 and Igf1 gene expression were found in sutures from high dose exposed individuals. Pathways related to the HTRA1/IGF axis, specifically Akt and Wnt, demonstrated evidence of increased activity. Overall our data suggest that maternal exogenous thyroxine exposure can drive calvarial growth alterations and altered suture morphology.
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1387-428. [PMID: 27347897 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone (TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), which acts at the thyroid to stimulate all steps of TH biosynthesis and secretion. The THs thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control the secretion of TRH and TSH by negative feedback to maintain physiological levels of the main hormones of the HPT axis. Reduction of circulating TH levels due to primary thyroid failure results in increased TRH and TSH production, whereas the opposite occurs when circulating THs are in excess. Other neural, humoral, and local factors modulate the HPT axis and, in specific situations, determine alterations in the physiological function of the axis. The roles of THs are vital to nervous system development, linear growth, energetic metabolism, and thermogenesis. THs also regulate the hepatic metabolism of nutrients, fluid balance and the cardiovascular system. In cells, TH actions are mediated mainly by nuclear TH receptors (210), which modify gene expression. T3 is the preferred ligand of THR, whereas T4, the serum concentration of which is 100-fold higher than that of T3, undergoes extra-thyroidal conversion to T3. This conversion is catalyzed by 5'-deiodinases (D1 and D2), which are TH-activating enzymes. T4 can also be inactivated by conversion to reverse T3, which has very low affinity for THR, by 5-deiodinase (D3). The regulation of deiodinases, particularly D2, and TH transporters at the cell membrane control T3 availability, which is fundamental for TH action. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1387-1428, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria I Chiamolera
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fredic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Abstract
The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone turnover and maintenance. Thyrotoxicosis is an established cause of secondary osteoporosis, and abnormal thyroid hormone signaling has recently been identified as a novel risk factor for osteoarthritis. Skeletal phenotypes in genetically modified mice have faithfully reproduced genetic disorders in humans, revealing the complex physiological relationship between centrally regulated thyroid status and the peripheral actions of thyroid hormones. Studies in mutant mice also established the paradigm that T3 exerts anabolic actions during growth and catabolic effects on adult bone. Thus, the skeleton represents an ideal physiological system in which to characterize thyroid hormone transport, metabolism, and action during development and adulthood and in response to injury. Future analysis of T3 action in individual skeletal cell lineages will provide new insights into cell-specific molecular mechanisms and may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets for chronic degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Darras VM, Houbrechts AM, Van Herck SL. Intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism as a local regulator of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor-mediated impact on vertebrate development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Fonseca TL, Teixeira MBCG, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Silva MV, Martins GM, Costa CC, Arita DY, Perez JD, Casarini DE, Brum PC, Gouveia CHA. Thyroid hormone interacts with the sympathetic nervous system to modulate bone mass and structure in young adult mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E408-18. [PMID: 25005498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00643.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether thyroid hormone (TH) interacts with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to modulate bone mass and structure, we studied the effects of daily T3 treatment in a supraphysiological dose for 12 wk on the bone of young adult mice with chronic sympathetic hyperactivity owing to double-gene disruption of adrenoceptors that negatively regulate norepinephrine release, α(2A)-AR, and α(2C)-AR (α(2A/2C)-AR(-/-) mice). As expected, T3 treatment caused a generalized decrease in the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of WT mice (determined by DEXA), followed by deleterious effects on the trabecular and cortical bone microstructural parameters (determined by μCT) of the femur and vertebra and on the biomechanical properties (maximum load, ultimate load, and stiffness) of the femur. Surprisingly, α(2A/2C)-AR(-/-) mice were resistant to most of these T3-induced negative effects. Interestingly, the mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin, a protein that limits osteoclast activity, was upregulated and downregulated by T3 in the bone of α(2A/2C)-AR(-/-) and WT mice, respectively. β1-AR mRNA expression and IGF-I serum levels, which exert bone anabolic effects, were increased by T3 treatment only in α(2A/2C)-AR(-/-) mice. As expected, T3 inhibited the cell growth of calvaria-derived osteoblasts isolated from WT mice, but this effect was abolished or reverted in cells isolated from KO mice. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis of a TH-SNS interaction to control bone mass and structure of young adult mice and suggests that this interaction may involve α2-AR signaling. Finally, the present findings offer new insights into the mechanisms through which TH regulates bone mass, structure, and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana L Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia B C G Teixeira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos V Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele M Martins
