1
|
Frewein MPK, Mason J, Maier B, Cölfen H, Medjahed A, Burghammer M, Allain M, Grünewald TA. Texture tomography, a versatile framework to study crystalline texture in 3D. IUCRJ 2024; 11:809-820. [PMID: 39046078 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524006547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Crystallographic texture is a key organization feature of many technical and biological materials. In these materials, especially hierarchically structured ones, the preferential alignment of the nano constituents heavily influences the macroscopic behavior of the material. To study local crystallographic texture with both high spatial and angular resolution, we developed Texture Tomography (TexTOM). This approach allows the user to model the diffraction data of polycrystalline materials using the full reciprocal space of the crystal ensemble and describe the texture in each voxel via an orientation distribution function, hence it provides 3D reconstructions of the local texture by measuring the probabilities of all crystal orientations. The TexTOM approach addresses limitations associated with existing models: it correlates the intensities from several Bragg reflections, thus reducing ambiguities resulting from symmetry. Further, it yields quantitative probability distributions of local real space crystal orientations without further assumptions about the sample structure. Finally, its efficient mathematical formulation enables reconstructions faster than the time scale of the experiment. This manuscript presents the mathematical model, the inversion strategy and its current experimental implementation. We show characterizations of simulated data as well as experimental data obtained from a synthetic, inorganic model sample: the silica-witherite biomorph. TexTOM provides a versatile framework to reconstruct 3D quantitative texture information for polycrystalline samples; it opens the door for unprecedented insights into the nanostructural makeup of natural and technical materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P K Frewein
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - J Mason
- University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - B Maier
- University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - H Cölfen
- University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - A Medjahed
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - M Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - M Allain
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - T A Grünewald
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Georgiadis M, auf der Heiden F, Abbasi H, Ettema L, Nirschl J, Moein Taghavi H, Wakatsuki M, Liu A, Ho WHD, Carlson M, Doukas M, Koppes SA, Keereweer S, Sobel RA, Setsompop K, Liao C, Amunts K, Axer M, Zeineh M, Menzel M. Micron-resolution fiber mapping in histology independent of sample preparation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.26.586745. [PMID: 38585744 PMCID: PMC10996646 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the brain's nerve fiber network is crucial for understanding its function in health and disease. However, mapping fibers with high resolution remains prohibitive in most histological sections because state-of-the-art techniques are incompatible with their preparation. Here, we present a micron-resolution light-scattering-based technique that reveals intricate fiber networks independent of sample preparation for extended fields of view. We uncover fiber structures in both label-free and stained, paraffin-embedded and deparaffinized, newly-prepared and archived, animal and human brain tissues - including whole-brain sections from the BigBrain atlas. We identify altered microstructures in demyelination and hippocampal neurodegeneration, and show key advantages over diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, polarization microscopy, and structure tensor analysis. We also reveal structures in non-brain tissues - including muscle, bone, and blood vessels. Our cost-effective, versatile technique enables studies of intricate fiber networks in any type of histological tissue section, offering a new dimension to neuroscientific and biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Franca auf der Heiden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hamed Abbasi
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loes Ettema
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Nirschl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Moe Wakatsuki
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andy Liu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie Carlson
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors A. Koppes
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn Keereweer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond A. Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kawin Setsompop
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Congyu Liao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miriam Menzel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Georgiadis M, Menzel M, Reuter JA, Born DE, Kovacevich SR, Alvarez D, Taghavi HM, Schroeter A, Rudin M, Gao Z, Guizar-Sicairos M, Weiss TM, Axer M, Rajkovic I, Zeineh MM. Imaging crossing fibers in mouse, pig, monkey, and human brain using small-angle X-ray scattering. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:317-331. [PMID: 37098400 PMCID: PMC10811447 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Myelinated axons (nerve fibers) efficiently transmit signals throughout the brain via action potentials. Multiple methods that are sensitive to axon orientations, from microscopy to magnetic resonance imaging, aim to reconstruct the brain's structural connectome. As billions of nerve fibers traverse the brain with various possible geometries at each point, resolving fiber crossings is necessary to generate accurate structural connectivity maps. However, doing so with specificity is a challenging task because signals originating from oriented fibers can be influenced by brain (micro)structures unrelated to myelinated axons. X-ray scattering can specifically probe myelinated axons due to the periodicity of the myelin sheath, which yields distinct peaks in the scattering pattern. Here, we show that small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can be used to detect myelinated, axon-specific fiber crossings. We first demonstrate the capability using strips of human corpus callosum to create artificial double- and triple-crossing fiber geometries, and we then apply the method in mouse, pig, vervet monkey, and human brains. We compare results to polarized light imaging (3D-PLI), tracer experiments, and to outputs from diffusion MRI that sometimes fails to detect crossings. Given its specificity, capability of 3-dimensional sampling and high resolution, SAXS could serve as a ground truth for validating fiber orientations derived using diffusion MRI as well as microscopy-based methods. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: To study how the nerve fibers in our brain are interconnected, scientists need to visualize their trajectories, which often cross one another. Here, we show the unique capacity of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to study these fiber crossings without use of labeling, taking advantage of SAXS's specificity to myelin - the insulating sheath that is wrapped around nerve fibers. We use SAXS to detect double and triple crossing fibers and unveil intricate crossings in mouse, pig, vervet monkey, and human brains. This non-destructive method can uncover complex fiber trajectories and validate other less specific imaging methods (e.g., MRI or microscopy), towards accurate mapping of neuronal connectivity in the animal and human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Miriam Menzel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany; Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A Reuter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Donald E Born
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Dario Alvarez
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Aileen Schroeter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zirui Gao
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas M Weiss
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, USA
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Ivan Rajkovic
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, USA
| | - Michael M Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Menzel M, Gräßel D, Rajkovic I, Zeineh MM, Georgiadis M. Using light and X-ray scattering to untangle complex neuronal orientations and validate diffusion MRI. eLife 2023; 12:e84024. [PMID: 37166005 PMCID: PMC10259419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Disentangling human brain connectivity requires an accurate description of nerve fiber trajectories, unveiled via detailed mapping of axonal orientations. However, this is challenging because axons can cross one another on a micrometer scale. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) can be used to infer axonal connectivity because it is sensitive to axonal alignment, but it has limited spatial resolution and specificity. Scattered light imaging (SLI) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveal axonal orientations with microscopic resolution and high specificity, respectively. Here, we apply both scattering techniques on the same samples and cross-validate them, laying the groundwork for ground-truth axonal orientation imaging and validating dMRI. We evaluate brain regions that include unidirectional and crossing fibers in human and vervet monkey brain sections. SLI and SAXS quantitatively agree regarding in-plane fiber orientations including crossings, while dMRI agrees in the majority of voxels with small discrepancies. We further use SAXS and dMRI to confirm theoretical predictions regarding SLI determination of through-plane fiber orientations. Scattered light and X-ray imaging can provide quantitative micrometer 3D fiber orientations with high resolution and specificity, facilitating detailed investigations of complex fiber architecture in the animal and human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Menzel
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - David Gräßel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
| | - Ivan Rajkovic
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryStandfordUnited States
