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Hu Z, Yang Y, Yang L, Gong Y, Chukwu C, Ye D, Yue Y, Yuan J, Kravitz AV, Chen H. Airy-beam holographic sonogenetics for advancing neuromodulation precision and flexibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402200121. [PMID: 38885384 PMCID: PMC11214095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of brain function and developing treatments for neurological diseases hinge on the ability to modulate neuronal groups in specific brain areas without invasive techniques. Here, we introduce Airy-beam holographic sonogenetics (AhSonogenetics) as an implant-free, cell type-specific, spatially precise, and flexible neuromodulation approach in freely moving mice. AhSonogenetics utilizes wearable ultrasound devices manufactured using 3D-printed Airy-beam holographic metasurfaces. These devices are designed to manipulate neurons genetically engineered to express ultrasound-sensitive ion channels, enabling precise modulation of specific neuronal populations. By dynamically steering the focus of Airy beams through ultrasound frequency tuning, AhSonogenetics is capable of modulating neuronal populations within specific subregions of the striatum. One notable feature of AhSonogenetics is its ability to flexibly stimulate either the left or right striatum in a single mouse. This flexibility is achieved by simply switching the acoustic metasurface in the wearable ultrasound device, eliminating the need for multiple implants or interventions. AhSonogentocs also integrates seamlessly with in vivo calcium recording via fiber photometry, showcasing its compatibility with optical modalities without cross talk. Moreover, AhSonogenetics can generate double foci for bilateral stimulation and alleviate motor deficits in Parkinson's disease mice. This advancement is significant since many neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, involve dysfunction in multiple brain regions. By enabling precise and flexible cell type-specific neuromodulation without invasive procedures, AhSonogenetics provides a powerful tool for investigating intact neural circuits and offers promising interventions for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Yaoheng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Leqi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Chinwendu Chukwu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Dezhuang Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Yimei Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
| | - Alexxai V. Kravitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO63130
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO63110
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2
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Zhang S, Dauer K, Strohäker T, Tatenhorst L, Caldi Gomes L, Mayer S, Jung BC, Kim WS, Lee S, Becker S, Liesche‐Starnecker F, Zweckstetter M, Lingor P. Alpha-synuclein fibrils amplified from multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease patient brain spread after intracerebral injection into mouse brain. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13196. [PMID: 37485772 PMCID: PMC10467043 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are neurodegenerative disorders with alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation pathology. Different strains of α-syn with unique properties are suggested to cause distinct clinical and pathological manifestations resulting in PD, MSA, or DLB. To study individual α-syn spreading patterns, we injected α-syn fibrils amplified from brain homogenates of two MSA patients and two PD patients into the brains of C57BI6/J mice. Antibody staining against pS129-α-syn showed that α-syn fibrils amplified from the brain homogenates of the four different patients caused different levels of α-syn spreading. The strongest α-syn pathology was triggered by α-syn fibrils of one of the two MSA patients, followed by comparable pS129-α-syn induction by the second MSA and one PD patient material. Histological analysis using an antibody against Iba1 further showed that the formation of pS129-α-syn is associated with increased microglia activation. In contrast, no differences in dopaminergic neuron numbers or co-localization of α-syn in oligodendrocytes were observed between the different groups. Our data support the spreading of α-syn pathology in MSA, while at the same time pointing to spreading heterogeneity between different patients potentially driven by individual patient immanent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Karina Dauer
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Timo Strohäker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Lucas Caldi Gomes
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Simon Mayer
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Byung Chul Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Convergence Research Center for Dementia, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Woojin S. Kim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research AustraliaRandwickNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Seung‐Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Convergence Research Center for Dementia, College of MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR Based Structural BiologyMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Friederike Liesche‐Starnecker
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, School of MedicineTechnical University MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical FacultyUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)GöttingenGermany
- Department of NMR Based Structural BiologyMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Clinical Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of NeurodegenerationUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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3
