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Hong N, Kim JJ, Kwon JH, Eom H, Kim E. Effect of Distractors on Sustained Attention and Hyperactivity in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Mobile Virtual Reality School Program. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:358-369. [PMID: 33430697 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720986229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether distractors in virtual reality (VR) environment affected the attention and hyperactivity in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHOD A total of 40 students (21 ADHD, 19 controls) aged between 9 and 17 years participated in this study. A rapid visual information processing task utilizing VR (VR-RVP) was performed under two conditions (no-distractor and distractor condition). Task performance and head movement during each condition were compared, and additional analyses were conducted after grouping participants into two developmental stages. RESULTS Children with ADHD performed comparably to the controls under the distractor condition, but had poorer performance under the no-distractor condition. They displayed more head movement under the distractor condition than in the no-distractor condition. CONCLUSION VR is possibly a useful tool for investigating the effect of distractors on individuals with ADHD, and children with ADHD are more vulnerable to a low-level stimulation situation than normal children in VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Hong
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Kwon
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Eom
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Targeting working memory to modify emotional reactivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:680-691. [PMID: 34524649 PMCID: PMC9010388 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neural mechanisms of emotional reactivity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may help develop more effective treatments that target emotion dysregulation. In adult ADHD, emotion regulation problems cover a range of dimensions, including emotional reactivity (ER). One important process that could underlie an impaired ER in ADHD might be impaired working memory (WM) processing. We recently demonstrated that taxing WM prior to the exposure of emotionally salient stimuli reduced physiological and subjective reactivity to such cues in heavy drinkers, suggesting lasting effects of WM activation on ER. Here, we investigated neural mechanisms that could underlie the interaction between WM and ER in adult ADHD participants. We included 30 male ADHD participants and 30 matched controls. Participants performed a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm in which active WM-blocks were alternated with passive blocks of negative and neutral images. We demonstrated group-independent significant main effects of negative emotional images on amygdala activation, and WM-load on paracingulate gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation. Contrary to earlier reports in adolescent ADHD, no impairments were found in neural correlates of WM or ER. Moreover, taxing WM did not alter the neural correlates of ER in either ADHD or control participants. While we did find effects on the amygdala, paCG, and dlPFC activation, we did not find interactions between WM and ER, possibly due to the relatively unimpaired ADHD population and a well-matched control group. Whether targeting WM might be effective in participants with ADHD with severe ER impairments remains to be investigated.
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Pretus C, Picado M, Ramos-Quiroga A, Carmona S, Richarte V, Fauquet J, Vilarroya Ó. Presence of Distractor Improves Time Estimation Performance in an Adult ADHD Sample. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1530-1537. [PMID: 27185529 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716648776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: It is widely accepted that patients with ADHD exhibit greater susceptibility to distractors, especially during tasks with higher working memory load demands. However, no study to date has specifically measured the impact of distractors on timing functions, although these have consistently shown alterations in ADHD. In this investigation, we aimed to elucidate the neural mechanisms mediating distractor effects on timing functions. Method: We employed a time estimation functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm including a distracting element in half of the trials in a sample of 21 patients with ADHD and 24 healthy controls. Results: As expected, the effect of the distractor was greater in ADHD patients, where it was associated with increased orbitofrontal activity compared with controls. Behaviorally, time estimation performance benefited from the presence of distractors in both groups. In turn, such improvement correlated with medial frontal and insular activity in the brain. Conclusion: These results suggest that distractors could be stimulating recruitment of frontal resources in ADHD, thus contributing to increase focus on the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pretus
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació IMIM (Institut Municipal d'Investigacions Mèdicques), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Richarte
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Óscar Vilarroya
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Fundació IMIM (Institut Municipal d'Investigacions Mèdicques), Barcelona, Spain
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Boon HJ. What do ADHD Neuroimaging Studies Reveal for Teachers, Teacher Educators and Inclusive Education? CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Aumont É, Arguin M, Bohbot V, West GL. Increased flanker task and forward digit span performance in caudate-nucleus-dependent response strategies. Brain Cogn 2019; 135:103576. [PMID: 31203022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of two memory systems can be used to navigate in a new environment. Hippocampus-dependent spatial strategy consists of creating a cognitive map of an environment and caudate nucleus-dependent response strategy consists of memorizing a rigid sequence of turns. Spontaneous use of the response strategy is associated with greater activity and grey matter within the caudate nucleus while the spatial strategy is associated with greater activity and grey matter in the hippocampus. The caudate nucleus is involved in executive functions such as working memory, cognitive control and certain aspects of attention such as attentional disengaging. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether response learners would display better performance on tests of executive and attention functioning compared to spatial learners. Fifty participants completed the 4/8 virtual maze to assess navigational strategy, the forward and backward visual digit span and the Attention Network Test - Revised to assess both attention disengagement and cognitive control. Results revealed that response learners showed significantly higher working memory capacity, more efficient attention disengagement and better cognitive control. Results suggest that response learners, who putatively display more grey matter and activity in the caudate nucleus, are associated with better working memory span, cognitive control and attentional disengagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Aumont
