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Yu JX, Hui YM, Xue JA, Qu JB, Ling SQ, Wang W, Zeng XN, Liu JL. Formation characteristics of long-term memory in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:829-843. [PMID: 36151856 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies on insects have contributed significantly to a better understanding of learning and memory, which is a necessary cognitive capability for all animals. Although the formation of memory has been studied in some model insects, more evidence is required to clarify the characteristics of memory formation, especially long-term memory (LTM), which is important for reliably storing information. Here, we explored this question by examining Bactrocera dorsalis, an agricultural pest with excellent learning abilities. Using the classical conditioning paradigm of the olfactory proboscis extension reflex (PER), we found that paired conditioning with multiple trials (>3) spaced with an intertrial interval (≥10 min) resulted in stable memory that lasted for at least 3 d. Furthermore, even a single conditioning trial was sufficient for the formation of a 2-d memory. With the injection of protein inhibitors, protein-synthesis-dependent memory was confirmed to start 4 h after training, and its dependence on translation and transcription differed. Moreover, the results revealed that the dependence of memory on protein translation exhibited a time-window effect (4-6 h). Our findings provide an integrated view of LTM in insects, suggesting common mechanisms in LTM formation that play a key role in the biological basis of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Yu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Min Hui
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ao Xue
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Bao Qu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Quan Ling
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection, and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Nian Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Insect Behavior Regulation, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP, Kozyrev SA, Nikitin PV. DNA methylation inhibition participates in the anterograde amnesia key mechanism through the suppression of the transcription of genes involved in memory formation in grape snails. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114118. [PMID: 36116736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of the amnesia mechanisms is of both theoretical and practical importance. The mechanisms of anterograde amnesia are the least studied, due to the lack of an experimental model that allows studying this amnesia type molecular and cellular mechanisms. Previously, we found that conditional food aversion memory reconsolidation impairment in snails by NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists led to the amnesia induction, in the late stages of which (>10 days) repeated training did not cause long-term memory formation. In the same animals, long-term memory aversion to a new food type was formed. We characterized this amnesia as specific anterograde amnesia. In the present work we studied the role of epigenetic DNA methylation processes as well as protein and mRNA synthesis in the mechanisms of anterograde amnesia and memory recovery. DNMT methyltransferase inhibitors (iDNMT: zebularine, RG108 (N-Phthalyl-1-tryptophan), and 5-AZA (5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine)) were used to alter DNA methylation. It was found that in amnesic animals the iDNMT administration before or after shortened repeated training led to the rapid long-term conditional food aversion formation (Ebbinghaus saving effect). This result suggests that amnestic animals retain a latent memory, which is the basis for accelerated memory formation during repeated training. Protein synthesis inhibitors administration (cycloheximide) before or immediately after repeated training or administration of RNA synthesis inhibitor (actinomycin D) after repeated training prevented memory formation under iDNMT action. The earlier protein synthesis inhibitor effect suggests that the proteins required for memory formation are translated from the pre-existing, translationally repressed mRNAs. Thus, we have shown for the first time that the anterograde amnesia key mechanism is DNMT-dependent suppression of the transcription of genes involved in memory mechanisms. Inhibition of DNMT during repeated training reversed these genes expression blockade, opening access to them by transcription factors synthesized during training from the pre-existing mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Solntseva
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - V P Nikitin
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - S A Kozyrev
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - P V Nikitin
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
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3
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Nikitin V, Solntseva S, Kozyrev S, Nikitin P. Long-term memory consolidation or reconsolidation impairment induces amnesia with key characteristics that are similar to key learning characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:542-558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Nikitin VP, Solntseva SV, Kozyrev SA, Nikitin PV. Proteins or RNA synthesis inhibitors suppressed induction of amnesia developing under impairment of memory reconsolidation by serotonin receptors antagonist. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104520. [PMID: 31400436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that retrieval of long-term memory can cause memory reconsolidation, and impaired reconsolidation leads to amnesia development. However, the mechanisms of amnesia induction due to impaired memory reconsolidation remains poorly described. Using experiments involving grape snails trained to conditioned food aversion, we studied the role of translation and transcription processes and the role of serotonin receptors in the mechanisms of amnesia induction. We found that administration of a serotonin receptor antagonist or a protein synthesis inhibitor before the administration of a reminder using a conditioned food stimulus induced amnesia development, whereas injections of mRNA synthesis inhibitor did not affect memory safety. Moreover, combined injections of an antagonist of serotonin receptor and inhibitors of protein or mRNA synthesis before reminder administration completely prevented amnesia development. In addition, inhibitors of protein or mRNA synthesis prevented amnesia development 3 h but not 9 h after the administration of a serotonin receptor antagonist/reminder. We hypothesize that the mechanisms of amnesia induction caused by impaired memory reconsolidation depend on protein and mRNA syntheses within a certain time window, similar to the mechanisms of induction of other long-term plastic brain rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Nikitin
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Baltiyskala Str. 8, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Svetlana V Solntseva
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Baltiyskala Str. 8, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Kozyrev