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Yu C, Jiang TT, Shoemaker CT, Fan D, Rossi MA, Yin HH. Striatal mechanisms of turning behaviour following unilateral dopamine depletion in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4529-4545. [PMID: 35799410 PMCID: PMC9710193 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral dopamine (DA) depletion produces ipsiversive turning behaviour, and the injection of DA receptor agonists can produce contraversive turning, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We conducted in vivo recording and pharmacological and optogenetic manipulations to study the role of DA and striatal output in turning behaviour. We used a video-based tracking programme while recording single unit activity in both putative medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the dorsal striatum bilaterally. Our results suggest that unilateral DA depletion reduced striatal output from the depleted side, resulting in asymmetric striatal output. Depletion systematically altered activity in both MSNs and FSIs, especially in neurons that increased firing during turning movements. Like D1 agonist SKF 38393, optogenetic stimulation in the depleted striatum increased striatal output and reversed biassed turning. These results suggest that relative striatal outputs from the two cerebral hemispheres determine the direction of turning: Mice turn away from the side of higher striatal output and towards the side of the lower striatal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University
| | | | | | - David Fan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | | | - Henry H. Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
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4
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Xu Y, Zhong L, Wei H, Li Y, Xie J, Xie L, Chen X, Guo X, Yin P, Li S, Zeng J, Li XJ, Lin L. Brain Region- and Age-Dependent 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Activity in the Non-Human Primate. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:934224. [PMID: 35912074 PMCID: PMC9326314 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.934224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the difficulty in collecting fresh brains of humans at different ages, it remains unknown how epigenetic regulation occurs in the primate brains during aging. In the present study, we examined the genomic distribution of 5hmC, an indicator of DNA methylation, in the brain regions of non-human primates (rhesus monkey) at the ages of 2 (juvenile), 8 (young adult), and 17 (old) years. We found that genomic 5hmC distribution was accumulated in the monkey brain as age increased and displayed unique patterns in the cerebellum and striatum in an age-dependent manner. We also observed a correlation between differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) and genes that contribute to brain region-related functions and diseases. Our studies revealed, for the first time, the brain-region and age-dependent 5hmC modifications in the non-human primate and the association of these 5hmC modifications with brain region-specific function and potentially aging-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huixian Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiang Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leijie Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiusheng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Diseases, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Lin
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5
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Steidel K, Ruppert MC, Greuel A, Tahmasian M, Maier F, Hammes J, van Eimeren T, Timmermann L, Tittgemeyer M, Drzezga A, Pedrosa DJ, Eggers C. Longitudinal trimodal imaging of midbrain-associated network degeneration in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:79. [PMID: 35732679 PMCID: PMC9218128 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing network perspective of Parkinson’s disease (PD) emerges not least from the ascending neuropathology traceable in histological studies. However, whether longitudinal in vivo correlates of network degeneration in PD can be observed remains unresolved. Here, we applied a trimodal imaging protocol combining 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)- and 18F-fluoro-L-Dopa- (FDOPA)-PET with resting-state functional MRI to assess longitudinal changes in midbrain metabolism, striatal dopamine depletion and striatocortical dysconnectivity in 17 well-characterized PD patients. Whole-brain (un)paired-t-tests with focus on midbrain or striatum were performed between visits and in relation to 14 healthy controls (HC) in PET modalities. Resulting clusters of FDOPA-PET comparisons provided volumes for seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analyses between visits and in relation to HC. FDG metabolism in the left midbrain decreased compared to baseline along with caudatal FDOPA-uptake. This caudate cluster exhibited a longitudinal FC decrease to sensorimotor and frontal areas. Compared to healthy subjects, dopamine-depleted putamina indicated stronger decline in striatocortical FC at follow-up with respect to baseline. Increasing nigrostriatal deficits and striatocortical decoupling were associated with deterioration in motor scores between visits in repeated-measures correlations. In summary, our results demonstrate the feasibility of in-vivo tracking of progressive network degeneration using a multimodal imaging approach. Specifically, our data suggest advancing striatal and widespread striatocortical dysfunction via an anterior-posterior gradient originating from a hypometabolic midbrain cluster within a well-characterized and only mild to moderately affected PD cohort during a relatively short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Steidel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marina C Ruppert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Universities Marburg and Gießen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Greuel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Franziska Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Hammes