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Martin Arguin
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Bohbot
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Greg L West
- Center of Research in Neuropsychology and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira‐Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents - assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 5:CD012069. [PMID: 29744873 PMCID: PMC6494554 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012069.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. The psychostimulant methylphenidate is the most frequently used medication to treat it. Several studies have investigated the benefits of methylphenidate, showing possible favourable effects on ADHD symptoms, but the true magnitude of the effect is unknown. Concerning adverse events associated with the treatment, our systematic review of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrated no increase in serious adverse events, but a high proportion of participants suffered a range of non-serious adverse events. OBJECTIVES To assess the adverse events associated with methylphenidate treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD in non-randomised studies. SEARCH METHODS In January 2016, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, 12 other databases and two trials registers. We also checked reference lists and contacted authors and pharmaceutical companies to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included non-randomised study designs. These comprised comparative and non-comparative cohort studies, patient-control studies, patient reports/series and cross-sectional studies of methylphenidate administered at any dosage or formulation. We also included methylphenidate groups from RCTs assessing methylphenidate versus other interventions for ADHD as well as data from follow-up periods in RCTs. Participants had to have an ADHD diagnosis (from the 3rd to the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the 9th or 10th edition of theInternational Classification of Diseases, with or without comorbid diagnoses. We required that at least 75% of participants had a normal intellectual capacity (intelligence quotient of more than 70 points) and were aged below 20 years. We excluded studies that used another ADHD drug as a co-intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Fourteen review authors selected studies independently. Two review authors assessed risk of bias independently using the ROBINS-I tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. All review authors extracted data. We defined serious adverse events according to the International Committee of Harmonization as any lethal, life-threatening or life-changing event. We considered all other adverse events to be non-serious adverse events and conducted meta-analyses of data from comparative studies. We calculated meta-analytic estimates of prevalence from non-comparative cohorts studies and synthesised data from patient reports/series qualitatively. We investigated heterogeneity by conducting subgroup analyses, and we also conducted sensitivity analyses. MAIN RESULTS We included a total of 260 studies: 7 comparative cohort studies, 6 of which compared 968 patients who were exposed to methylphenidate to 166 controls, and 1 which assessed 1224 patients that were exposed or not exposed to methylphenidate during different time periods; 4 patient-control studies (53,192 exposed to methylphenidate and 19,906 controls); 177 non-comparative cohort studies (2,207,751 participants); 2 cross-sectional studies (96 participants) and 70 patient reports/series (206 participants). Participants' ages ranged from 3 years to 20 years. Risk of bias in the included comparative studies ranged from moderate to critical, with most studies showing critical risk of bias. We evaluated all non-comparative studies at critical risk of bias. The GRADE quality rating of the evidence was very low.Primary outcomesIn the comparative studies, methylphenidate increased the risk ratio (RR) of serious adverse events (RR 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 1.57; 2 studies, 72,005 participants); any psychotic disorder (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.57; 1 study, 71,771 participants); and arrhythmia (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.74; 1 study, 1224 participants) compared to no intervention.In the non-comparative cohort studies, the proportion of participants on methylphenidate experiencing any serious adverse event was 1.20% (95% CI 0.70% to 2.00%; 50 studies, 162,422 participants). Withdrawal from methylphenidate due to any serious adverse events occurred in 1.20% (95% CI 0.60% to 2.30%; 7 studies, 1173 participants) and adverse events of unknown severity led to withdrawal in 7.30% of participants (95% CI 5.30% to 10.0%; 22 studies, 3708 participants).Secondary outcomesIn the comparative studies, methylphenidate, compared to no intervention, increased the RR of insomnia and sleep problems (RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.24 to 5.34; 3 studies, 425 participants) and decreased appetite (RR 15.06, 95% CI 2.12 to 106.83; 1 study, 335 participants).With non-comparative cohort studies, the proportion of participants on methylphenidate with any non-serious adverse events was 51.2% (95% CI 41.2% to 61.1%; 49 studies, 13,978 participants). These included difficulty falling asleep, 17.9% (95% CI 14.7% to 21.6%; 82 studies, 11,507 participants); headache, 14.4% (95% CI 11.3% to 18.3%; 90 studies, 13,469 participants); abdominal pain, 10.7% (95% CI 8.60% to 13.3%; 