| | - Michael M Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Casanova EA, Rodriguez-Palomo A, Stähli L, Arnke K, Gröninger O, Generali M, Neldner Y, Tiziani S, Dominguez AP, Guizar-Sicairos M, Gao Z, Appel C, Nielsen LC, Georgiadis M, Weber FE, Stark W, Pape HC, Cinelli P, Liebi M. SAXS imaging reveals optimized osseointegration properties of bioengineered oriented 3D-PLGA/aCaP scaffolds in a critical size bone defect model. Biomaterials 2023; 294:121989. [PMID: 36628888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Healing large bone defects remains challenging in orthopedic surgery and is often associated with poor outcomes and complications. A major issue with bioengineered constructs is achieving a continuous interface between host bone and graft to enhance biological processes and mechanical stability. In this study, we have developed a new bioengineering strategy to produce oriented biocompatible 3D PLGA/aCaP nanocomposites with enhanced osseointegration. Decellularized scaffolds -containing only extracellular matrix- or scaffolds seeded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells were tested in a mouse model for critical size bone defects. In parallel to micro-CT analysis, SAXS tensor tomography and 2D scanning SAXS were employed to determine the 3D arrangement and nanostructure within the critical-sized bone. Both newly developed scaffold types, seeded with cells or decellularized, showed high osseointegration, higher bone quality, increased alignment of collagen fibers and optimal alignment and size of hydroxyapatite minerals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A Casanova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lisa Stähli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Arnke
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Gröninger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Generali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), Center for Therapy Development and Good Manufacturing Practice, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Neldner
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Tiziani
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Perez Dominguez
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Zirui Gao
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Leonard C Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Franz E Weber
- Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cinelli
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ogawa H, Aoki M, Ono S, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Takenaka M. Spatial Distribution of the Network Structure in Epoxy Resin via the MAXS-CT Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11432-11439. [PMID: 36082480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have succeeded in visualizing the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio in epoxy resins by combining medium-angle X-ray scattering (MAXS) and computed tomography (CT). The reaction ratio is proportional to the degree of cross-linking between epoxy and amine in epoxy resins. The reaction ratio and its spatial inhomogeneity affect the toughness of epoxy resins. However, there has been no non-destructive method to measure the spatial inhomogeneity of the reaction ratio, although we can measure only the spatially averaged reaction ratio by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). We found that the scattering peak reflected the cross-linking structures in the q region of MAXS and that the peak intensity is proportional to the reaction ratio. By reconstructing CT images from this peak intensity, we visualized the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction ratio. The application of this method may not be limited to epoxy resins but may extend to studying the heterogeneity of cross-linked structures in other materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mika Aoki
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Smith R, De Marco F, Broche L, Zdora MC, Phillips NW, Boardman R, Thibault P. X-ray directional dark-field imaging using Unified Modulated Pattern Analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273315. [PMID: 36037163 PMCID: PMC9423625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray directional dark-field imaging is a recent technique that can reveal a sample’s small-scale structural properties which are otherwise invisible in a conventional imaging system. In particular, directional dark-field can detect and quantify the orientation of anisotropic structures. Here, we present an algorithm that allows for the extraction of a directional dark-field signal from X-ray speckle-based imaging data. The experimental setup is simple, as it requires only the addition of a diffuser to a full-field microscope setup. Sandpaper is an appropriate diffuser material in the hard x-ray regime. We propose an approach to extract the mean scattering width, directionality, and orientation from the recorded speckle images acquired with the technique. We demonstrate that our method can detect and quantify the orientation of fibres inside a carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sample within one degree of accuracy and show how the accuracy depends on the number of included measurements. We show that the reconstruction parameters can be tuned to increase or decrease accuracy at the expense of spatial resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Smith
- Faculty of Engineering and Physics Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Fabio De Marco
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra Sincrotrone, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovic Broche
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Christine Zdora
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department for Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard Boardman
- Faculty of Engineering and Physics Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra Sincrotrone, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Doube M. Closing cones create conical lamellae in secondary osteonal bone. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220712. [PMID: 35958092 PMCID: PMC9363998 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lamellae are sheets of mineralized collagen 1-20 µm thick, extending over hundreds of µm in bone tissue, occupying bone's structural hierarchy at a level above collagen fibres and osteocytes, and below osteons and trabeculae. Osteons are tubular arrangements of lamellae surrounding central neurovascular canals. Lamellae in osteons are usually described as concentric cylinders based on their annular appearance in transverse section. In this review, I provide a perspective on current understanding of the relationship between geometry of the bone formation front and the shape of lamellae produced at it, reaching the conclusion that the 'closing cone' bone formation front in secondary osteonal remodelling must necessarily result in cone-shaped lamellae in the mature secondary osteon. Secondary osteons replace primary osteons through a tunnelling process of bone turnover, meaning that conical lamellae may become more common in older and damaged bone which is at greatest risk of fracture. Visualization and measurement of three-dimensional lamellar shape over hundreds of microns is needed to provide data for accurate micromechanical simulations. Treating secondary osteonal lamellae as a 'stack of cones' rather than 'nested cylinders' may have important implications for our appreciation of bone's function as a load-bearing tissue and of its behaviour in fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doube
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Silva H, Tassone C, Ross EG, Lee JT, Zhou W, Nelson D. Collagen Fibril Orientation in Tissue Specimens From Atherosclerotic Plaque Explored Using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:024505. [PMID: 34529040 PMCID: PMC10782870 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques can gradually develop in certain arteries. Disruption of fibrous tissue in plaques can result in plaque rupture and thromboembolism, leading to heart attacks and strokes. Collagen fibrils are important tissue building blocks and tissue strength depends on how fibrils are oriented. Fibril orientation in plaque tissue may potentially influence vulnerability to disruption. While X-ray scattering has previously been used to characterize fibril orientations in soft tissues and bones, it has never been used for characterization of human atherosclerotic plaque tissue. This study served to explore fibril orientation in specimens from human plaques using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Plaque tissue was extracted from human femoral and carotid arteries, and each tissue specimen contained a region of calcified material. Three-dimensional (3D) collagen fibril orientation was determined along scan lines that started away from and then extended toward a given calcification. Fibrils were found to be oriented mainly in the circumferential direction of the plaque tissue at the majority of locations away from calcifications. However, in a number of cases, the dominant fibril direction differed near a calcification, changing from circumferential to longitudinal or thickness (radial) directions. Further study is needed to elucidate how these fibril orientations may influence plaque tissue stress-strain behavior and vulnerability to rupture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Silva
- NASA, 2101 NASA Parkway Building 13 R 208, Houston, TX 77058
| | - Christopher Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Elsie Gyang Ross
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jason T. Lee
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Wei Zhou
- Vascular Surgery Division, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724
| | - Drew Nelson
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huss-Hansen MK, Hedlund EG, Davydok A, Hansteen M, Overdijk J, de Cremer G, Roeffaers M, Knaapila M, Balzano L. Local structure mapping of gel-spun ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
11
|
Ogawa H, Ono S, Watanabe Y, Nishikawa Y, Nishitsuji S, Kabe T, Takenaka M. Artifact removal in the contour areas of SAXS-CT images by Tikhonov-L1 minimization. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:1784-1792. [PMID: 34963766 PMCID: PMC8662970 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721011523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) coupled with computed tomography (CT), denoted SAXS-CT, enables the spatial distribution of the characteristic parameters of nanoscale structures inside samples to be visualized. In this work, a new scheme with Tikhonov regularization was developed to remove the effects of artifacts caused by streak scattering originating from contour regions of the sample. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) coupled with computed tomography (CT), denoted SAXS-CT, has enabled the spatial distribution of the characteristic parameters (e.g. size, shape, surface, length) of nanoscale structures inside samples to be visualized. In this work, a new scheme with Tikhonov regularization was developed to remove the effects of artifacts caused by streak scattering originating from the reflection of the incident beam in the contour regions of the sample. The noise due to streak scattering was successfully removed from the sinogram image and hence the CT image could be reconstructed free from artifacts in the contour regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 6110011, Japan.,Riken SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 6110011, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishitsuji