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Universities Marburg and Gießen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging Associated Disease (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging Associated Disease (CECAD), Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - David J Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Universities Marburg and Gießen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Eggers
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bottrop, Bottrop, Germany
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6
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Zhang J, Sun B, Yang J, Chen Z, Li Z, Zhang N, Li H, Shen L. Comparison of the effect of rotenone and 1‑methyl‑4‑phenyl‑1,2,3,6‑tetrahydropyridine on inducing chronic Parkinson's disease in mouse models. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:91. [PMID: 35039876 PMCID: PMC8809117 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models for Parkinson's disease (PD) are very useful in understanding the pathogenesis of PD and screening for new therapeutic approaches. The present study compared two commonly used neurotoxin‑induced mouse models of chronic PD to guide model selection, explore the pathogenesis and mechanisms underlying PD and develop effective treatments. The chronic PD mouse models were established via treatment with rotenone or 1‑methyl‑4‑phenyl‑1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 6 weeks. The effects of rotenone and MPTP in the mice were compared by assessing neurobehavior, neuropathology and mitochondrial function through the use of the pole, rotarod and open field tests, immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium‑binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba‑1), neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) and (p)S129 α‑synuclein, immunofluorescence for GFAP, Iba‑1 and NeuN, western blotting for TH, oxygen consumption, complex I enzyme activity. The locomotor activity, motor coordination and exploratory behavior in both rotenone and MPTP groups were significantly lower compared with the control group. However, behavioral tests were no significant differences between the two groups. In the MPTP group, the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, the reduction of the tyrosine hydroxylase content in the SN and striatum and the astrocyte proliferation and microglial activation in the SN were more significant compared with the rotenone group. Notably, mitochondrial‑dependent oxygen consumption and complex I enzyme activity in the SN were significantly reduced in the rotenone group compared with the MPTP group. In addition, Lewy bodies were present only in SN neurons in the rotenone group. Although no significant differences in neurobehavior were observed between the two mouse models, the MPTP model reproduced the pathological features of PD more precisely in terms of the loss of DA neurons, decreased dopamine levels and neuroinflammation in the SN. On the other hand, the rotenone model was more suitable for studying the role of mitochondrial dysfunction (deficient complex I activity) and Lewy body formation in the SN, which is a characteristic pathological feature of PD. The results indicated that MPTP and rotenone PD models have advantages and disadvantages, therefore one or both should be selected based on the purpose of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Bohao Sun
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- Department of Internal Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Internal Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Luxi Shen
- Department of Internal Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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7
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Virel A, Johansson J, Axelsson J, Ericsson M, Laterveer R, Ögren M, Orädd G, Jakobson Mo S, Af Bjerkén S. N-acetylcysteine decreases dopamine transporter availability in the non-lesioned striatum of the 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rat. Neurosci Lett 2021; 770:136420. [PMID: 34958912 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the beneficial effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the degenerated dopamine system. The short- and long-term regulatory mechanisms of NAC on the 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian rat model were longitudinally investigated by performing positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the specific dopamine transporter (DAT) radioligand [18F]FE-PE2I. The results demonstrate that after a unilateral dopamine insult NAC has a strong influence on the non-lesioned hemisphere by decreasing the levels of DAT in the striatum early after the lesion. We interpret this early and short-term decrease of DAT in the healthy striatum of NAC-treated animals as a beneficial compensatory effect induced by NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Virel
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology. Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jarkko Johansson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Axelsson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Madelene Ericsson
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rutger Laterveer
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology. Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ögren
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Greger Orädd
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanna Jakobson Mo
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Af Bjerkén