79 studies, 11,750 participants); and decreased appetite, 31.1% (95% CI 26.5% to 36.2%; 84 studies, 11,594 participants). Withdrawal of methylphenidate due to non-serious adverse events occurred in 6.20% (95% CI 4.80% to 7.90%; 37 studies, 7142 participants), and 16.2% were withdrawn for unknown reasons (95% CI 13.0% to 19.9%; 57 studies, 8340 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that methylphenidate may be associated with a number of serious adverse events as well as a large number of non-serious adverse events in children and adolescents, which often lead to withdrawal of methylphenidate. Our certainty in the evidence is very low, and accordingly, it is not possible to accurately estimate the actual risk of adverse events. It might be higher than reported here.Given the possible association between methylphenidate and the adverse events identified, it may be important to identify people who are most susceptible to adverse events. To do this we must undertake large-scale, high-quality RCTs, along with studies aimed at identifying responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jakob Storebø
- Region ZealandChild and Adolescent Psychiatric DepartmentBirkevaenget 3RoskildeDenmark4300
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
- University of Southern DenmarkDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Health ScienceCampusvej 55OdenseDenmark5230
| | - Nadia Pedersen
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Erica Ramstad
- Region ZealandChild and Adolescent Psychiatric DepartmentBirkevaenget 3RoskildeDenmark4300
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | | | | | - Helle B Krogh
- Region ZealandChild and Adolescent Psychiatric DepartmentBirkevaenget 3RoskildeDenmark4300
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Carlos R Moreira‐Maia
- Federal University of Rio Grande do SulDepartment of PsychiatryRua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350‐2201APorto AlegreRSBrazil90035‐003
| | | | | | - Trine Gerner
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Maria Skoog
- Clinical Studies Sweden ‐ Forum SouthClinical Study SupportLundSweden
| | - Susanne Rosendal
- Psychiatric Centre North ZealandThe Capital Region of DenmarkDenmark
| | - Camilla Groth
- Herlev University HospitalPediatric DepartmentCapital RegionHerlevDenmark
| | | | | | - Dorothy Gauci
- Department of HealthDirectorate for Health Information and Research95 G'Mangia HillG'MangiaMaltaPTA 1313
| | - Morris Zwi
- Whittington HealthIslington Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service580 Holloway RoadLondonLondonUKN7 6LB
| | - Richard Kirubakaran
- Christian Medical CollegeCochrane South Asia, Prof. BV Moses Centre for Evidence‐Informed Healthcare and Health PolicyCarman Block II FloorCMC Campus, BagayamVelloreIndia632002
| | - Sasja J Håkonsen
- Aalborg UniversityDepartment of Health Science and TechnologyNiels Jernes Vej 14AalborgDenmark9220
| | | | - Erik Simonsen
- Region Zealand PsychiatryPsychiatric Research UnitSlagelseDenmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCochrane Hepato‐Biliary GroupBlegdamsvej 9CopenhagenDenmarkDK‐2100
- Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention ResearchCopenhagenDenmark
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Lin G, Roth RM. The Status of Structural and Functional MRI in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-017-9296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Araujo APDQC. New light on executive function and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 75:203. [PMID: 28489137 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20170038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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9
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Groenman AP, Schweren LJS, Dietrich A, Hoekstra PJ. An update on the safety of psychostimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:455-464. [PMID: 28277842 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1301928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methylphenidate is the first-line pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although methylphenidate has a well-established evidence base for treating ADHD, its long-term benefits are unclear. Areas covered: Physical adverse effects, psychiatric adverse events and brain development Expert opinion: Some physical adverse events have been described (e.g. sleep disturbances, growth reduction, loss of appetite), although most are of transient nature. Psychiatric adverse events seem more related to the diagnosis ADHD itself, and not stimulant treatment. Concluding, short-to-mid-term use (i.e., up to 2 years) stimulants are relatively safe, but much less is known about longer-term efficacy and safety of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabeth P Groenman
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Dietrich
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- a Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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Cyril Couffe, George A. Michael. Failures Due to Interruptions or Distractions: A Review and a New Framework. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 130:163-181. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.130.2.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stevens MC, Gaynor A, Bessette KL, Pearlson GD. A preliminary study of the effects of working memory training on brain function. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 10:387-407. [PMID: 26138580 PMCID: PMC4698365 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) training improves WM ability in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but its efficacy for non-cognitive ADHD impairments ADHD has been sharply debated. The purpose of this preliminary study was to characterize WM training-related changes in ADHD brain function and see if they were linked to clinical improvement. We examined 18 adolescents diagnosed with DSM-IV Combined-subtype ADHD before and after 25 sessions of WM training using a frequently employed approach (Cogmed™) using a nonverbal Sternberg WM fMRI task, neuropsychological tests, and participant- and parent-reports of ADHD symptom severity and associated functional impairment. Whole brain SPM8 analyses identified ADHD activation deficits compared to 18 non-ADHD control participants, then tested whether impaired ADHD frontoparietal brain activation would increase following WM training. Post hoc tests examined the relationships between neural