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Taizo Kabe
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 6110011, Japan.,Riken SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liebi M, Lutz-Bueno V, Guizar-Sicairos M, Schönbauer BM, Eichler J, Martinelli E, Löffler JF, Weinberg A, Lichtenegger H, Grünewald TA. 3D nanoscale analysis of bone healing around degrading Mg implants evaluated by X-ray scattering tensor tomography. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:804-817. [PMID: 34333163 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nanostructural adaptation of bone is crucial for its biocompatibility with orthopedic implants. The bone nanostructure also determines its mechanical properties and performance. However, the bone's temporal and spatial nanoadaptation around degrading implants remains largely unknown. Here, we present insights into this important bone adaptation by applying scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and small-angle X-ray scattering tensor tomography (SASTT). We extend the novel SASTT reconstruction method and provide a 3D scattering reciprocal space map per voxel of the sample's volume. From this reconstruction, parameters such as the thickness of the bone mineral particles are quantified, which provide additional information on nanostructural adaptation of bone during healing. We selected a rat femoral bone and a degrading ZX10 magnesium implant as model system, and investigated it over the course of 18 months, using a sham as control. We observe that the bone's nanostructural adaptation starts with an initially fast interfacial bone growth close to the implant, which spreads by a re-orientation of the nanostructure in the bone volume around the implant, and is consolidated in the later degradation stages. These observations reveal the complex bulk bone-implant interactions and enable future research on the related biomechanical bone responses. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Traumatic bone injuries are among the most frequent causes of surgical treatment, and often require the placement of an implant. The ideal implant supports and induces bone formation, while being mechanically and chemically adapted to the bone structure, ensuring a gradual load transfer. While magnesium implants fulfill these requirements, the nanostructural changes during bone healing and implant degradation remain not completely elucidated. Here, we unveil these processes in rat femoral bones with ZX10 magnesium implants and show different stages of bone healing in such a model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Liebi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Bernd M Schönbauer
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Eichler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jörg F Löffler
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelie Weinberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maiti S, Frielinghaus H, Gräßel D, Dulle M, Axer M, Förster S. Distribution and orientation of nerve fibers and myelin assembly in a brain section retrieved by small-angle neutron scattering. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17306. [PMID: 34453063 PMCID: PMC8397781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural connectivity of the brain has been addressed by various imaging techniques such as diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) or specific microscopic approaches based on histological staining or label-free using polarized light (e.g., three-dimensional Polarized Light Imaging (3D-PLI), Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)). These methods are sensitive to different properties of the fiber enwrapping myelin sheaths i.e. the distribution of myelin basic protein (histology), the apparent diffusion coefficient of water molecules restricted in their movements by the myelin sheath (DWMRI), and the birefringence of the oriented myelin lipid bilayers (3D-PLI, OCT). We show that the orientation and distribution of nerve fibers as well as myelin in thin brain sections can be determined using scanning small angle neutron scattering (sSANS). Neutrons are scattered from the fiber assembly causing anisotropic diffuse small-angle scattering and Bragg peaks related to the highly ordered periodic myelin multilayer structure. The scattering anisotropy, intensity, and angular position of the Bragg peaks can be mapped across the entire brain section. This enables mapping of the fiber and myelin distribution and their orientation in a thin brain section, which was validated by 3D-PLI. The experiments became possible by optimizing the neutron beam collimation to highest flux and enhancing the myelin contrast by deuteration. This method is very sensitive to small microstructures of biological tissue and can directly extract information on the average fiber orientation and even myelin membrane thickness. The present results pave the way toward bio-imaging for detecting structural aberrations causing neurological diseases in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Maiti
- Jülich Centre of Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (JCNS-MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - David Gräßel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Jülich Centre of Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Förster
- Jülich Centre of Neutron Science (JCNS-1/IBI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Falco P, Weinkamer R, Wagermaier W, Li C, Snow T, Terrill NJ, Gupta HS, Goyal P, Stoll M, Benner P, Fratzl P. Tomographic X-ray scattering based on invariant reconstruction: analysis of the 3D nanostructure of bovine bone. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:486-497. [PMID: 33953654 PMCID: PMC8056764 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an effective characterization technique for multi-phase nanocomposites. The structural complexity and heterogeneity of biological materials require the development of new techniques for the 3D characterization of their hierarchical structures. Emerging SAXS tomographic methods allow reconstruction of the 3D scattering pattern in each voxel but are costly in terms of synchrotron measurement time and computer time. To address this problem, an approach has been developed based on the reconstruction of SAXS invariants to allow for fast 3D characterization of nanostructured inhomogeneous materials. SAXS invariants are scalars replacing the 3D scattering patterns in each voxel, thus simplifying the 6D reconstruction problem to several 3D ones. Standard procedures for tomographic reconstruction can be directly adapted for this problem. The procedure is demonstrated by determining the distribution of the nanometric bone mineral particle thickness (T parameter) throughout a macroscopic 3D volume of bovine cortical bone. The T parameter maps display spatial patterns of particle thickness in fibrolamellar bone units. Spatial correlation between the mineral nano-structure and microscopic features reveals that the mineral particles are particularly thin in the vicinity of vascular channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolino De Falco
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chenghao Li
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim Snow
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Terrill
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Himadri S. Gupta
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Pawan Goyal
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Stoll
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, TU Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 41, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Peter Benner
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Raguin E, Rechav K, Shahar R, Weiner S. Focused ion beam-SEM 3D analysis of mineralized osteonal bone: lamellae and cement sheath structures. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:497-513. [PMID: 33217569 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mineralized collagen fibril is the basic building block of bone, and hence is the key to understanding bone structure and function. Here we report imaging of mineralized pig bone samples in 3D using the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) under conditions that reveal the 67 nm D-banding of mineralized collagen fibrils. We show that in adult pig osteons, the lamellar bone comprises alternating layers with either collagen fibrils predominantly aligned in one direction, and layers in which fibrils are predominantly aligned in two directions. The cement sheath contains thin layers of both these motifs, but its dominant structural component comprises a very complex layer of fibrils predominantly aligned in three or more directions. The degree of mineralization of the cement sheath is comparable to that of the osteon interior. The extent of alignment (dispersion) of the collagen fibrils in the osteonal lamellar bone is significantly higher than in the cement sheath. Canaliculi within the cement sheath are mainly aligned parallel to the cement sheath boundary, whereas in the lamellar bone they are mainly aligned perpendicular to the lamellar boundaries. This study further characterizes the presence of two types of collagen fibril arrangements previously identified in demineralized lamellar bone from other species. The simple sample preparation procedure for mineralized bone and the lower risk of introducing artifacts opens the possibility of using FIB-SEM to study more samples, to obtain automatic quantitative information on collagen fibril organization and to evaluate the degrees of mineralization all in relatively large volumes of bone.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dahal E, Ghammraoui B, Badano A. Feasibility of a label-free X-ray method to estimate brain amyloid load in small animals. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 343:108822. [PMID: 32574641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid plaque in the brain is associated with a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's and defined as aggregates of amyloid fibrils rich in β-sheet structures. NEW METHOD We report a label-free method based on small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to estimate amyloid load in an intact mouse head with skull. The method is based on recording and analyzing the X rays elastically scattered from the β-sheets of amyloid plaques in a mouse head at angles smaller than 10° and energies between 30 and 45 keV. The method is demonstrated by acquiring the spectral SAXS data of an amyloid model and an excised head from a wild-type mouse for 600 s. RESULTS We captured the distinct scattering peaks of the amyloid plaques at momentum transfer (q) of 6 and 13 nm-1 associated with β-sheet structure. We first show linear correlation between the mass fraction of the amyloid target and the area under the peak (AUP) of the scattering curve. We report results for estimating amyloid load in a fixed mouse head by recovering the characteristic scattering signal from the amyloid target situated at various locations. The coefficient of variation in the amyloid load estimate is found to be less than 10%. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS There are no previously described label-free X-ray methods for the estimation of amyloid load in an intact head. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of a label-free method based on SAXS to potentially estimate brain amyloid in small animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eshan Dahal
- Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Bahaa Ghammraoui
- Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Aldo Badano
- Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guizar-Sicairos M, Georgiadis M, Liebi M. Validation study of small-angle X-ray scattering tensor tomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:779-787. [PMID: 32381781 PMCID: PMC7206543 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520003860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Small-angle scattering tensor tomography (SASTT) is a recently developed technique able to tomographically reconstruct the 3D reciprocal space from voxels within a bulk volume. SASTT extends the concept of X-ray computed tomography, which typically reconstructs scalar values, by reconstructing a tensor per voxel, which represents the local nanostructure 3D organization. In this study, the nanostructure orientation in a human trabecular-bone sample obtained by SASTT was validated by sectioning the sample and using 3D scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (3D sSAXS) to measure and analyze the orientation from single voxels within each thin section. Besides the presence of cutting artefacts from the slicing process, the nanostructure orientations obtained with the two independent methods were in good agreement, as quantified with the absolute value of the dot product calculated between the nanostructure main orientations obtained in each voxel. The average dot product per voxel over the full sample containing over 10 000 voxels was 0.84, and in six slices, in which fewer cutting artefacts were observed, the dot product increased to 0.91. In addition, SAXS tensor tomography not only yields orientation information but can also reconstruct the full 3D reciprocal-space map. It is shown that the measured anisotropic scattering for individual voxels was reproduced from the SASTT reconstruction in each voxel of the 3D sample. The scattering curves along different 3D directions are validated with data from single voxels, demonstrating SASTT's potential for a separate analysis of nanostructure orientation and structural information from the angle-dependent intensity distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Conceição ALC, Perlich J, Haas S, Funari SS. SAXS-CT: a nanostructure resolving microscopy for macroscopic biologic specimens. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:035012. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab7cad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
19
|
Dreier ES, Silvestre C, Kehres J, Turecek D, Khalil M, Hemmingsen JH, Hansen O, Jakubek J, Feidenhans'l R, Olsen UL. Single-shot, omni-directional x-ray scattering imaging with a laboratory source and single-photon localization. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1021-1024. [PMID: 32058533 DOI: 10.1364/ol.381420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Omni-directional, ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering imaging provides a method to measure the orientation of micro-structures without having to resolve them. In this letter, we use single-photon localization with the Timepix3 chip to demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first laboratory-based implementation of single-shot, omni-directional x-ray scattering imaging using the beam-tracking technique. The setup allows a fast and accurate retrieval of the scattering signal using a simple absorption mask. We suggest that our new approach may enable faster laboratory-based tensor tomography and could be used for energy-resolved x-ray scattering imaging.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zeller-Plumhoff B, Malich C, Krüger D, Campbell G, Wiese B, Galli S, Wennerberg A, Willumeit-Römer R, Wieland DCF. Analysis of the bone ultrastructure around biodegradable Mg-xGd implants using small angle X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:637-645. [PMID: 31734411 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are increasingly researched as temporary biodegradable metal implants in bone applications due to their mechanical properties which are more similar to bone than conventional implant metals and the fact that Magnesium occurs naturally within the body. However, the degradation processes in vivo and in particular the interaction of the bone with the degrading material need to be further investigated. In this study we are presenting the first quantitative comparison of the bone ultrastructure formed at the interface of biodegradable Mg-5Gd and Mg-10Gd implants and titanium and PEEK implants after 4, 8 and 12 weeks healing time using two-dimensional small angle X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction. Differences in mineralization, orientation and thickness of the hydroxyapatite are assessed. We find statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences for the lattice spacing of the (310)-reflex of hydroxyapatite between titanium and Mg-xGd materials, as well as for the (310) crystal size between titanium and Mg-5Gd, indicating a possible deposition of Mg within the bone matrix. The (310) lattice spacing and crystallite size further differ significantly between implant degradation layer and surrounding bone (p < 0.001 for Mg-10Gd), suggesting apatite formation with significant amounts of Gd and Mg within the degradation layer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biodegradable Magnesium-based alloys are emerging as a viable alternative for temporary bone implant applications. However, in order to understand if the degradation of the implant material influences the bone ultrastructure, it is necessary to study the bone structure using high-resolution techniques. We have therefore employed 2D small angle X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction to study the bone ultrastructure surrounding Magnesium-Gadolinium alloys as well as Titanium and PEEK alloys at three different healing times. This is the first time, that the bone ultrastructure around these materials is directly compared and that a statistical evaluation is performed. We found differences indicating a possible deposition of Mg within the bone matrix as well as a local deposition of Mg and/or Gd at the implant site. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Zeller-Plumhoff
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Carina Malich
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Diana Krüger
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Graeme Campbell
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Björn Wiese
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Silvia Galli
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Malmö, Faculty of Odontology, Carl Gustafs väg 34, Klerken, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Wennerberg
- Department of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 12 f, 41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Regine Willumeit-Römer
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - D C Florian Wieland
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Georgiadis M, Schroeter A, Gao Z, Guizar-Sicairos M, Novikov DS, Fieremans E, Rudin M. Retrieving neuronal orientations using 3D scanning SAXS and comparison with diffusion MRI. Neuroimage 2019; 204:116214. [PMID: 31568873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While diffusion MRI (dMRI) is currently the method of choice to non-invasively probe tissue microstructure and study structural connectivity in the brain, its spatial resolution is limited and its results need structural validation. Current ex vivo methods employed to provide 3D fiber orientations have limitations, including tissue-distorting sample preparation, small field of view or inability to quantify 3D fiber orientation distributions. 3D fiber orientation in tissue sections can be obtained from 3D scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (3D sSAXS) by analyzing the anisotropy of scattering signals. Here we adapt the 3D sSAXS method for use in brain tissue, exploiting the high sensitivity of the SAXS signal to the ordered molecular structure of myelin. We extend the characterization of anisotropy from vectors to tensors, employ the Funk-Radon-Transform for converting scattering information to real space fiber orientations, and demonstrate the feasibility of the method in thin sections of mouse brain with minimal sample preparation. We obtain a second rank tensor representing the fiber orientation distribution function (fODF) for every voxel, thereby generating fODF maps. Finally, we illustrate the potential of 3D sSAXS by comparing the result with diffusion MRI fiber orientations in the same mouse brain. We show a remarkably good correspondence, considering the orthogonality of the two methods, i.e. the different physical processes underlying the two signals. 3D sSAXS can serve as validation method for microstructural MRI, and can provide novel microstructural insights for the nervous system, given the method's orthogonality to dMRI, high sensitivity to myelin sheath's orientation and abundance, and the possibility to extract myelin-specific signal and to perform micrometer-resolution scanning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Georgiadis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Radiology, Stanford Medicine, USA.