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology. Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences. Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Iyer V, Venkiteswaran K, Savaliya S, Lieu CA, Handly E, Gilmour TP, Kunselman AR, Subramanian T. The cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway prevents the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105491. [PMID: 34461264 PMCID: PMC8597404 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is routinely treated with levodopa. Unfortunately, long-term dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa leads to levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID), a significant and disabling side-effect. Clinical findings indicate that LID typically only occurs following the progression of PD motor symptoms from the unilateral (Hoehn and Yahr (HY) Stage I) to the bilateral stage (HY Stage II). This suggests the presence of some compensatory interhemispheric mechanisms that delay the occurrence of LID. We therefore investigated the role of interhemispheric connections of the nigrostriatal pathway on LID expression in a rat model of PD. The striatum of one hemisphere of rats was first injected with a retrograde tracer to label the ipsi- and cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathways. Rats were then split into groups and unilaterally lesioned in the striatum or medial forebrain bundle of the tracer-injected hemisphere to induce varying levels of hemiparkinsonism. Finally, rats were treated with levodopa and tested for the expression of LID. Distinct subsets emerged from rats that underwent the same lesioning paradigm based on LID. Strikingly, non-dyskinetic rats had significant sparing of their cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway projecting from the unlesioned hemisphere. In contrast, dyskinetic rats only had a small proportion of this cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway survive lesioning. Crucially, both non-dyskinetic and dyskinetic rats had nearly identical levels of ipsi-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway survival and parkinsonian motor deficits. Our data suggest that the survival of the cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway plays a crucial role in preventing the expression of LID and represents a potentially novel target to halt the progression of this devastating side-effect of a common anti-PD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakh Iyer
- Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Kala Venkiteswaran
- Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Sandip Savaliya
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Lieu
- Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Erin Handly
- Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Timothy P Gilmour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, John Brown University, Siloam Springs, AR, United States of America
| | - Allen R Kunselman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Thyagarajan Subramanian
- Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America.
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9
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Nemade D, Subramanian T, Shivkumar V. An Update on Medical and Surgical Treatments of Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1021-1035. [PMID: 34221546 PMCID: PMC8219497 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and other neuronal populations. The worldwide prevalence of PD is over 7 million and has been increasing more rapidly than many other neurodegenerative disorders. PD symptoms can be broadly divided into motor (slowness, stiffness, tremor) and non-motor symptoms (such as depression, dementia, psychosis, orthostatic hypotension). Patients can also have prodromal symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, hyposmia, and constipation. The diagnosis of PD is mainly clinical, but dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. Dopamine based therapies are used for the treatment of motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms are treated with other medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (depression/anxiety), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (dementia), and atypical antipsychotics (psychosis). Patients with motor fluctuations or uncontrolled tremor, benefit from deep brain stimulation. Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel is an alternative to deep brain stimulation for uncontrolled motor fluctuations. Rehabilitative therapies such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy are important during all stages of the disease. Management of PD is complex but there have been significant advancements in the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms over the past few years. This review discusses the updates in the medical and surgical management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Nemade
- 1Department of Neurology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Thyagarajan Subramanian
- 2Department of Neurology and Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Vikram Shivkumar
- 1Department of Neurology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
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Ghazizadeh A, Hikosaka O. Common coding of expected value and value uncertainty memories in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia output. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe0693. [PMID: 33980480 PMCID: PMC8115923 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence implicates both basal ganglia and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) in encoding value memories. However, comparative roles of cortical and basal nodes in value memory are not well understood. Here, single-unit recordings in vlPFC and substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), within macaque monkeys, revealed a larger value signal in SNr that was nevertheless correlated with and had a comparable onset to the vlPFC value signal. The value signal was maintained for many objects (>90) many weeks after reward learning and was resistant to extinction in both regions and to repetition suppression in vlPFC. Both regions showed comparable granularity in encoding expected value and value uncertainty, which was paralleled by enhanced gaze bias during free viewing. The value signal dynamics in SNr could be predicted by combining responses of vlPFC neurons according to their value preferences consistent with a scheme in which cortical neurons reached SNr via direct and indirect pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghazizadeh
- Bio-intelligence Research Unit, Electrical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran.