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Costa
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Y Arita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Juliana D Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Renal Division, Federal University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
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Exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of brominated flame retardants affects fetal development in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology 2014; 320:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Tank JC, Weiner DS, Jacquet R, Childs D, Ritzman TF, Horne WI, Steiner R, Morscher MA, Landis WJ. The effects of hypothyroidism on the proximal femoral physis in miniature swine. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1986-91. [PMID: 24038610 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As a potential means of comparing hypothyroidism in humans, this work intended to establish a defined hypothyroid state in immature miniature swine and evaluate specific molecular, cellular, and extracellular responses of their growth plates. Two male, 11-week-old Sinclair miniature swine were given 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in their water and two other like animals (controls) were provided water without PTU. Blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxin (T4) were monitored weekly. At 25 weeks of age, the hind limb proximal femoral physes were harvested and divided into portions for histology and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Compared to controls, swine administered PTU exhibited increased TSH and decreased T3 and T4 serum levels during the study period, features consistent with a hypothyroid state. Compared to controls, hypothyroid swine exhibited structurally altered physes and demonstrated significantly decreased gene expression of aggrecan (p < 0.05) and type X collagen (p ≤ 0.1). This is the first hypothyroid model established in miniature swine and represents a potentially important advance for understanding the condition in humans, in which, like this swine model, there are changes critical to growth plate molecular biology, biochemistry and structure.
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Kim HY, Mohan S. Role and Mechanisms of Actions of Thyroid Hormone on the Skeletal Development. Bone Res 2013; 1:146-61. [PMID: 26273499 DOI: 10.4248/br201302004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the thyroid hormone axis in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance has been well established from clinical studies involving patients with mutations in proteins that regulate synthesis and/or actions of thyroid hormone. Data from genetic mouse models involving disruption and overexpression of components of the thyroid hormone axis also provide direct support for a key role for thyroid hormone in the regulation of bone metabolism. Thyroid hormone regulates proliferation and/or differentiated actions of multiple cell types in bone including chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Thyroid hormone effects on the target cells are mediated via ligand-inducible nuclear receptors/transcription factors, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α and β, of which TRα seems to be critically important in regulating bone cell functions. In terms of mechanisms for thyroid hormone action, studies suggest that thyroid hormone regulates a number of key growth factor signaling pathways including insulin-like growth factor-I, parathyroid hormone related protein, fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog and Wnt to influence skeletal growth. In this review we describe findings from various genetic mouse models and clinical mutations of thyroid hormone signaling related mutations in humans that pertain to the role and mechanism of action of thyroid hormone in the regulation of skeletal growth and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Kim
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA ; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital , Gunpo, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA ; Departments of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Vicente WS, dos Reis LM, Graciolli RG, Graciolli FG, Dominguez WV, Wang CC, Fonseca TL, Velosa AP, Roschel H, Teodoro WR, Gualano B, Jorgetti V. Bone plasticity in response to exercise is sex-dependent in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64725. [PMID: 23741378 PMCID: PMC3669412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the potential sexual dimorphism of bone in response to exercise. METHODS Young male and female Wistar rats were either submitted to 12 weeks of exercise or remained sedentary. The training load was adjusted at the mid-trial (week 6) by the maximal speed test. A mechanical test was performed to measure the maximal force, resilience, stiffness, and fracture load. The bone structure, formation, and resorption were obtained by histomorphometric analyses. Type I collagen (COL I) mRNA expression and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS The male and female trained rats significantly improved their maximum speed during the maximal exercise test (main effect of training; p<0.0001). The male rats were significantly heavier than the females, irrespective of training (main effect of