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Baltiyskala Str. 8, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Nikitin
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Baltiyskala Str. 8, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation; N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuropathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Moscow, Russian Federation
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5
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Harris RM, Kao HY, Alarcon JM, Hofmann HA, Fenton AA. Hippocampal transcriptomic responses to enzyme-mediated cellular dissociation. Hippocampus 2019; 29:876-882. [PMID: 31087609 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Single-neuron gene expression studies may be especially important for understanding nervous system structure and function because of the neuron-specific functionality and plasticity that defines functional neural circuits. Cellular dissociation is a prerequisite technical manipulation for single-cell and single cell-population studies, but the extent to which the cellular dissociation process affects neural gene expression has not been determined. This information is necessary for interpreting the results of experimental manipulations that affect neural function such as learning and memory. The goal of this research was to determine the impact of cellular dissociation on brain transcriptomes. We compared gene expression of microdissected samples from the dentate gyrus (DG), CA3, and CA1 subfields of the mouse hippocampus either prepared by a standard tissue homogenization protocol or subjected to enzymatic digestion used to dissociate cells within tissues. We report that compared to homogenization, enzymatic dissociation alters about 350 genes or 2% of the hippocampal transcriptome. While only a few genes canonically implicated in long-term potentiation and fear memory change expression levels in response to the dissociation procedure, these data indicate that sample preparation can affect gene expression profiles, which might confound interpretation of results depending on the research question. This study is important for the investigation of any complex tissues as research effort moves from subfield level analysis to single cell analysis of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna M Harris
- Department of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Neural Systems and Behavior Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Hsin-Yi Kao
- Neural Systems and Behavior Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Juan Marcos Alarcon
- Neural Systems and Behavior Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Neural Systems and Behavior Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - André A Fenton
- Neural Systems and Behavior Course, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York.,The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Neuroscience Institute at the New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
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6
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Nikitin VP, Kozyrev SA, Solntseva SV. Peculiarities of Participation of DNA Methyltransferases in the Mechanisms of Storage, Impairment, and Recovery of Conditioned Food Aversion Memory. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:1-6. [PMID: 30417305 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied the participation of DNA-methylation processes in the mechanisms of memory storage and reconsolidation, amnesia induction, and in recovery of the conditioned food aversion memory in edible snails. It was found that daily injections of DNA methyltransferases inhibitor over 3 days combined with a reminder of a conditioned food stimulus did not affect memory storage. The administration of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors did not suppress induction of amnesia caused the NMDA receptor antagonist/reminder. Injections of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors combined with the reminder led to memory recovery in 3 days after amnesia induction. Thus, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in the same doses did not affect storage and reconsolidation of memory, as well as the mechanisms of amnesia induction. At the same time, injections of inhibitors led to memory recovery, apparently, due to disruption of reactivation and amnesia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Nikitin
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - S A Kozyrev
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Solntseva
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Prado-Alcalá RA, Medina AC, Bello-Medina PC, Quirarte GL. Inhibition of transcription and translation in the striatum after memory reactivation: Lack of evidence of reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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8
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Ozawa T, Yamada K, Ichitani Y. Differential requirements of hippocampal de novo protein and mRNA synthesis in two long-term spatial memory tests: Spontaneous place recognition and delay-interposed radial maze performance in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171629. [PMID: 28178292 PMCID: PMC5298318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal de novo mRNA and protein synthesis has been suggested to be critical for long-term spatial memory. However, its requirement in each memory process (i.e. encoding, consolidation and retrieval) and the differences in the roles of de novo mRNA and protein synthesis in different situations where spatial memory is tested have not been thoroughly investigated. To address these questions, we examined the effects of hippocampal administration of the protein synthesis inhibitors, anisomycin (ANI) and emetine (EME), as well as that of an mRNA synthesis inhibitor, 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (DRB), on rat performance in two long-term spatial memory tests. In a spontaneous place recognition test with a 6 h delay, ANI, administered either before or immediately after the sample phase, but not before the test phase, eliminated the exploratory preference for the object in a novel place. This amnesic effect was replicated by both EME and DRB. In a 6 h delay-interposed radial maze task, however, administering ANI before the first-half and before the second-half, but not immediately or 2 h after the first-half, impaired performance in the second-half. This disruptive effect of ANI was successfully replicated by EME. However, DRB administered before the first-half performance did not impair the second-half performance, while it did impair it if injected before the second-half. None of these drugs caused amnesic effects during the short (5 min)/non-delayed conditions in either tests. These results suggest that 1) hippocampal protein synthesis is required for the consolidation of spatial memory, while mRNA synthesis is not necessarily required, and 2) hippocampal mRNA and protein synthesis requirement for spatial memory retrieval depends on the types of memory tested, probably because their demands are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ozawa
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukio Ichitani
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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9