changes and neurocognitive or clinical improvements. As predicted, WM training increased WM performance, ADHD clinical functioning, and WM-related ADHD brain activity in several frontal, parietal and temporal lobe regions. Increased left inferior frontal sulcus region activity was seen in all Encoding, Maintenance, and Retrieval Sternberg task phases. ADHD symptom severity improvements were most often positively correlated with activation gains in brain regions known to be engaged for WM-related executive processing; improvement of different symptom types had different neural correlates. The responsiveness of both amodal WM frontoparietal circuits and executive process-specific WM brain regions was altered by WM training. The latter might represent a promising, relatively unexplored treatment target for researchers seeking to optimize clinical response in ongoing ADHD WM training development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, The Institute of Living / Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Alexandra Gaynor
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, The Institute of Living / Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Katie L Bessette
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, The Institute of Living / Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, The Institute of Living / Hartford Hospital, 200 Retreat Avenue, Whitehall Building, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Mishra J, Sagar R, Joseph AA, Gazzaley A, Merzenich MM. Training sensory signal-to-noise resolution in children with ADHD in a global mental health setting. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e781. [PMID: 27070409 PMCID: PMC4872403 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impaired focus on goal-relevant signals and fail to suppress goal-irrelevant distractions. To address both these issues, we developed a novel neuroplasticity-based training program that adaptively trains the resolution of challenging sensory signals and the suppression of progressively more challenging distractions. We evaluated this sensory signal-to-noise resolution training in a small sample, global mental health study in Indian children with ADHD. The children trained for 30 h over 6 months in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Training completers showed steady and significant improvements in ADHD-associated behaviors from baseline to post training relative to controls, and benefits sustained in a 6-month follow-up. Post-training cognitive assessments showed significant positive results for response inhibition and Stroop interference tests in training completers vs controls, while measures of sustained attention and short-term memory showed nonsignificant improvement trends. Further, training-driven improvements in distractor suppression correlated with the improved ADHD symptoms. This initial study suggests utility of signal-to-noise resolution training for children with ADHD; it emphasizes the need for further research on this intervention and substantially informs the design of a larger trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mishra
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A A Joseph
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A Gazzaley
- Sandler Neurosciences Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Deficient interference control during working memory updating in adults with ADHD: An event-related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:452-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Wiesner CD, Baving L. Early Gamma-Band Activity During Interference Predicts Working Memory Distractibility in ADHD. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:971-6. [PMID: 23012697 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712459887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in working memory (WM) and enhanced distractibility. METHODS Evoked gamma-band response (GBR) occurs already 50 ms after stimulus onset and is modulated by attention. 16 boys with ADHD and 20 healthy controls (10-14 years) completed a WM task with distraction. RESULTS Occipitally evoked 40 Hz-GBR was higher during distraction in ADHD than controls. GBR correlated negatively with interference control. CONCLUSION These data suggest that ADHD patients are disturbed by interference on an early level of perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lioba Baving
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Kiel, Germany Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Rubia K, Alegria AA, Cubillo AI, Smith AB, Brammer MJ, Radua J. Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:616-28. [PMID: 24314347 PMCID: PMC4183380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulant medication, most commonly the catecholamine agonist methylphenidate, is the most effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, relatively little is known on the mechanisms of action. Acute effects on brain function can elucidate underlying neurocognitive effects. We tested methylphenidate effects relative to placebo in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during three disorder-relevant tasks in medication-naïve ADHD adolescents. In addition, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the fMRI findings of acute stimulant effects on ADHD brain function. METHODS The fMRI study compared 20 adolescents with ADHD under either placebo or methylphenidate in a randomized controlled trial while performing stop, working memory, and time discrimination tasks. The meta-analysis was conducted searching PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Peak coordinates of clusters of significant effects of stimulant medication relative to placebo or off medication were extracted for each study. RESULTS The fMRI analysis showed that methylphenidate significantly enhanced activation in bilateral inferior frontal cortex (IFC)/insula during inhibition and time discrimination but had no effect on working memory networks. The meta-analysis, including 14 fMRI datasets and 212 children with ADHD, showed that stimulants most consistently enhanced right IFC/insula activation, which also remained for a subgroup analysis of methylphenidate effects alone. A more lenient threshold also revealed increased putamen activation. CONCLUSIONS Psychostimulants most consistently increase right IFC/insula activation, which are key areas of cognitive control and also the most replicated neurocognitive dysfunction in ADHD. These neurocognitive effects may underlie their positive clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KR, AAA, AIC, AS) and Neuroimaging (MJB), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Analucia A Alegria