| | - Aileen Schroeter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zirui Gao
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Dmitry S Novikov
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Els Fieremans
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Götz W, Tobiasch E, Witzleben S, Schulze M. Effects of Silicon Compounds on Biomineralization, Osteogenesis, and Hard Tissue Formation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E117. [PMID: 30871062 PMCID: PMC6471146 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired stem cell-based hard tissue engineering includes numerous aspects: The synthesis and fabrication of appropriate scaffold materials, their analytical characterization, and guided osteogenesis using the sustained release of osteoinducing and/or osteoconducting drugs for mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, growth, and proliferation. Here, the effect of silicon- and silicate-containing materials on osteogenesis at the molecular level has been a particular focus within the last decade. This review summarizes recently published scientific results, including material developments and analysis, with a special focus on silicon hybrid bone composites. First, the sources, bioavailability, and functions of silicon on various tissues are discussed. The second focus is on the effects of calcium-silicate biomineralization and corresponding analytical methods in investigating osteogenesis and bone formation. Finally, recent developments in the manufacturing of Si-containing scaffolds are discussed, including in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as recently filed patents that focus on the influence of silicon on hard tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, Oral Biology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Rheinische Wilhelms University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Steffen Witzleben
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhine-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gao Z, Guizar-Sicairos M, Lutz-Bueno V, Schröter A, Liebi M, Rudin M, Georgiadis M. High-speed tensor tomography: iterative reconstruction tensor tomography (IRTT) algorithm. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019; 75:223-238. [PMID: 30821257 PMCID: PMC6396401 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318017394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advent of tensor tomography techniques has enabled tomographic investigations of the 3D nanostructure organization of biological and material science samples. These techniques extended the concept of conventional X-ray tomography by reconstructing not only a scalar value such as the attenuation coefficient per voxel, but also a set of parameters that capture the local anisotropy of nanostructures within every voxel of the sample. Tensor tomography data sets are intrinsically large as each pixel of a conventional X-ray projection is substituted by a scattering pattern, and projections have to be recorded at different sample angular orientations with several tilts of the rotation axis with respect to the X-ray propagation direction. Currently available reconstruction approaches for such large data sets are computationally expensive. Here, a novel, fast reconstruction algorithm, named iterative reconstruction tensor tomography (IRTT), is presented to simplify and accelerate tensor tomography reconstructions. IRTT is based on a second-rank tensor model to describe the anisotropy of the nanostructure in every voxel and on an iterative error backpropagation reconstruction algorithm to achieve high convergence speed. The feasibility and accuracy of IRTT are demonstrated by reconstructing the nanostructure anisotropy of three samples: a carbon fiber knot, a human bone trabecula specimen and a fixed mouse brain. Results and reconstruction speed were compared with those obtained by the small-angle scattering tensor tomography (SASTT) reconstruction method introduced by Liebi et al. [Nature (2015), 527, 349-352]. The principal orientation of the nanostructure within each voxel revealed a high level of agreement between the two methods. Yet, for identical data sets and computer hardware used, IRTT was shown to be more than an order of magnitude faster. IRTT was found to yield robust results, it does not require prior knowledge of the sample for initializing parameters, and can be used in cases where simple anisotropy metrics are sufficient, i.e. the tensor approximation adequately captures the level of anisotropy and the dominant orientation within a voxel. In addition, by greatly accelerating the reconstruction, IRTT is particularly suitable for handling large tomographic data sets of samples with internal structure or as a real-time analysis tool during the experiment for online feedback during data acquisition. Alternatively, the IRTT results might be used as an initial guess for models capturing a higher complexity of structural anisotropy such as spherical harmonics based SASTT in Liebi et al. (2015), improving both overall convergence speed and robustness of the reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Gao
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Aileen Schröter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
- Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bini F, Pica A, Marinozzi A, Marinozzi F. A 3D Model of the Effect of Tortuosity and Constrictivity on the Diffusion in Mineralized Collagen Fibril. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2658. [PMID: 30804401 PMCID: PMC6389916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue is a hierarchically structured material composed at the nanoscale by an organic matrix of collagen type I, apatite mineral and water. We considered an idealized 3D geometrical model of the mineralized collagen fibril in order to analyze the influence of structural factors, i.e. tortuosity, constrictivity, on the water effective diffusivity. The average values of the factors investigated in the diffusivity are computed on 5000 iterations by means of the Montecarlo method. The input parameters of the numerical model are the geometrical dimensions of the apatite mineral, collagen fibrils and their spatial orientation obtained with random extractions from Gaussian probability distribution functions. We analyzed the diffusion phenomenon for concentration gradients parallel to three orthogonal directions (Length, Width and Thickness) and for different scenarios, namely low, intermediate and high apatite volume fraction. For each degree of volume fraction, in the thickness direction, the tortuosity assumes greater values, up to two orders of magnitude, in comparison with the tortuous factors computed in the other directions, highlighting the anisotropy of the nanostructure. Furthermore, it was found that the tortuosity is the dominant parameter which control the effective transport properties within the mineralized collagen fibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, "Sapienza" University of Rome, via Eudossiana, 18-00184, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrada Pica
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, "Sapienza" University of Rome, via Eudossiana, 18-00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marinozzi
- Orthopedy and Traumatology Area, "Campus Bio-Medico" University, via Alvaro del Portillo, 200-00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, "Sapienza" University of Rome, via Eudossiana, 18-00184, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Buscema M, Deyhle H, Pfohl T, Zumbuehl A, Müller B. Spatially resolved small-angle X-ray scattering for characterizing mechanoresponsive liposomes using microfluidics. Mater Today Bio 2019; 1:100003. [PMID: 32159138 PMCID: PMC7061568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis gives rise to blood vessel occlusion associated with blood flow alteration and substantial increase of average wall shear stress. This modification was proved acting as a purely physical trigger for targeted vasodilator release from a particular type of liposomes composed of 1,3-diaminophospholipids (Pad-PC-Pad). The flow-induced structural changes of these faceted liposomes, however, are completely unknown. Therefore, spatially resolved small-angle X-ray scattering was combined with microfluidics to uniquely study the purely physical mechanisms, which give rise to the highly efficient drug release from mechanoresponsive liposomes of nanometer size. The microfluidic device, designed to mimic a stenotic blood vessel, consisted of a 1-mm-wide channel with a constriction, 125 μm in diameter. Here, the changes of the average bilayer thickness and the mean size of the mechanoresponsive liposomes have been locally detected under flow conditions. Overall shape and bilayer thickness do change already near the constriction inlet, but the alteration is dominant near the outlet. At a flow rate of 0.2 μL/s, the liposome's bilayer thickness increased by 30 % compared to the situation well before the constriction and under static condition. The detected bilayer thickness increase of the faceted liposomes is in line with the mechanically induced loss of interdigitation between the phospholipid amide chains. These results imply that rather the gradient force than the wall shear stress provokes structural changes of Pad-PC-Pad liposomes and the related drug release at stenoses. The approach, i.e. the combination of microfluidics and spatially resolved small-angle X-ray scattering, paves the way to design highly efficient and specific systems for the targeted drug delivery at constrictions with predefined morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Buscema
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, CH-4123 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Deyhle
