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Dede AD, Makras P, Anastasilakis AD. Investigational anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis: an update on recent developments. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1137-1144. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1371136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Dede
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System ‘Th. Garofalidis,’ KAT Hospital, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyzois Makras
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Kruger MC, Morel PCH. Experimental Control for the Ovariectomized Rat Model: Use of Sham Versus Nonmanipulated Animal. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:73-80. [PMID: 26709629 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1107727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of 2 models required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for registration of a treatment for osteoporosis, the ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, is widely used in scientific studies investigating sex hormone-deficient bone loss. The use of control nonhuman animals is critical because bone turnover may be affected by animal stress, use of anesthetic, and the mechanisms involved in wound healing. Historically, researchers have used sham-operated animals who undergo the same manipulations as the OVX rats, but ethical concerns require consideration of unmanipulated (unoperated) control animals to minimize animal distress and unnecessary procedures. Herein, we report the results of 3 studies including OVX, sham, and unmanipulated rats and the effects on bone mineral density and content (BMD/BMC) during 2 to 6 months postsurgery. Our data indicate that while OVX animals generally had lower BMD and BMC than animals in either of the control groups, no differences were observed between sham and unmanipulated animals at any of the time points assessed. However, because bone turnover is a long-term process, studies with longer duration and multiple endpoints are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena C Kruger
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Patrick C H Morel
- b Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Amso Z, Cornish J, Brimble MA. Short Anabolic Peptides for Bone Growth. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:579-640. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1010 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences; The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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Polyzos SA, Makras P, Efstathiadou Z, Anastasilakis AD. Investigational parathyroid hormone receptor analogs for the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:145-57. [PMID: 25316089 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.973021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration, acting through multiple signaling pathways, exerts an osteoanabolic effect on the skeleton that surpasses the effect of other antiosteoporotic agents. However, its efficacy is limited by the coupling effect and relatively common adverse events. Thus, the development of more sophisticated PTH receptor analogs seems imperative. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize the role of PTH signaling pathway in bone remodeling. The authors also summarize investigational analogs targeting this pathway, which may be potential treatments for osteoporosis. EXPERT OPINION β-arrestins are multifunctional cytoplasmic molecules that are decisive for regulating intracellular PTH signaling. Recently, in preclinical studies, arrestin analogs have achieved the anabolic bone effect of PTH without an accompanying increase in bone resorption. However, it is not yet known whether these analogs have adverse effects and there are no clinical data for their efficacy to date. On the other hand, several molecules derived either from PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) molecules have been developed. Alternative routes of PTH 1 - 34 delivery (oral, transdermal), the PTH analog ostabolin and the N-terminal PTHrP analogs PTHrP 1 - 36 and abaloparatide, have recently been or are currently being tested in clinical trials and are more likely to become available for use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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Sreekumar S, Sithul H, Muraleedharan P, Azeez JM, Sreeharshan S. Pomegranate fruit as a rich source of biologically active compounds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:686921. [PMID: 24818149 PMCID: PMC4000966 DOI: 10.1155/2014/686921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pomegranate is a widely used plant having medicinal properties. In this review, we have mainly focused on the already published data from our laboratory pertaining to the effect of methanol extract of pericarp of pomegranate (PME) and have compared it with other relevant literatures on Punica. Earlier, we had shown its antiproliferative effect using human breast (MCF-7, MDA MB-231), and endometrial (HEC-1A), cervical (SiHa, HeLa), and ovarian (SKOV3) cancer cell lines, and normal breast fibroblasts (MCF-10A) at concentration of 20-320 μg/mL. The expressions of selected estrogen responsive genes (PR, pS2, and C-Myc) were downregulated by PME. Unlike estradiol, PME did not increase the uterine weight and proliferation in bilaterally ovariectomized Swiss-Albino mice models and its cardioprotective effects were comparable to that of 17 β -estradiol. We had further assessed the protective role of PME on skeletal system, using MC3T3-E1 cells. The results indicated that PME (80 μg/mL) significantly increased ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) activity, supporting its suggested role in modulating osteoblastic cell differentiation. The antiosteoporotic potential of PME was also evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rodent model. The results from our studies and from various other studies support the fact that pomegranate fruit is indeed a source of biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Sreekumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Hima Sithul
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Parvathy Muraleedharan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Juberiya Mohammed Azeez
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Sreeja Sreeharshan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 014, India
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Liu XL, Li CL, Lu WW, Cai WX, Zheng LW. Skeletal site-specific response to ovariectomy in a rat model: change in bone density and microarchitecture. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 26:392-398. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ling Liu
- Discipline of Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Chun Lei Li
- Discipline of Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Weijia William Lu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Wei Xin Cai
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
| | - Li Wu Zheng
- Discipline of Oral Diagnosis and Polyclinics; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong
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Geng W, Yan X, Du H, Cui J, Li L, Chen F. Immunization with FSHβ fusion protein antigen prevents bone loss in a rat ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cupp ME, Nayak SK, Adem AS, Thomsen WJ. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide domains contributing to activation of different PTH receptor-mediated signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:404-18. [PMID: 23516330 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), acting through the osteoblast PTH1 receptor (PTH1R), play important roles in bone remodeling. Intermittent administration of PTH(1-34) (teriparatide) leads to bone formation, whereas continuous administration paradoxically leads to bone resorption. Activation of PTH1R promotes regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including G(s)/cAMP/protein kinase A, G(q)/calcium/protein kinase C, β-arrestin recruitment, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation, as well as receptor internalization, but their role in promoting anabolic and catabolic actions of PTH(1-34) are unclear. In the present investigation, a collection of PTH(1-34) and PTHrP(1-34) peptide analogs were evaluated in orthogonal human PTH1R (hPTH1R) functional assays capturing G(s)- and G(q)-signaling, β-arrestin recruitment, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and receptor internalization to further define the patterns of PTH1R signaling that they stimulate and further establish peptide domains contributing to agonist activity. Results indicate that both N- and C-terminal domains of PTH and PTHrP are critical for activation of signaling pathways. However, modifications of both regions lead to more substantial decreases in agonist potency and efficacy to stimulate G(q)-signaling, β-arrestin recruitment, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and receptor internalization than to stimulate G(s)-signaling. The substantial contribution of the peptide C-terminal domain in activation of hPTH1R signaling suggests a role in positioning of the peptide N-terminal region into the receptor J-domain. Several PTH and PTHrP peptides evaluated in this study promote different patterns of biased agonist signaling and may serve as useful tools to further elucidate therapeutically relevant PTH1R signaling in osteoblasts. With a better understanding of therapeutically relevant signaling, novel biased peptides with desired signaling could be designed for safer and more effective treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Cupp
- Center for Cancer and Metabolic Diseases, SRI International, 140 Research Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22802, USA
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