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KR, AAA, AIC, AS) and Neuroimaging (MJB), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana I Cubillo
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KR, AAA, AIC, AS) and Neuroimaging (MJB), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Smith
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KR, AAA, AIC, AS) and Neuroimaging (MJB), Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Brammer
- Departments of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Fundació per a la Investigació i la Docència Maria Angustias Giménez Research Unit, Germanes Hospitalaries and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (JR), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Reduced prefrontal efficiency for visuospatial working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:1020-1030.e6. [PMID: 25151425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visuospatial working memory impairments have been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, most ADHD research has focused on the neural correlates of nonspatial mnemonic processes. This study examined brain activation and functional connectivity for visuospatial working memory in youth with and without ADHD. METHOD Twenty-four youth with ADHD and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an N-back test of working memory for spatial position. Block-design analyses contrasted activation and functional connectivity separately for high (2-back) and low (1-back) working memory load conditions versus the control condition (0-back). The effect of working memory load was modeled with linear contrasts. RESULTS The 2 groups performed comparably on the task and demonstrated similar patterns of frontoparietal activation, with no differences in linear gains in activation as working memory load increased. However, youth with ADHD showed greater activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), greater functional connectivity between the left DLPFC and left intraparietal sulcus, and reduced left DLPFC connectivity with left midcingulate cortex and PCC for the high load contrast compared to controls (p < .01; k > 100 voxels). Reanalysis using a more conservative statistical approach (p < .001; k > 100 voxels) yielded group differences in PCC activation and DLPFC-midcingulate connectivity. CONCLUSION Youth with ADHD show decreased efficiency of DLPFC for high-load visuospatial working memory and greater reliance on posterior spatial attention circuits to store and update spatial position than healthy control youth. Findings should be replicated in larger samples.
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Munz M, Göder R, Wilhelm I, Korr K, Vahl W, Wiesner CD, Baving L. Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:793-9. [PMID: 25153776 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow oscillations (<1 Hz) during slow wave sleep (SWS) promote the consolidation of declarative memory. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to display deficits in sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory supposedly due to dysfunctional slow brain rhythms during SWS. OBJECTIVE Using transcranial oscillating direct current stimulation (toDCS) at 0.75 Hz, we investigated whether an externally triggered increase in slow oscillations during early SWS elevates memory performance in children with ADHD. METHODS 12 children with ADHD underwent a toDCS and a sham condition in a double-blind crossover study design conducted in a sleep laboratory. Memory was tested using a 2D object-location task. In addition, 12 healthy children performed the same memory task in their home environment. RESULTS Stimulation enhanced slow oscillation power in children with ADHD and boosted memory performance to the same level as in healthy children. CONCLUSION These data indicate that increasing slow oscillation power during sleep by toDCS can alleviate declarative memory deficits in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
| | - Manuel Munz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Göder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Ines Wilhelm
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Korr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Vahl
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian D Wiesner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Lioba Baving
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
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18
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Congdon E, Altshuler LL, Mumford JA, Karlsgodt KH, Sabb FW, Ventura J, McGough JJ, London ED, Cannon TD, Bilder RM, Poldrack RA. Neural activation during response inhibition in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary findings on the effects of medication and symptom severity. Psychiatry Res 2014; 222:17-28. [PMID: 24581734 PMCID: PMC4009011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have suggested that they have deficient response inhibition, but findings concerning the neural correlates of inhibition in this patient population are inconsistent. We used the Stop-Signal task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural activation associated with response inhibition between adults with ADHD (N=35) and healthy comparison subjects (N=62), and in follow-up tests to examine the effect of current medication use and symptom severity. There were no differences in Stop-Signal task performance or neural activation between ADHD and control participants. Among the ADHD participants, however, significant differences were associated with current medication, with individuals taking psychostimulants (N=25) showing less stopping-related activation than those not currently receiving psychostimulant medication (N=10). Follow-up analyses suggested that this difference in activation was independent of symptom severity. These results provide evidence that deficits in inhibition-related neural activation persist in a subset of adult ADHD individuals, namely those individuals currently taking psychostimulants. These findings help to explain some of the disparities in the literature, and advance our understanding of why deficits in response inhibition are more variable in adult, as compared with child and adolescent, ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Congdon