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, CH-4123 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, CH-4123 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zumbuehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bert Müller
- Biomaterials Science Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestrasse 14, CH-4123 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Palmquist A. A multiscale analytical approach to evaluate osseointegration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:60. [PMID: 29736606 PMCID: PMC5938308 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Osseointegrated implants are frequently used in reconstructive surgery, both in the dental and orthopedic field, restoring physical function and improving the quality of life for the patients. The bone anchorage is typically evaluated at micrometer resolution, while bone tissue is a dynamic composite material composed of nanoscale collagen fibrils and apatite crystals, with defined hierarchical levels at different length scales. In order to understand the bone formation and the ultrastructure of the interfacial tissue, analytical strategies needs to be implemented enabling multiscale and multimodal analyses of the intact interface. This paper describes a sample preparation route for successive analyses allowing assessment of the different hierarchical levels of interest, going from macro to nano scale and could be implemented on single samples. Examples of resulting analyses of different techniques on one type of implant surface is given, with emphasis on correlating the length scale between the different techniques. The bone-implant interface shows an intimate contact between mineralized collagen bundles and the outermost surface of the oxide layer, while bone mineral is found in the nanoscale surface features creating a functionally graded interface. Osteocytes exhibit a direct contact with the implant surface via canaliculi that house their dendritic processes. Blood vessels are frequently found in close proximity to the implant surface either within the mineralized bone matrix or at regions of remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tadimalla S, Tourell MC, Knott R, Momot KI. Assessment of collagen fiber orientation dispersion in articular cartilage by small-angle X-ray scattering and diffusion tensor imaging: Preliminary results. Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 48:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
28
|
Open questions on the 3D structures of collagen containing vertebrate mineralized tissues: A perspective. J Struct Biol 2018; 201:187-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
29
|
Ishimoto T, Yamada K, Takahashi H, Takahata M, Ito M, Hanawa T, Nakano T. Trabecular health of vertebrae based on anisotropy in trabecular architecture and collagen/apatite micro-arrangement after implantation of intervertebral fusion cages in the sheep spine. Bone 2018; 108:25-33. [PMID: 29241826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Healthy trabecular bone shows highly anisotropic trabecular architecture and the preferential orientation of collagen and apatite inside a trabecula, both of which are predominantly directed along the cephalocaudal axis. This makes trabecular bone stiff in the principally loaded direction (cephalocaudal axis). However, changes in these anisotropic trabecular characteristics after the insertion of implant devices remain unclear. We defined the trabecular architectural anisotropy and the preferential orientation of collagen and apatite as parameters of trabecular bone health. In the present study, we analyzed these parameters after the implantation of two types of intervertebral fusion cages, open and closed box-type cages, into sheep spines for 2 and 4months. Alteration and evolution of trabecular health around and inside the cages depended on the cage type and implantation duration. At the boundary region, the values of trabecular architectural anisotropy and apatite orientation for the closed-type cages were similar to those for isotropic conditions. In contrast, significantly larger anisotropy was found for open-type cages, indicating that the open-type cage tended to maintain trabecular anisotropy. Inside the open-type cage, trabecular architectural anisotropy and apatite orientation significantly increased with time after implantation. Assessing trabecular anisotropy might be useful for the evaluation of trabecular health and the validation and refinement of implant designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Yamada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Teijin Nakashima Medical Co., Ltd., 688-1 Joto-Kitagata, Higashi-ku, Okayama 709-0625, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takahata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North-15, West-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Manabu Ito
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, National Hospital Organization, Hokkaido Medical Center, 5-7-1-1 Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 063-0005, Japan
| | - Takao Hanawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Steiner JA, Hofmann UAT, Christen P, Favre JM, Ferguson SJ, van Lenthe GH. Patient-specific in silico models can quantify primary implant stability in elderly human bone. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:954-962. [PMID: 28876466 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secure implant fixation is challenging in osteoporotic bone. Due to the high variability in inter- and intra-patient bone quality, ex vivo mechanical testing of implants in bone is very material- and time-consuming. Alternatively, in silico models could substantially reduce costs and speed up the design of novel implants if they had the capability to capture the intricate bone microstructure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a micro-finite element model of a multi-screw fracture fixation system. Eight human cadaveric humerii were scanned using micro-CT and mechanically tested to quantify bone stiffness. Osteotomy and fracture fixation were performed, followed by mechanical testing to quantify displacements at 12 different locations on the instrumented bone. For each experimental case, a micro-finite element model was created. From the micro-finite element analyses of the intact model, the patient-specific bone tissue modulus was determined such that the simulated apparent stiffness matched the measured stiffness of the intact bone. Similarly, the tissue modulus of a small damage region around each screw was determined for the instrumented bone. For validation, all in silico models were rerun using averaged material properties, resulting in an average coefficient of determination of 0.89 ± 0.04 with a slope of 0.93 ± 0.19 and a mean absolute error of 43 ± 10 μm when correlating in silico marker displacements with the ex vivo test. In conclusion, we validated a patient-specific computer model of an entire organ bone-implant system at the tissue-level at high resolution with excellent overall accuracy. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:954-962, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juri A Steiner
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Urs A T Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Christen
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jean M Favre
- CSCS Swiss National Supercomputing Centre, Via Trevano 131, Lugano, 6900, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Ferguson
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - G Harry van Lenthe
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vordos N, Drosos G, Kazanidis I, Ververidis A, Ypsilantis P, Kazakos K, Simopoulos C, Mitropoulos AC, Touloupidis S. Hydroxyapatite Crystal Thickness and Buckling Phenomenon in Bone Nanostructure During Mechanical Tests. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:627-639. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-1983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
32
|
Liebi M, Georgiadis M, Kohlbrecher J, Holler M, Raabe J, Usov I, Menzel A, Schneider P, Bunk O, Guizar-Sicairos M. Small-angle X-ray scattering tensor tomography: model of the three-dimensional reciprocal-space map, reconstruction algorithm and angular sampling requirements. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2018; 74:12-24. [PMID: 29269594 PMCID: PMC5740453 DOI: 10.1107/s205327331701614x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering tensor tomography, which allows reconstruction of the local three-dimensional reciprocal-space map within a three-dimensional sample as introduced by Liebi et al. [Nature (2015), 527, 349-352], is described in more detail with regard to the mathematical framework and the optimization algorithm. For the case of trabecular bone samples from vertebrae it is shown that the model of the three-dimensional reciprocal-space map using spherical harmonics can adequately describe the measured data. The method enables the determination of nanostructure orientation and degree of orientation as demonstrated previously in a single momentum transfer q range. This article presents a reconstruction of the complete reciprocal-space map for the case of bone over extended ranges of q. In addition, it is shown that uniform angular sampling and advanced regularization strategies help to reduce the amount of data required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Liebi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 221-00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Usov
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Schneider
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England
| | - Oliver Bunk