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Different components of conditioned food aversion memory. Brain Res 2016; 1642:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Transcription inhibitors prevent amnesia induced by NMDA antagonist-mediated impairment of memory reconsolidation. Learn Behav 2016; 44:250-9. [DOI: 10.3758/s13420-015-0208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Solntseva SV, Kozyrev SA, Nikitin VP. Involvement of Mζ-Like Protein Kinase in the Mechanisms of Conditioned Food Aversion Memory Reconsolidation in the Helix lucorum. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:192-6. [PMID: 26085351 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the involvement of Mζ-like protein kinase (PKMζ) into mechanisms of conditioned food aversion memory reconsolidation in Helix lucorum. Injections PKMζ inhibitor ZIP in a dose of 5 mg/kg on day 2 or 10 after learning led to memory impairment and amnesia development. Injections of the inhibitor in doses of 1.5 or 2.5 mg/kg had no effect. Repeated training on day 11 after induction of amnesia resulted in the formation of memory on the same type of food aversion similar to first training. The number of combinations of conditional (food) and reinforcing (electrical shock) stimuli was similar during initial and repeated training. We hypothesize that the inhibition of Mζ-like protein kinase erases the memory trace and a new memory is formed during repeated training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Solntseva
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Nikitin V, Solntseva S, Nikitin P, Kozyrev S. The role of DNA methylation in the mechanisms of memory reconsolidation and development of amnesia. Behav Brain Res 2015; 279:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Jarome TJ, Lubin FD. Epigenetic mechanisms of memory formation and reconsolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 115:116-27. [PMID: 25130533 PMCID: PMC4250295 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory consolidation involves transcriptional control of genes in neurons to stabilize a newly formed memory. Following retrieval, a once consolidated memory destabilizes and again requires gene transcription changes in order to restabilize, a process referred to as reconsolidation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of gene transcription during the consolidation and reconsolidation processes could provide crucial insights into normal memory formation and memory dysfunction associated with psychiatric disorders. In the past decade, modifications of epigenetic markers such as DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins have emerged as critical transcriptional regulators of gene expression during initial memory formation and after retrieval. In light of the rapidly growing literature in this exciting area of research, we here examine the most recent and latest evidence demonstrating how memory acquisition and retrieval trigger epigenetic changes during the consolidation and reconsolidation phases to impact behavior. In particular we focus on the reconsolidation process, where we discuss the already identified epigenetic regulators of gene transcription during memory reconsolidation, while exploring other potential epigenetic modifications that may also be involved, and expand on how these epigenetic modifications may be precisely and temporally controlled by important signaling cascades critical to the reconsolidation process. Finally, we explore the possibility that epigenetic mechanisms may serve to regulate a system or circuit level reconsolidation process and may be involved in retrieval-dependent memory updating. Hence, we propose that epigenetic mechanisms coordinate changes in neuronal gene transcription, not only during the initial memory consolidation phase, but are triggered by retrieval to regulate molecular and cellular processes during memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Jarome
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Farah D Lubin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Kozyrev SA, Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP. Long-term phase reorganization of conditioned food aversion memory in edible snail. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:416-20. [PMID: 25110074 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The specific features of memory reconsolidation in edible snails were studied over 30 days after learning of conditioned food aversion. Injections of a NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 or protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide in combination with the conditioned food stimulus (reminder) on day 2 after learning were followed by the development of amnesia. Repeated training on day 10 after the induction of amnesia did not result in skill formation. Injections of MK-801 or cycloheximide and reminder by the 10th day after training had no effect on memory retention. Injections of MK-801 or cycloheximide and reminder by the 30th day after training were followed by the development of amnesia. In these experiments, memory was recovered after repeated training. Our results indicate that a complex phase reorganization of memory occurs over 30 days after learning. This process includes memory consolidation over the first days after training, stabilization and resistance to adverse factors after 10 days, and newly acquired ability for reconsolidation by the 30th day after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kozyrev
- P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP. Induction of Latent Memory for Conditioned Food Aversion and Its Transformation into “Active” State Depend on Translation and Transcription Processes. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Processes of DNA Methylation Are Involved in the Mechanisms of Amnesia Induction and Conditioned Food Aversion Memory Reconsolidation. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 156:430-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Jarome TJ, Helmstetter FJ. The ubiquitin-proteasome system as a critical regulator of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:107-16. [PMID: 23623827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have supported the idea that de novo protein synthesis is critical for synaptic plasticity and normal long-term memory formation. This requirement for protein synthesis has been shown for several different types of fear memories, exists in multiple brain regions and circuits, and is necessary for different stages of memory creation and storage. However, evidence has recently begun to accumulate suggesting that protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is an equally important regulator of memory formation. Here we review those recent findings on protein degradation and memory formation and stability and propose a model explaining how protein degradation may be contributing to various aspects of memory and synaptic plasticity. We conclude that protein degradation may be the major factor regulating many of the molecular processes that we know are important for fear memory formation and stability in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Jarome
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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