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran 19395-5746, Iran
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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11
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Thomsen MB, Ferreira SA, Schacht AC, Jacobsen J, Simonsen M, Betzer C, Jensen PH, Brooks DJ, Landau AM, Romero-Ramos M. PET imaging reveals early and progressive dopaminergic deficits after intra-striatal injection of preformed alpha-synuclein fibrils in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 149:105229. [PMID: 33352233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (a-syn) can aggregate and form toxic oligomers and insoluble fibrils which are the main component of Lewy bodies. Intra-neuronal Lewy bodies are a major pathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD). These fibrillar structures can act as seeds and accelerate the aggregation of monomeric a-syn. Indeed, recent studies show that injection of preformed a-syn fibrils (PFF) into the rodent brain can induce aggregation of the endogenous monomeric a-syn resulting in neuronal dysfunction and eventual cell death. We injected 8 μg of murine a-syn PFF, or soluble monomeric a-syn into the right striatum of rats. The animals were monitored behaviourally using the cylinder test, which measures paw asymmetry, and the corridor task that measures lateralized sensorimotor response to sugar treats. In vivo PET imaging was performed after 6, 13 and 22 weeks using [11C]DTBZ, a marker of the vesicular monoamine 2 transporter (VMAT2), and after 15 and 22 weeks using [11C]UCB-J, a marker of synaptic SV2A protein in nerve terminals. Histology was performed at the three time points using antibodies against dopaminergic markers, aggregated a-syn, and MHCII to evaluate the immune response. While the a-syn PFF injection caused only mild behavioural changes, [11C]DTBZ PET showed a significant and progressive decrease of VMAT2 binding in the ipsilateral striatum. This was accompanied by a small progressive decrease in [11C]UCB-J binding in the same area. In addition, our histological analysis revealed a gradual spread of misfolded a-syn pathology in areas anatomically connected to striatum that became bilateral with time. The striatal a-syn PFF injection resulted in a progressive unilateral degeneration of dopamine terminals, and an early and sustained presence of MHCII positive ramified microglia in the ipsilateral striatum and substantia nigra. Our study shows that striatal injections of a-syn fibrils induce progressive pathological synaptic dysfunction prior to cell death that can be detected in vivo with PET. We confirm that intrastriatal injection of a-syn PFFs provides a model of progressive a-syn pathology with loss of dopaminergic and synaptic function accompanied by neuroinflammation, as found in human PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majken B Thomsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sara A Ferreira
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna C Schacht
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Simonsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristine Betzer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul H Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Nakamura Y, Nakamura Y, Pelosi A, Djemai B, Debacker C, Hervé D, Girault JA, Tsurugizawa T. fMRI detects bilateral brain network activation following unilateral chemogenetic activation of direct striatal projection neurons. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Stavrovskaya AV, Berezhnoy DS, Voronkov DN, Stvolinskii SL, Abaimov DA, Ol’shanskii AS, Gushchina AS, Yamshchikova NG, Fedorova TN. Classical Model of 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Parkinsonism in Rats Is Characterized by Unilateral Lesion of Brain Mesolimbic System. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Soto-Rojas LO, Martínez-Dávila IA, Luna-Herrera C, Gutierrez-Castillo ME, Lopez-Salas FE, Gatica-Garcia B, Soto-Rodriguez G, Bringas Tobon ME, Flores G, Padilla-Viveros A, Bañuelos C, Blanco-Alvarez VM, Dávila-Ayala J, Reyes-Corona D, Garcés-Ramírez L, Hidalgo-Alegria O, De La Cruz-lópez F, Martinez-Fong D. Unilateral intranigral administration of β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside triggers pathological α-synuclein spreading and bilateral nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the rat. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:56. [PMID: 32321590 PMCID: PMC7178762 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spreading and accumulation of α-synuclein and dopaminergic neurodegeneration, two hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD), have been faithfully reproduced in rodent brains by chronic, oral administration of β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside (BSSG). We investigated whether a single injection of BSSG (6 μg BSSG/μL DMSO) in the left substantia nigra of Wistar rats causes the same effects. Mock DMSO injections and untreated rats formed control groups. We performed immunostainings against the pathological α-synuclein, the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the neuroskeleton marker β-III tubulin, the neurotensin receptor type 1 (NTSR1) as non-dopaminergic phenotype marker and Fluro-Jade C (F-J C) label for neurodegeneration. Using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) assay and active caspase-3 immunostaining, we assessed cell death mechanisms. Golgi-Cox staining was used to measure the density and types of dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons. Motor and non-motor alterations were also evaluated. The study period comprised 15 to 120 days after the lesion. In the injured substantia nigra, BSSG caused a progressive α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by senescence and apoptosis. The α-synuclein immunoreactivity was also present within microglia cells. Decreased density of dopaminergic fibers and dendritic spines also occurred in the striatum. Remarkably, all the histopathological changes also appeared on the contralateral nigrostriatal system, and α-synuclein aggregates were present in other brain regions. Motor and non-motor behavioral alterations were progressive. Our data show that the stereotaxic BSSG administration reproduces PD α-synucleinopathy phenotype in the rat. This approach will aid in identifying the spread mechanism of α-synuclein pathology and validate anti-synucleinopathy therapies.