sex; p<0.0001). Similarly, both the weight and length of the femur were greater for the male rats when compared with the females (main effect of sex; p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). The trabecular volume was positively affected by exercise in male and female rats (main effect of training; p = 0.001), whereas the trabecular thickness, resilience, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate increased only in the trained males (within-sex comparison; p<0.05 for all parameters), demonstrating the sexual dimorphism in response to exercise. Accordingly, the number of osteocytes increased significantly only in the trained males (within-sex comparison; p<0.05). Pearson's correlation analyses revealed that the COL I mRNA expression and TRAP mRNA expression were positively and negatively, respectively, related to the parameters of bone remodeling obtained from the histomorphometric analysis (r = 0.59 to 0.85; p<0.05). CONCLUSION Exercise yielded differential adaptations with respect to bone structure, biomechanical proprieties, and molecular signaling in male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner S. Vicente
- Nephrology Division, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciene M. dos Reis
- Nephrology Division, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael G. Graciolli
- Nephrology Division, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner V. Dominguez
- Nephrology Division, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles C. Wang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Velosa
- Rheumatology Division, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Department of Sports, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walcy R. Teodoro
- Rheumatology Division, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Department of Sports, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanda Jorgetti
- Nephrology Division, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Williams GR. Thyroid hormone actions in cartilage and bone. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 2:3-13. [PMID: 24783033 PMCID: PMC3821494 DOI: 10.1159/000345548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert widespread and complex actions in almost all tissues during development, throughout childhood and in adults. The skeleton is an important T3-target tissue that exemplifies these processes, and yet understanding of the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of T3 action in bone and cartilage remains incomplete. Here, the skeleton is considered as a T3-target tissue. The actions of thyroid hormones during skeletal development and in chondrocytes and growth plate cartilage during post-natal linear growth are outlined. The physiological importance of these actions are discussed in relation to patients with autosomal dominant mutations in genes encoding the thyroid hormone receptors TRα1 and TRβ, and in mice harbouring deletions or mutations of the orthologous genes. The role of thyroid hormones and the control of T3 action in bone turnover and maintenance are also outlined, and T3 action in bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts discussed. The physiological and functional consequences of T3 action in bone are considered in relation to mutant mouse models and to effects on bone mineral density and fracture susceptibility in humans. Finally, new studies identifying a putative role for thyroid hormone metabolism in articular cartilage maintenance and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis are considered. The pharmacological context of these new findings is discussed, emphasising the importance of this emerging field of study in thyroid hormone pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Wojcicka A, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Mechanisms of action of thyroid hormones in the skeleton. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3979-86. [PMID: 22634735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones regulate skeletal development, acquisition of peak bone mass and adult bone maintenance. Abnormal thyroid status during childhood disrupts bone maturation and linear growth, while in adulthood it results in altered bone remodeling and an increased risk of fracture SCOPE OF REVIEW This review considers the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in the skeleton. Human clinical and population data are discussed in relation to the skeletal phenotypes of a series of genetically modified mouse models of disrupted thyroid hormone signaling. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Euthyroid status is essential for normal bone development and maintenance. Major thyroid hormone actions in skeletal cells are mediated by thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) and result in anabolic responses during growth and development but catabolic effects in adulthood. These homeostatic responses to thyroid hormone are locally regulated in individual skeletal cell types by the relative activities of the type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases, which control the supply of the active thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3) to its receptor. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Population studies indicate that both thyroid hormone deficiency and excess are associated with an increased risk of fracture. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of T3 action in skeletal cells will lead to the identification of new targets to regulate bone turnover and mineralization in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wojcicka