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lori L. Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Fred W. Sabb
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James J. McGough
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert M. Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Russell A. Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
,Department of Neurobiology and Imaging Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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19
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Cubillo A, Smith AB, Barrett N, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Simmons A, Rubia K. Drug-specific laterality effects on frontal lobe activation of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder boys during working memory. Psychol Med 2014; 44:633-646. [PMID: 23597077 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The catecholamine reuptake inhibitors methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX) are the most common treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study compares the neurofunctional modulation and normalization effects of acute doses of MPH and ATX within medication-naive ADHD boys during working memory (WM). METHOD A total of 20 medication-naive ADHD boys underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a parametric WM n-back task three times, under a single clinical dose of either MPH, ATX or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. To test for normalization effects, brain activations in ADHD under each drug condition were compared with that of 20 age-matched healthy control boys. RESULTS Relative to healthy boys, ADHD boys under placebo showed impaired performance only under high WM load together with significant underactivation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Both drugs normalized the performance deficits relative to controls. ATX significantly enhanced right DLPFC activation relative to MPH within patients, and significantly normalized its underactivation relative to controls. MPH, by contrast, both relative to placebo and ATX, as well as relative to controls, upregulated the left inferior frontal cortex (IFC), but only during 2-back. Both drugs enhanced fronto-temporo-striatal activation in ADHD relative to control boys and deactivated the default-mode network, which were negatively associated with the reduced DLPFC activation and performance deficits, suggesting compensation effects. CONCLUSIONS The study shows both shared and drug-specific effects. ATX upregulated and normalized right DLPFC underactivation, while MPH upregulated left IFC activation, suggesting drug-specific laterality effects on prefrontal regions mediating WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cubillo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A B Smith
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Barrett
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - V Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Brammer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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20
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Schweren LJS, de Zeeuw P, Durston S. MR imaging of the effects of methylphenidate on brain structure and function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1151-64. [PMID: 23165220 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate is the first-choice pharmacological intervention for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The pharmacological and behavioral effects of methylphenidate are well described, but less is known about neurochemical brain changes induced by methylphenidate. This level of analysis may be informative on how the behavioral effects of methylphenidate are established. This paper reviews structural and functional MRI studies that have investigated effects of methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Structural MRI studies provide evidence that long-term stimulant treatment may normalize structural brain changes found in the white matter, the anterior cingulate cortex, the thalamus, and the cerebellum in ADHD. Moreover, preliminary evidence suggests that methylphenidate treatment may normalize the trajectory of cortical development in ADHD. Functional MRI has provided evidence that methylphenidate administration has acute effects on brain functioning, and even suggests that methylphenidate may normalize brain activation patterns as well as functional connectivity in children with ADHD during cognitive control, attention, and during rest. The effects of methylphenidate on the developing brain appear highly specific and dependent on numerous factors, including biological factors such as genetic predispositions, subject-related factors such as age and symptom severity, and task-related factors such as task difficulty. Future studies on structural and functional brain changes in ADHD may benefit from inclusion strategies guided by current medication status and medication history. Further studies on the effects of methylphenidate treatment on structural and functional MRI parameters are needed to address unresolved issues of the long-term effects of treatment, as well as the mechanism through which medication-induced brain changes bring about clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne J S Schweren
- Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neurosciences, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 74:902-17. [PMID: 24107764 PMCID: PMC3801446 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.12r08287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of therapeutic oral doses of stimulants on the brains of ADHD subjects as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based neuroimaging studies (morphometric, functional, spectroscopy). DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed and ScienceDirect through the end of calendar year 2011 using the keywords (1) psychostimulants or methylphenidate or amphetamine, and (2) neuroimaging or MRI or fMRI, and (3) ADHD or ADD or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. STUDY SELECTION We included only English language articles with new data from case-control or placebo controlled studies that examined attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subjects on and off psychostimulants (as well as 5 relevant review articles). DATA EXTRACTION We combined details of study design and medication effects in each imaging modality. RESULTS We found 29 published studies that met our criteria. These included 6 structural MRI, 20 functional MRI