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bini F, Pica A, Marinozzi A, Marinozzi F. 3D diffusion model within the collagen apatite porosity: An insight to the nanostructure of human trabecular bone. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189041. [PMID: 29220377 PMCID: PMC5722326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue at nanoscale is a composite mainly made of apatite crystals, collagen molecules and water. This work is aimed to study the diffusion within bone nanostructure through Monte-Carlo simulations. To this purpose, an idealized geometric model of the apatite-collagen structure was developed. Gaussian probability distribution functions were employed to design the orientation of the apatite crystals with respect to the axes (length L, width W and thickness T) of a plate-like trabecula. We performed numerical simulations considering the influence of the mineral arrangement on the effective diffusion coefficient of water. To represent the hindrance of the impermeable apatite crystals on the water diffusion process, the effective diffusion coefficient was scaled with the tortuosity, the constrictivity and the porosity factors of the structure. The diffusion phenomenon was investigated in the three main directions of the single trabecula and the introduction of apatite preferential orientation allowed the creation of an anisotropic medium. Thus, different diffusivities values were observed along the axes of the single trabecula. We found good agreement with previous experimental results computed by means of a genetic algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrada Pica
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marinozzi
- Orthopedy and Traumatology Area, “Campus Bio-Medico” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nicolas JD, Bernhardt M, Markus A, Alves F, Burghammer M, Salditt T. Scanning X-ray diffraction on cardiac tissue: automatized data analysis and processing. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:1163-1172. [PMID: 29091059 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517011936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A scanning X-ray diffraction study of cardiac tissue has been performed, covering the entire cross section of a mouse heart slice. To this end, moderate focusing by compound refractive lenses to micrometer spot size, continuous scanning, data acquisition by a fast single-photon-counting pixel detector, and fully automated analysis scripts have been combined. It was shown that a surprising amount of structural data can be harvested from such a scan, evaluating the local scattering intensity, interfilament spacing of the muscle tissue, the filament orientation, and the degree of anisotropy. The workflow of data analysis is described and a data analysis toolbox with example data for general use is provided. Since many cardiomyopathies rely on the structural integrity of the sarcomere, the contractile unit of cardiac muscle cells, the present study can be easily extended to characterize tissue from a diseased heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan David Nicolas
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marten Bernhardt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Markus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Georgiadis M, Müller R, Schneider P. Techniques to assess bone ultrastructure organization: orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0088. [PMID: 27335222 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone's remarkable mechanical properties are a result of its hierarchical structure. The mineralized collagen fibrils, made up of collagen fibrils and crystal platelets, are bone's building blocks at an ultrastructural level. The organization of bone's ultrastructure with respect to the orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils has been the matter of numerous studies based on a variety of imaging techniques in the past decades. These techniques either exploit physical principles, such as polarization, diffraction or scattering to examine bone ultrastructure orientation and arrangement, or directly image the fibrils at the sub-micrometre scale. They make use of diverse probes such as visible light, X-rays and electrons at different scales, from centimetres down to nanometres. They allow imaging of bone sections or surfaces in two dimensions or investigating bone tissue truly in three dimensions, in vivo or ex vivo, and sometimes in combination with in situ mechanical experiments. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss this broad range of imaging techniques and the different modalities of their use, in order to discuss their advantages and limitations for the assessment of bone ultrastructure organization with respect to the orientation and arrangement of mineralized collagen fibrils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hémonnot CYJ, Köster S. Imaging of Biological Materials and Cells by X-ray Scattering and Diffraction. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8542-8559. [PMID: 28787573 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells and biological materials are large objects in comparison to the size of internal components such as organelles and proteins. An understanding of the functions of these nanoscale elements is key to elucidating cellular function. In this review, we describe the advances in X-ray scattering and diffraction techniques for imaging biological systems at the nanoscale. We present a number of principal technological advances in X-ray optics and development of sample environments. We identify radiation damage as one of the most severe challenges in the field, thus rendering the dose an important parameter when putting different X-ray methods in perspective. Furthermore, we describe different successful approaches, including scanning and full-field techniques, along with prominent examples. Finally, we present a few recent studies that combined several techniques in one experiment in order to collect highly complementary data for a multidimensional sample characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Y J Hémonnot
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Northwestern Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lebugle M, Liebi M, Wakonig K, Guzenko VA, Holler M, Menzel A, Guizar-Sicairos M, Diaz A, David C. High-acceptance versatile microfocus module based on elliptical Fresnel zone plates for small-angle X-ray scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:21145-21158. [PMID: 29041521 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.021145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency microfocusing of multi-keV X-rays at synchrotron sources is highly profitable for spatially resolved structural analysis of many kinds. Because radiation from synchrotron sources is typically elongated along the horizontal dimension, generating a microbeam that is isotropic in size requires a carefully designed optics system. Here we report on using a combination of a horizontally tunable slit downstream of the undulator source with elliptical diffractive Fresnel zone plates. We demonstrate the arrangement in context of small-angle X-ray scattering experiments, obtaining a microbeam of 2.2 μm × 1.8 μm (X × Y) with a flux of 1.2 × 1010 photons/s at an energy of 11.2 keV at the sample position.
Collapse
|
38
|
Masic A, Schuetz R, Bertinetti L, Li C, Siegel S, Metzger H, Wagermaier W, Fratzl P. Multiscale Analysis of Mineralized Collagen Combining X-ray Scattering and Fluorescence with Raman Spectroscopy under Controlled Mechanical, Thermal, and Humidity Environments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2853-2859. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Admir Masic
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139 Cambridge, United States
| | - Roman Schuetz
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chenghao Li
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Siegel
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hartmut Metzger
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Turunen MJ, Kaspersen JD, Olsson U, Guizar-Sicairos M, Bech M, Schaff F, Tägil M, Jurvelin JS, Isaksson H. Bone mineral crystal size and organization vary across mature rat bone cortex. J Struct Biol 2016; 195:337-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
40
|
Bone quality assessment techniques: geometric, compositional, and mechanical characterization from macroscale to nanoscale. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2016; 14:133-149. [PMID: 28936129 DOI: 10.1007/s12018-016-9222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the characterization techniques available to experimentally evaluate bone quality, defined as the geometric and material factors that contribute to fracture resistance independently of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The methods available for characterization of the geometric, compositional, and mechanical properties of bone across multiple length scales are summarized, along with their outcomes and their advantages and disadvantages. Examples of how each technique is used are discussed, as well as practical concerns such as sample preparation and whether or not each testing method is destructive. Techniques that can be used in vivo and those that have been recently improved or developed are emphasized, including high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography to evaluate geometric properties and reference point indentation to evaluate material properties. Because no single method can completely characterize bone quality, we provide a framework for how multiple characterization methods can be used together to generate a more comprehensive analysis of bone quality to complement aBMD in fracture risk assessment.