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Merlino DJ, Barton JR, Charsar BA, Byrne MD, Rappaport JA, Smeyne RJ, Lepore AC, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Two distinct GUCY2C circuits with PMV (hypothalamic) and SN/VTA (midbrain) origin. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2983-2999. [PMID: 31485718 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) is the afferent central receptor in the gut-brain endocrine axis regulated by the anorexigenic intestinal hormone uroguanylin. GUCY2C mRNA and protein are produced in the hypothalamus, a major center regulating appetite and metabolic homeostasis. Further, GUCY2C mRNA and protein are expressed in the ventral midbrain, a principal structure regulating hedonic reward from behaviors including eating. While GUCY2C is expressed in hypothalamus and midbrain, its precise neuroanatomical organization and relationship with circuits regulating satiety remain unknown. Here, we reveal that hypothalamic GUCY2C mRNA is confined to the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV), while in midbrain it is produced by neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN). GUCY2C in the PMV is produced by 46% of neurons expressing anorexigenic leptin receptors, while in the VTA/SN it is produced in most tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons. In contrast to mRNA, GUCY2C protein is widely distributed throughout the brain in canonical sites of PMV and VTA/SN axonal projections. Selective stereotaxic ablation of PMV or VTA/SN neurons eliminated GUCY2C only in their respective canonical projection sites. Conversely, specific anterograde tracer analyses of PMV or VTA/SN neurons confirmed distinct GUCY2C-immunoreactive axons projecting to those canonical locations. Together, these findings reveal two discrete neuronal circuits expressing GUCY2C originating in the PMV in the hypothalamus and in the VTA/SN in midbrain, which separately project to other sites throughout the brain. They suggest a structural basis for a role for the GUCY2C-uroguanylin gut-brain endocrine axis in regulating homeostatic and behavioral components contributing to satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Merlino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - J R Barton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - B A Charsar
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M D Byrne
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - R J Smeyne
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A C Lepore
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - S A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, 368 JAH, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Virel A, Dudka I, Laterveer R, Af Bjerkén S. 1H NMR profiling of the 6-OHDA parkinsonian rat brain reveals metabolic alterations and signs of recovery after N-acetylcysteine treatment. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 98:131-139. [PMID: 31200101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. The origin and causes of dopamine neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease are not well understood but oxidative stress may play an important role in its onset. Much effort has been dedicated to find biomarkers indicative of oxidative stress and neurodegenerative processes in parkinsonian brains. By using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) to identify and quantify key metabolites, it is now possible to elucidate the metabolic pathways affected by pathological conditions like neurodegeneration. The metabolic disturbances in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemiparkinsonian rat model were monitored and the nature and size of these metabolic alterations were analyzed. The results indicate that a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the striatum causes metabolic changes that not only affect the injected hemisphere but also the contralateral, non-lesioned side. We could clearly identify specific metabolic pathways that were affected, which were mostly related with oxidative stress and neurotransmission. In addition, a partial metabolic recovery by carrying out an antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Virel
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ilona Dudka
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rutger Laterveer
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Af Bjerkén
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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17