- The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ul.Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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Waung JA, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Thyroid hormone metabolism in skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:155-62. [PMID: 22169753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of thyroid hormones by the type 2 and type 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (D2, D3) in T3-responsive target cells is a sophisticated mechanism that helps to maintain local T3 concentrations and facilitates T3 action in a cell-specific manner that is independent of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations. Recent findings have demonstrated an essential physiological role for the thyroid hormone-activating enzyme D2 in the optimization of bone mineralization and strength. Emerging population studies have also identified the genes encoding D2 and the thyroid hormone-inactivating enzyme D3 as susceptibility loci for osteoarthritis. These new data reveal an essential role for the local control of T3 availability in osteoblasts and chondrocytes during maintenance and repair of bone and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Waung
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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35
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Medina MC, Molina J, Gadea Y, Fachado A, Murillo M, Simovic G, Pileggi A, Hernández A, Edlund H, Bianco AC. The thyroid hormone-inactivating type III deiodinase is expressed in mouse and human beta-cells and its targeted inactivation impairs insulin secretion. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3717-27. [PMID: 21828183 PMCID: PMC3176649 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deiodinases are selenoproteins that activate or inactivate thyroid hormone. During vertebrate development, these pathways control thyroid hormone action in a cell-specific fashion explaining how systemic thyroid hormone can affect local control of tissue embryogenesis. Here we investigated the role of the thyroid hormone-inactivating deiodinase (D3) in pancreatic islet function and glucose homeostasis. D3 expression was determined by real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, and enzyme activity. Embryonic and adult wild-type mice and Mice with targeted disruption of Dio3 gene (D3KO) as well as human fetal pancreas and adult islets were studied. Insulin secretion was evaluated in adult mouse isolated islets. We found Dio3 gene expression and protein highly expressed in embryonic and adult pancreatic islets, predominantly in β-cells in both humans and mice. However, mRNA levels were barely detectable for both the thyroid hormone-activating deiodinases types 1 and 2. D3KO animals were found to be glucose intolerant due to in vitro and in vivo impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, without changes in peripheral sensitivity to insulin. D3KO neonatal (postnatal day 0) and adult pancreas exhibited reduced total islet area due to reduced β-cell mass, insulin content, and impaired expression of key β-cells genes. D3 expression in perinatal pancreatic β-cells prevents untimely exposure to thyroid hormone, the absence of which leads to impaired β-cell function and subsequently insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. An analogous role is likely in humans, given the similar D3 expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayrin C Medina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Arrojo E Drigo R, Bianco AC. Type 2 deiodinase at the crossroads of thyroid hormone action. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1432-41. [PMID: 21679772 PMCID: PMC3163779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone action can be customized on a cell-specific fashion through the controlled action of the deiodinase group of enzymes, which are homodimeric thioredoxin fold containing selenoproteins. Whereas the type II deiodinase (D2) initiates thyroid hormone signaling by activating the pro-hormone thyroxine (T4) to the biologically active T3 molecule, the type III deiodinase (D3) terminates thyroid hormone action by catalyzing the inactivation of both T4 and T3 molecules. Deiodinases play a role in thyroid hormone homeostasis, development, growth and metabolic control by affecting the intracellular levels of T3 and thus gene expression on a cell-specific basis. Whereas both Dio2 and Dio3 are transcriptionally regulated, ubiquitination of D2 is a switch mechanism that controls D2 activity and intracellular T3 production. The hedgehog-inducible WSB-1 and the yeast Doa10 mammalian ortholog TEB4 are two E3 ligases that inactivate D2 via ubiquitination. Inactivation involves disruption of the D2:D2 dimer and can be reversed via two ubiquitin-specific proteases, USP20 and USP33, rescuing catalytic activity and T3 production. The ubiquitin-based switch mechanism that controls D2 activity illustrates how different cell types fine-tune thyroid hormone signaling, making D2 a suitable target for pharmacological intervention. This article reviews the cellular and molecular aspects of D2 regulation and the current models of D2-mediated thyroid hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arrojo E Drigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
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37
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Abstract