studies, and 3 spectroscopy studies. Methods varied widely in terms of design, analytic technique, and regions of the brain investigated. Despite heterogeneity in methods, however, results were consistent. With only a few exceptions, the data on the effect of therapeutic oral doses of stimulant medication suggest attenuation of structural and functional alterations found in unmedicated ADHD subjects relative to findings in controls. CONCLUSIONS Despite the inherent limitations and heterogeneity of the extant MRI literature, our review suggests that therapeutic oral doses of stimulants decrease alterations in brain structure and function in subjects with ADHD relative to unmedicated subjects and controls. These medication-associated brain effects parallel, and may underlie, the well-established clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Spencer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129,Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroimaging Program, Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ariel Brown
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Boston, MA 02114,Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroimaging Program, Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129,Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroimaging Program, Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Medical School Departments of Neurology and Radiology Services, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129,MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129,Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eve M. Valera
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129,Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroimaging Program, Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Boston, MA 02114,MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Nikos Makris
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129,Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroimaging Program, Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Medical School Departments of Neurology and Radiology Services, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129,MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Alexandra Lomedico
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Boston, MA 02114,Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129,Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroimaging Program, Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Boston, MA 02114
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22
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The role of Homer 1a in increasing locomotor activity and non-selective attention, and impairing learning and memory abilities. Brain Res 2013; 1515:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Advokat C, Scheithauer M. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulant medications as cognitive enhancers. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:82. [PMID: 23754970 PMCID: PMC3666055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent increases in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses, and the escalation of stimulant prescriptions, has raised concern about diversion and abuse of stimulants, as well as the ethics of using these drugs as “cognitive enhancers.”Such concern appears misplaced in the face of substantial evidence that stimulant drugs do not improve the academic performance of ADHD-diagnosed students. Moreover, numerous studies have found little or no benefit of stimulants on neuropsychological tests of ADHD-diagnosed as well as normal, individuals. This paper examines the apparent paradox: why don't drugs that improve “attention,” produce better academic outcomes in ADHD-diagnosed students? We found that stimulant drugs significantly improved impairment of episodic memory in ADHD-diagnosed undergraduate students. Nevertheless, we also found consistent academic deficits between ADHD students and their non-ADHD counterparts, regardless of whether or not they used stimulant medications. We reviewed the current literature on the behavioral effects of stimulants, to try to find an explanation for these conflicting phenomena. Across a variety of behavioral tasks, stimulants have been shown to reduce emotional reactions to frustration, improve the ability to detect errors, and increase effortful behavior. However, all of these effects would presumably enhance academic performance. On the other hand, the drugs were also found to promote “risky behavior” and to increase susceptibility to environmental distraction. Such negative effects, including the use of drugs to promote wakefulness for last minute study, might explain the lack of academic benefit in the “real world,” despite their cognitive potential. Like many drugs, stimulants influence behavior in multiple ways, depending on the environmental contingencies. Depending on the circumstances, stimulants may, or may not, enhance cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Advokat
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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24
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Mercadillo RE, Trujillo C, Sánchez-Cortazar J, Barrios FA. Brain Activity in ADHD Patients Performing the Counting Stroop Task: A Social Neuroscience Approach. Psychol Rep 2012; 111:652-68. [DOI: 10.2466/15.10.19.pr0.111.5.652-668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms are manifested in social dynamics. In this study, the brain activity of eight child and adolescent patients diagnosed with ADHD was examined while they performed the Counting Stroop task and results were interpreted using social neuroscience premises. Brain activity was identified in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions related to the orienting system of attention and with linguistic, facial recognition, and mnemonic processes. Consistent with previous reports, these patients showed no activation in prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices related to the executive system of attention. Also, they manifested activation in the insular cortex involving interoceptive processes that may be associated with impulsiveness. Global brain activity involves a network formed during early development and includes experiential components such as learning of rules, reward systems, empathy, and decision making. An integrative assessment of ADHD should consider psychosocial and neurobiological causes integrated into an individual's own experiences assembled throughout life.