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Innocenti GM, Dyrby TB, Andersen KW, Rouiller EM, Caminiti R. The Crossed Projection to the Striatum in Two Species of Monkey and in Humans: Behavioral and Evolutionary Significance. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3217-3230. [PMID: 27282154 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The corpus callosum establishes the anatomical continuity between the 2 hemispheres and coordinates their activity. Using histological tracing, single axon reconstructions, and diffusion tractography, we describe a callosal projection to n caudatus and putamen in monkeys and humans. In both species, the origin of this projection is more restricted than that of the ipsilateral projection. In monkeys, it consists of thin axons (0.4-0.6 µm), appropriate for spatial and temporal dispersion of subliminal inputs. For prefrontal cortex, contralateral minus ipsilateral delays to striatum calculated from axon diameters and conduction distance are <2 ms in the monkey and, by extrapolation, <4 ms in humans. This delay corresponds to the performance in Poffenberger's paradigm, a classical attempt to estimate central conduction delays, with a neuropsychological task. In both species, callosal cortico-striatal projections originate from prefrontal, premotor, and motor areas. In humans, we discovered a new projection originating from superior parietal lobule, supramarginal, and superior temporal gyrus, regions engaged in language processing. This projection crosses in the isthmus the lesion of which was reported to dissociate syntax and prosody. The projection might originate from an overproduction of callosal projections in development, differentially pruned depending on species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio M Innocenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Brain and Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim B Dyrby
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper Winther Andersen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric M Rouiller
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, Rome, Italy.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Rome SAPIENZA, Rome, Italy
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Antipova VA, Holzmann C, Schmitt O, Wree A, Hawlitschka A. Botulinum Neurotoxin A Injected Ipsilaterally or Contralaterally into the Striatum in the Rat 6-OHDA Model of Unilateral Parkinson's Disease Differently Affects Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:119. [PMID: 28680396 PMCID: PMC5478737 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative disorders. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to a disinhibition of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum. Pharmacotherapeutical strategies of PD-related hypercholinism have numerous adverse side effects. We previously showed that ipsilateral intrastriatal injections of 1 ng in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats inhibit apomorphine-induced rotation behavior significantly up to 6 months. In this study, we extended the behavioral testing of ipsilateral botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A)-injection and additionally investigated the impact of intrastriatal BoNT-A-injections contralateral to the 6-OHDA-lesioned hemisphere on the basal ganglia circuity and motor functions. We hypothesized that the interhemispheric differences of acetylcholine (ACh) concentration seen in unilateral hemi-PD should be differentially and temporally influenced by the ipsilateral or contralateral injection of BoNT-A. Hemi-PD rats were injected with 1 ng BoNT-A or vehicle substance into either the ipsilateral or contralateral striatum 6 weeks after 6-OHDA-lesion and various behaviors were tested. In hemi-PD rats intrastriatal ipsilateral BoNT-A-injections significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotations and increased amphetamine-induced rotations, but showed no significant improvement of forelimb usage and akinesia, lateralized sensorimotor integration and also no effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. However, intrastriatal BoNT-A-injections contralateral to the lesion led to a significant increase of the apomorphine-induced turning rate only 2 weeks after the treatment. The apomorphine-induced rotation rate decreases thereafter to a value below the initial rotation rate. Amphetamine-induced rotations were not significantly changed after BoNT-A-application in comparison to sham-treated animals. Forelimb usage was temporally improved by contralateral BoNT-A-injection at 2 weeks after BoNT-A. Akinesia and lateralized sensorimotor integration were also improved, but contralateral BoNT-A-injection had no significant effect on spontaneous locomotor activity. These long-ranging and different effects suggest that intrastriatally applied BoNT-A acts not only as an inhibitor of ACh release but also has long-lasting impact on transmitter expression and thereby on the basal ganglia circuitry. Evaluation of changes of transmitter receptors is subject of ongoing studies of our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A. Antipova
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical CenterRostock, Germany
- Institute of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Carsten Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Rostock University Medical CenterRostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical CenterRostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical CenterRostock, Germany