Cells are not passive bystanders in the process of hormonal signaling and instead can actively customize hormonal action. Thyroid hormone gains access to the intracellular environment via membrane transporters, and while diffusing from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, thyroid hormone signaling is modified via the action of the deiodinases. Although the type 2 deiodinase (D2) converts the prohormone T(4) to the biologically active T(3), the type 3 deiodinase (D3) converts it to reverse T(3), an inactive metabolite. D3 also inactivates T(3) to T(2), terminating thyroid hormone action. Therefore, D2 confers cells with the capacity to produce extra amounts of T(3) and thus enhances thyroid hormone signaling. In contrast expression of D3 results in the opposite action. The Dio2 and Dio3 genes undergo transcriptional regulation throughout embryonic development, childhood, and adult life. In addition, the D2 protein is unique in that it can be switched off and on via an ubiquitin regulated mechanism, triggered by catalysis of T(4). Induction of D2 enhances local thyroid hormone signaling and energy expenditure during activation of brown adipose tissue by cold exposure or high-fat diet. On the other hand, induction of D3 in myocardium and brain during ischemia and hypoxia decreases energy expenditure as part of a homeostatic mechanism to slow down cell metabolism in the face of limited O(2) supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1400 North West 10th Avenue, Suite 816, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Shields BM, Knight BA, Hill A, Hattersley AT, Vaidya B. Fetal thyroid hormone level at birth is associated with fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E934-8. [PMID: 21411545 PMCID: PMC3100744 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid function is known to play an important role in fetal neurological development, but its role in regulating fetal growth is not well established. Overt maternal and fetal thyroid disorders are associated with reduced birth weight. We hypothesized that, even in the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction, maternal and fetal thyroid function influence fetal growth. AIM In normal, healthy pregnancies, we aimed to assess whether fetal thyroid hormone at birth (as measured in cord blood) is associated with fetal growth. We also aimed to study whether fetal thyroid hormone at birth is associated with maternal thyroid hormone in the third trimester. METHODS In 616 healthy mother-child pairs, TSH, free T(4) (FT4), and free T(3) (FT3) were measured in mothers at 28 wk gestation and in umbilical cord blood at birth. Birth weight, length, head circumference, and tricep and bicep skinfold thicknesses were measured on the babies. RESULTS Cord FT4 was associated with birth weight (r = 0.25; P < 0.001), length (r = 0.17; P < 0.001), and sum of skinfolds (r = 0.19; P < 0.001). There were no associations between birth measurements and either cord TSH or cord FT3. Maternal FT4 and cord FT4 were correlated (r = 0.14; P = 0.0004), and there were weaker negative associations between maternal TSH and cord FT4 (r = -0.08; P = 0.04) and FT3 (r = -0.10; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Associations between cord FT4 and birth size suggest that fetal thyroid function may be important in regulating fetal growth, both of skeletal size and fat. The correlation between third-trimester maternal FT4 and cord FT4 supports the belief that maternal T(4) crosses the placenta even in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley M Shields
- Peninsula National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Facility, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
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39
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Fonseca TL, Jorgetti V, Costa CC, Capelo LP, Covarrubias AE, Moulatlet AC, Teixeira MB, Hesse E, Morethson P, Beber EH, Freitas FR, Wang CC, Nonaka KO, Oliveira R, Casarini DE, Zorn TM, Brum PC, Gouveia CH. Double disruption of α2A- and α2C-adrenoceptors results in sympathetic hyperactivity and high-bone-mass phenotype. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:591-603. [PMID: 20814988 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence demonstrates that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation causes osteopenia via β(2)-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) signaling. Here we show that female mice with chronic sympathetic hyperactivity owing to double knockout of adrenoceptors that negatively regulate norepinephrine release, α(2A)-AR and α(2C)-AR (α(2A) /α(2C)-ARKO), present an unexpected and generalized phenotype of high bone mass with decreased bone resorption and increased formation. In α(2A) /α(2C)-ARKO versus wild-type (WT) mice, micro-computed tomographic (µCT) analysis showed increased, better connected, and more plate-shaped trabeculae in the femur and vertebra and increased cortical thickness in the vertebra, whereas biomechanical analysis showed increased tibial and femoral strength. Tibial mRNA expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), which are osteoclast-related factors, was lower in knockout (KO) mice. Plasma leptin and brain mRNA levels of cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), which are factors that centrally affect bone turnover, and serum levels of estradiol were similar between mice strains. Tibial β(2)-AR mRNA expression also was similar in KO and WT littermates, whereas α(2A)-, α(2B)- and α(2C)-AR mRNAs were detected in the tibia of WT mice and in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. By immunohistochemistry, we detected α(2A)-, α(2B)-, α(2C)- and β(2)-ARs in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes of 18.5-day-old mouse fetuses and 35-day-old mice. Finally, we showed that isolated osteoclasts in culture are responsive to the selective α(2)-AR agonist clonidine and to the nonspecific α-AR antagonist phentolamine. These findings suggest that β(2)-AR is not the single adrenoceptor involved in bone turnover regulation and show that α(2)-AR signaling also may mediate the SNS actions in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana L Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Salgado RM, Favaro RR, Zorn TMT. Modulation of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) expression in the mouse uterus by estradiol and progesterone. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:22. [PMID: 21294898 PMCID: PMC3041739 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that four members of the family of small leucine-rich-proteoglycans (SLRPs) of the extracellular matrix (ECM), named decorin, biglycan, lumican and fibromodulin, are deeply remodeled in mouse uterine tissues along the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. It is known that the combined action of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) orchestrates the estrous cycle and prepares the endometrium for pregnancy, modulating synthesis, deposition and degradation of various molecules. Indeed, we showed that versican, another proteoglycan of the ECM, is under hormonal control in the uterine tissues. METHODS E2 and/or medroxiprogesterone acetate (MPA) were used to demonstrate, by real time PCR and immunoperoxidase staining, respectively, their effects on mRNA expression and protein deposition of these SLRPs, in the uterine tissues. RESULTS Decorin and lumican were constitutively expressed and deposited in the ECM in the absence of the ovarian hormones, whereas deposition of biglycan and fibromodulin were abolished from the uterine ECM in the non-treated group. Interestingly, ovariectomy promoted an increase in decorin, lumican and fibromodulin mRNA levels, while biglycan mRNA conspicuously decreased. Hormone replacement with E2 and/or MPA differentially modulates their expression and deposition. CONCLUSIONS The patterns of expression of these SLRPs in the uterine tissues were found to be hormone-dependent and uterine compartment-related. These results reinforce the existence of subpopulations of endometrial fibroblasts, localized into distinct functional uterine compartments, resembling the organization into basal and functional layers of the human endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato M Salgado
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo R Favaro
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma MT Zorn
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thyroid and bone. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wangemann P, Kim HM, Billings S, Nakaya K, Li X, Singh R, Sharlin DS, Forrest D, Marcus DC, Fong P. Developmental delays consistent with cochlear hypothyroidism contribute to failure to develop hearing in mice lacking Slc26a4/pendrin expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1435-47. [PMID: 19692489 PMCID: PMC2781347 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00011.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of SLC26A4 cause an enlarged vestibular aqueduct, nonsyndromic deafness, and deafness as part of Pendred syndrome. SLC26A4 encodes pendrin, an anion exchanger located in the cochlea, thyroid, and kidney. The goal of the present study was to determine whether developmental delays, possibly mediated by systemic or local hypothyroidism, contribute to the failure to develop hearing in mice lacking Slc26a4 (Slc26a4(-/-)). We evaluated thyroid function by voltage and pH measurements, by array-assisted gene expression analysis, and by determination of plasma thyroxine levels. Cochlear development was evaluated for signs of hypothyroidism by microscopy, in situ hybridization, and quantitative RT-PCR. No differences in plasma thyroxine levels were found in Slc26a4(-/-) and sex-matched Slc26a4(+/-) littermates between postnatal day 5 (P5) and P90. In adult Slc26a4(-/-) mice, the transepithelial potential and the pH of thyroid follicles were reduced. No differences in the expression of genes that participate in thyroid hormone synthesis or ion transport were observed at P15, when plasma thyroxine levels peaked. Scala media of the cochlea was 10-fold enlarged, bulging into and thereby displacing fibrocytes, which express Dio2 to generate a cochlear thyroid hormone peak at P7. Cochlear development, including tunnel opening, arrival of efferent innervation at outer hair cells, endochondral and intramembraneous ossification, and developmental changes in the expression of Dio2, Dio3, and Tectb were delayed by 1-4 days. These data suggest that pendrin functions as a HCO3- transporter in the thyroid, that Slc26a4(-/-) mice are systemically euthyroid, and that delays in cochlear development, possibly due to local hypothyroidism, lead to the failure to develop hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philine Wangemann
- Anatomy and Physiology Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Salgado RM, Capelo LP, Favaro RR, Glazier JD, Aplin JD, Zorn TMT. Hormone-regulated expression and distribution of versican in mouse uterine tissues. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:60. [PMID: 19500372 PMCID: PMC2698856 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodeling of the extracellular matrix is one of the most striking features observed in the uterus during the estrous cycle and after hormone replacement. Versican (VER) is a hyaluronan-binding proteoglycan that undergoes RNA alternative splicing, generating four distinct isoforms. This study analyzed the synthesis and distribution of VER in mouse uterine tissues during the estrous cycle, in ovariectomized (OVX) animals and after 17beta-estradiol (E2) and medroxyprogesterone (MPA) treatments, either alone or in combination. METHODS Uteri from mice in all phases of the estrous cycle, and animals subjected to ovariectomy and hormone replacement were collected for immunoperoxidase staining for versican, as well as PCR and quantitative Real Time PCR. RESULTS In diestrus and proestrus, VER was exclusively expressed in the endometrial stroma. In estrus and metaestrus, VER was present in both endometrial stroma and myometrium. In OVX mice, VER immunoreaction was abolished in all uterine tissues. VER expression was restored by E2, MPA and E2+MPA treatments. Real Time PCR analysis showed that VER expression increases considerably in the MPA-treated group. Analysis of mRNA identified isoforms V0, V1 and V3 in the mouse uterus. CONCLUSION These results show that the expression of versican in uterine tissues is modulated by ovarian steroid hormones, in a tissue-specific manner. VER is induced in the myometrium exclusively by E2, whereas MPA induces VER deposition only in the endometrial stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato M Salgado
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane P Capelo
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo R Favaro
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jocelyn D Glazier
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John D Aplin
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Telma MT Zorn
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Extracellular Matrix Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Beber EH, Capelo LP, Fonseca TL, Costa CC, Lotfi CF, Scanlan TS, Gouveia CHA. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta-selective agonist GC-1 inhibits proliferation but induces differentiation and TR beta mRNA expression in mouse and rat osteoblast-like cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2009; 84:324-33. [PMID: 19280098 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-009-9230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed anabolic effects of GC-1, a triiodothyronine (T3) analogue that is selective for both binding and activation functions of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta1 over TRalpha1, on bone tissue in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the responsiveness of rat (ROS17/2.8) and mouse (MC3T3-E1) osteoblast-like cells to GC-1. As expected, T3 inhibited cellular proliferation and stimulated mRNA expression of osteocalcin or alkaline phosphatase in both cell lineages. Whereas equimolar doses of T3 and GC-1 equally affected these parameters in ROS17/2.8 cells, the effects of GC-1 were more modest compared to those of T3 in MC3T3-E1 cells. Interestingly, we showed that there is higher expression of TRalpha1 than TRbeta1 mRNA in rat (approximately 20-90%) and mouse (approximately 90-98%) cell lineages and that this difference is even higher in mouse cells, which highlights the importance of TRalpha1 to bone physiology and may partially explain the modest effects of GC-1 in comparison with T3 in MC3T3-E1 cells. Nevertheless, we showed that TRbeta1 mRNA expression increases (approximately 2.8- to 4.3-fold) as osteoblastic cells undergo maturation, suggesting a key role of TRbeta1 in mediating T3 effects in the bone forming cells, especially in mature osteoblasts. It is noteworthy that T3 and GC-1 induced TRbeta1 mRNA expression to a similar extent in both cell lineages (approximately 2- to 4-fold), indicating that both ligands may modulate the responsiveness of osteoblasts to T3. Taken together, these data show that TRbeta selective T3 analogues have the potential to directly induce the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo H Beber
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2415, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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Ellis JJ, Eagle KA, Kline-Rogers EM, Erickson SR. Perceived work performance of patients who experienced an acute coronary syndrome event. Cardiology 2005; 104:120-6. [PMID: 16103668 DOI: 10.1159/000087410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe the perceived work performance of patients previously diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to determine the relationship between patient-specific variables and perceived work performance. This cross-sectional study utilized a mailed survey to all patients discharged from a university affiliated hospital with the diagnosis of ACS during a 3-year period. Perceived work performance was measured using the Work Performance Scale (WPS). Independent variables included health status (SF-8, PCS-8, MCS-8 and EQ-5D visual analog scale), cardiac functional status (Duke activity status index), symptom count, comorbidity index, patient-perceived cardiac disease severity, medication count and compliance, job satisfaction, current employment duration, patient demographics and ACS type. Step-wise multivariate linear regression models determined the independent variables with significant association (p < 0.05) to WPS. Of 1,217 patients surveyed, 490 (40%) responded, including 158 currently working (study sample). The regression model with the highest explanatory ability (r(2) = 0.29) included number of symptoms, age, perceived cardiac severity and PCS-8, with more symptoms, higher perceived severity, higher age and lower PCS-8 scores associated with lower WPS. Currently employed ACS patients report a high level of work performance. Symptom burden, perceived disease severity, age and physical function appear to be associated with perceived work performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Ellis
- Department of Pharmacy, Lincoln Surgical Hospital, Lincoln, Nebr., USA
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