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25
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Minzenberg MJ. Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from cells to circuits. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:610-21. [PMID: 22718077 PMCID: PMC3441935 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent disorder of childhood and adulthood, with a considerable impact on public health. There is a substantial pharmacopoeia available for safe and effective treatment of ADHD, and newly available agents diversify the treatment options. With the burgeoning scientific literature addressing the genetic, neurochemical, and neural systems basis for this condition, increasing attention is directed at establishing the neural basis for the efficacy of existing treatments. ADHD remains the only highly prevalent, nondegenerative neuropsychiatric disorder for which effective medications remediate the principal cognitive disturbances in concert with clinical efficacy. Therefore, deeper insight into the neural mechanisms of cognitive remediation may serve to advance treatment development not only in ADHD, but across a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders in which cognitive dysfunction is a cardinal feature and a strong predictor of clinical outcome. To date, all effective medications for ADHD act on 1 or both of the major catecholamine neurotransmitter systems in the brain. These 2 systems, which arise from subcortical nuclei and use norepinephrine (NE) or dopamine (DA) as transmitters, exert strong modulatory effects on widely distributed cortical-subcortical neural circuits, with important effects on cognition, mood, and behavior, in both health and illness. The present review outlines the actions of ADHD medications from subcellular effects to effects on neural systems and cognition in ADHD patients. This is a very active area of investigation at all phases of the translational cycle, and near-term work is poised to firmly link cellular neuropharmacology to large-scale effects, and point the way toward advances in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Minzenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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26
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Costa A, Riedel M, Pogarell O, Menzel-Zelnitschek F, Schwarz M, Reiser M, Möller HJ, Rubia K, Meindl T, Ettinger U. Methylphenidate effects on neural activity during response inhibition in healthy humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:1179-89. [PMID: 22581848 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a catecholamine transporter blocker, with dopamine agonistic effects in the basal ganglia. Response inhibition, error detection, and its mediating frontostriatal brain activation are improved by MPH in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, little is known about the effects of MPH on response inhibition and error processing or its underlying brain function in healthy individuals. Therefore, this study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and 2 response inhibition tasks in 52 healthy males. Subjects underwent fMRI during a go/no-go task and a tracking stop-signal task after administration of 40 mg MPH and placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures design. Results revealed task- and condition-specific neural effects of MPH: it increased activation in the putamen only during inhibition errors but not during successful inhibition and only in the go/no-go task. We speculate that task specificity of the effect might be due to differences in the degree of error saliency in the 2 task designs, whereas errors were few in the go/no-go task and thus had high saliency and the stop-signal task was designed to elicit 50% of errors in all subjects, diminishing the error saliency effect. The findings suggest that neural MPH effects interact with the saliency of the behavior under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Costa
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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27
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Molzow I, Munz M, Wilhelm I, Müller K, Freytag D, Wiesner CD, Baving L. Sleep restores daytime deficits in procedural memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:2480-2488. [PMID: 21820271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sleep supports the consolidation of declarative and procedural memory. While prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity supports the consolidation of declarative memory during sleep, opposite effects of PFC activity are reported with respect to the consolidation of procedural memory during sleep. Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterised by a prefrontal hypoactivity. Therefore, we hypothesised that children with ADHD benefit from sleep with respect to procedural memory more than healthy children. Sixteen children with ADHD and 16 healthy controls (aged 9-12) participated in this study. A modification of the serial-reaction-time task was conducted. In the sleep condition, learning took place in the evening and retrieval after a night of sleep, whereas in the wake condition learning took place in the morning and retrieval in the evening without sleep. Children with ADHD showed an improvement in motor skills after sleep compared to the wake condition. Sleep-associated gain in reaction times was positively correlated with the amount of sleep stage 4 and REM-density in ADHD. As expected, sleep did not benefit motor performance in the group of healthy children. These data suggest that sleep in ADHD normalizes deficits in procedural memory observed during daytime. It is discussed whether in patients with ADHD attenuated prefrontal control enables sleep-dependent gains in motor skills by reducing the competitive interference between explicit and implicit components within a motor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University School of Medicine, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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Kim H, Heo HI, Kim DH, Ko IG, Lee SS, Kim SE, Kim BK, Kim TW, Ji ES, Kim JD, Shin MS, Choi YW, Kim CJ. Treadmill exercise and methylphenidate ameliorate symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder through enhancing dopamine synthesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:35-9. [PMID: 21907264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Neonatal methylphenidate does not impair adult spatial learning in the Morris water maze in rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 502:152-6. [PMID: 21798318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is the most prescribed drug for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Licit and illicit use also occurs during pregnancy, however the effects from this use on offspring development are unknown. To model late gestational exposure, Sprague-Dawley litters were treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, or 30mg/kg×4/day every 2h with MPD on postnatal days 11-20 (within-litter design; days chosen to be comparable to human third trimester brain development). During treatment, body weights were decreased in MPD-treated groups; weight recovery occurred in all but the MPD-30 group by start of testing. MPD-treated rats showed no changes in anxiety (elevated zero maze), swimming ability (straight channel swimming), or spatial learning/reference memory (Morris water maze). MPD does not appear to pose a risk to these CNS functions after exposure during a stage of rat development analogous to third trimester human brain development.
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