Collapse
|
41
|
Georgiadis M, Guizar-Sicairos M, Gschwend O, Hangartner P, Bunk O, Müller R, Schneider P. Ultrastructure Organization of Human Trabeculae Assessed by 3D sSAXS and Relation to Bone Microarchitecture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159838. [PMID: 27547973 PMCID: PMC4993496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the organization of bone ultrastructure, i.e. the orientation and arrangement of the mineralized collagen fibrils, has been in the focus of research for many years for cortical bone, and many models on the osteonal arrangement have been proposed, limited attention has been paid to trabecular bone ultrastructure. This is surprising because trabeculae play a crucial role for the mechanical strength of several bone sites, including the vertebrae and the femoral head. On this account, we first validated a recently developed method (3D sSAXS or 3D scanning small-angle X-ray scattering) for investigating bone ultrastructure in a quantitative and spatially resolved way, using conventional linearly polarized light microscopy as a gold standard. While both methods are used to analyze thin tissue sections, in contrast to polarized light microscopy, 3D sSAXS has the important advantage that it provides 3D information on the orientation and arrangement of bone ultrastructure. In this first study of its kind, we used 3D sSAXS to investigate the ultrastructural organization of 22 vertebral trabeculae of different alignment, types and sizes, obtained from 4 subjects of different ages. Maps of ultrastructure orientation and arrangement of the trabeculae were retrieved by stacking information from consecutive 20-μm-thick bone sections. The organization of the ultrastructure was analyzed in relation to trabecular microarchitecture obtained from computed tomography and to relevant parameters such as distance to trabecular surface, local curvature or local bone mineralization. We found that (i) ultrastructure organization is similar for all investigated trabeculae independent of their particular characteristics, (ii) bone ultrastructure exhibiting a high degree of orientation was arranged in domains, (iii) highly oriented ultrastructural areas were located closer to the bone surface, (iv) the ultrastructure of the human trabecular bone specimens followed the microarchitecture, being oriented mostly parallel to bone surface, and (v) local surface curvature seems to have an effect on the ultrastructure organization. Further studies that investigate bone ultrastructure orientation and arrangement are needed in order to understand its organization and consequently its relation to bone biology and mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Bunk
- Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kaspersen JD, Turunen MJ, Mathavan N, Lages S, Pedersen JS, Olsson U, Isaksson H. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Demonstrates Similar Nanostructure in Cortical Bone from Young Adult Animals of Different Species. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:76-87. [PMID: 26914607 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast amount of studies focusing on bone nanostructure that have been performed for several decades, doubts regarding the detailed structure of the constituting hydroxyapatite crystal still exist. Different experimental techniques report somewhat different sizes and locations, possibly due to different requirements for the sample preparation. In this study, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering is used to investigate the nanostructure of femur samples from young adult ovine, bovine, porcine, and murine cortical bone, including three different orthogonal directions relative to the long axis of the bone. The radially averaged scattering from all samples reveals a remarkable similarity in the entire q range, which indicates that the nanostructure is essentially the same in all species. Small differences in the data from different directions confirm that the crystals are elongated in the [001] direction and that this direction is parallel to the long axis of the bone. A model consisting of thin plates is successfully employed to describe the scattering and extract the plate thicknesses, which are found to be in the range of 20-40 Å for most samples but 40-60 Å for the cow samples. It is demonstrated that the mineral plates have a large degree of polydispersity in plate thickness. Additionally, and equally importantly, the scattering data and the model are critically evaluated in terms of model uncertainties and overall information content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Juhani Turunen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70 211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Neashan Mathavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Skjønsfjell ET, Kringeland T, Granlund H, Høydalsvik K, Diaz A, Breiby DW. Retrieving the spatially resolved preferred orientation of embedded anisotropic particles by small-angle X-ray scattering tomography. J Appl Crystallogr 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716005574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental nondestructive methods for probing the spatially varying arrangement and orientation of ultrastructures in hierarchical materials are in high demand. While conventional computed tomography (CT) is the method of choice for nondestructively imaging the interior of objects in three dimensions, it retrieves only scalar density fields. In addition to the traditional absorption contrast, other contrast mechanisms for image formation based on scattering and refraction are increasingly used in combination with CT methods, improving both the spatial resolution and the ability to distinguish materials of similar density. Being able to obtain vectorial information, like local growth directions and crystallite orientations, in addition to scalar density fields, is a longstanding scientific desire. In this work, it is demonstrated that, under certain conditions, the spatially varying preferred orientation of anisotropic particles embedded in a homogeneous matrix can be retrieved using CT with small-angle X-ray scattering as the contrast mechanism. Specifically, orientation maps of filler talc particles in injection-moulded isotactic polypropylene are obtained nondestructively under the key assumptions that the preferred orientation varies slowly in space and that the orientation of the flake-shaped talc particles is confined to a plane. It is expected that the method will find application inin situstudies of the mechanical deformation of composites and other materials with hierarchical structures over a range of length scales.
Collapse
|
44
|
Steiner JA, Ferguson SJ, van Lenthe GH. Screw insertion in trabecular bone causes peri-implant bone damage. Med Eng Phys 2016; 38:417-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
45
|
Hémonnot CYJ, Reinhardt J, Saldanha O, Patommel J, Graceffa R, Weinhausen B, Burghammer M, Schroer CG, Köster S. X-rays Reveal the Internal Structure of Keratin Bundles in Whole Cells. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3553-3561. [PMID: 26905642 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, X-ray imaging of biological cells has emerged as a complementary alternative to fluorescence and electron microscopy. Different techniques were established and successfully applied to macromolecular assemblies and structures in cells. However, while the resolution is reaching the nanometer scale, the dose is increasing. It is essential to develop strategies to overcome or reduce radiation damage. Here we approach this intrinsic problem by combing two different X-ray techniques, namely ptychography and nanodiffraction, in one experiment and on the same sample. We acquire low dose ptychography overview images of whole cells at a resolution of 65 nm. We subsequently record high-resolution nanodiffraction data from regions of interest. By comparing images from the two modalities, we can exclude strong effects of radiation damage on the specimen. From the diffraction data we retrieve quantitative structural information from intracellular bundles of keratin intermediate filaments such as a filament radius of 5 nm, hexagonal geometric arrangement with an interfilament distance of 14 nm and bundle diameters on the order of 70 nm. Thus, we present an appealing combined approach to answer a broad range of questions in soft-matter physics, biophysics and biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Y J Hémonnot
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Reinhardt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron , Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliva Saldanha
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Patommel
- Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden , Zellescher Weg 16, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rita Graceffa
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Britta Weinhausen
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 71, Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron , Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Nanostructure surveys of macroscopic specimens by small-angle scattering tensor tomography. Nature 2015; 527:349-52. [PMID: 26581291 DOI: 10.1038/nature16056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of many materials are based on the macroscopic arrangement and orientation of their nanostructure. This nanostructure can be ordered over a range of length scales. In biology, the principle of hierarchical ordering is often used to maximize functionality, such as strength and robustness of the material, while minimizing weight and energy cost. Methods for nanoscale imaging provide direct visual access to the ultrastructure (nanoscale structure that is too small to be imaged using light microscopy), but the field of view is limited and does not easily allow a full correlative study of changes in the ultrastructure over a macroscopic sample. Other methods of probing ultrastructure ordering, such as small-angle scattering of X-rays or neutrons, can be applied to macroscopic samples; however, these scattering methods remain constrained to two-dimensional specimens or to isotropically oriented ultrastructures. These constraints limit the use of these methods for studying nanostructures with more complex orientation patterns, which are abundant in nature and materials science. Here, we introduce an imaging method that combines small-angle scattering with tensor tomography to probe nanoscale structures in three-dimensional macroscopic samples in a non-destructive way. We demonstrate the method by measuring the main orientation and the degree of orientation of nanoscale mineralized collagen fibrils in a human trabecula bone sample with a spatial resolution of 25 micrometres. Symmetries within the sample, such as the cylindrical symmetry commonly observed for mineralized collagen fibrils in bone, allow for tractable sampling requirements and numerical efficiency. Small-angle scattering tensor tomography is applicable to both biological and materials science specimens, and may be useful for understanding and characterizing smart or bio-inspired materials. Moreover, because the method is non-destructive, it is appropriate for in situ measurements and allows, for example, the role of ultrastructure in the mechanical response of a biological tissue or manufactured material to be studied.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The interface between collagen and the mineral reinforcement phase, carbonated hydroxyapatite (cAp), is essential for bone's remarkable functionality as a biological composite material. The very small dimensions of the cAp phase and the disparate natures of the reinforcement and matrix are essential to the material's performance but also complicate study of this interface. This article summarizes what is known about the cAp-collagen interface in bone and begins with descriptions of the matrix and reinforcement roles in composites, of the phases bounding the interface, of growth of cAp growing within the collagen matrix, and of the effect of intra- and extrafibrilar mineral on determinations of interfacial properties. Different observed interfacial interactions with cAp (collagen, water, non-collagenous proteins) are reviewed; experimental results on interface interactions during loading are reported as are their influence on macroscopic mechanical properties; conclusions of numerical modeling of interfacial interactions are also presented. The data suggest interfacial interlocking (bending of collagen molecules around cAp nanoplatelets) and water-mediated bonding between collagen and cAp are essential to load transfer. The review concludes with descriptions of areas where new research is needed to improve understanding of how the interface functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Stock
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611-3008, USA,
| |
Collapse
|