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Zhu Y, Wang J, Li H, Deng B, Liu C. Modulation of Parkinsonian State With Uncertain Disturbance Based on Sliding Mode Control. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 25:2026-2034. [PMID: 28475061 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2017.2699223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of central nervous system that endangers the olds' health seriously. The motor symptoms of PD can be attributed to the distorted relay reliability of thalamus to cortical sensorimotor input that results from the increase of inhibitory input from internal segment of the globus pallidum (GPi). Based on this, we construct the GPi-thalamocortical computational model to generate the normal and pathological firing patterns by varying GPi spike train input. A kind of closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) strategy is proposed here. Our control objective is to make the controlled membrane potential of the thalamic neuron return to the normal firing pattern. The control input that directly acts on the thalamus is the DBS waveform, which is adjusted in real time according to the feedback signal. Aimed at a certain system without the change of object parameters or stochastic disturbance, the input-output feedback linearization method is able to eliminate the error between the system output and the desired output. When uncertain elements taken into consideration in the system, the simulation results indicate that sliding mode control scheme provides better effectiveness and higher robustness.
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20
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Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:291-324. [PMID: 28391443 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of Parkinson disease show many similarities with the human disease. They are very useful to test novel pharmacotherapies as reviewed here. The various NHP models of this disease are described with their characteristics including the macaque, the marmoset, and the squirrel monkey models. Lesion-induced and genetic models are described. There is no drug to slow, delay, stop, or cure Parkinson disease; available treatments are symptomatic. The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) still remains the gold standard symptomatic treatment of Parkinson. However, involuntary movements termed L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias appear in most patients after chronic treatment and may become disabling. Dyskinesias are very difficult to manage and there is only amantadine approved providing only a modest benefit. In this respect, NHP models have been useful to seek new drug targets, since they reproduce motor complications observed in parkinsonian patients. Therapies to treat motor symptoms in NHP models are reviewed with a discussion of their translational value to humans. Disease-modifying treatments tested in NHP are reviewed as well as surgical treatments. Many biochemical changes in the brain of post-mortem Parkinson disease patients with dyskinesias are reviewed and compare well with those observed in NHP models. Non-motor symptoms can be categorized into psychiatric, autonomic, and sensory symptoms. These symptoms are present in most parkinsonian patients and are already installed many years before the pre-motor phase of the disease. The translational usefulness of NHP models of Parkinson is discussed for non-motor symptoms.
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Garbayo E, Ansorena E, Lana H, Carmona-Abellan MDM, Marcilla I, Lanciego JL, Luquin MR, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Brain delivery of microencapsulated GDNF induces functional and structural recovery in parkinsonian monkeys. Biomaterials 2016; 110:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Lindenbach D, Conti MM, Ostock CY, George JA, Goldenberg AA, Melikhov-Sosin M, Nuss EE, Bishop C. The Role of Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Glutamate and GABA Signaling in l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinsonian Rats. J Neurosci 2016; 36:9873-87. [PMID: 27656025 PMCID: PMC5030350 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1318-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease with l-DOPA almost always leads to the development of involuntary movements termed l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Whereas hyperdopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia is thought to cause dyskinesia, alterations in primary motor cortex (M1) activity are also prominent during dyskinesia, suggesting that the cortex may represent a therapeutic target. The present study used the rat unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of Parkinson's disease to characterize in vivo changes in GABA and glutamate neurotransmission within M1 and determine their contribution to behavioral output. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesion led to parkinsonian motor impairment that was partially reversed by l-DOPA. Among sham-lesioned rats, l-DOPA did not change glutamate or GABA efflux. Likewise, 6-hydroxydopamine lesion did not impact GABA or glutamate among rats chronically treated with saline. However, we observed an interaction of lesion and treatment whereby, among lesioned rats, l-DOPA given acutely (1 d) or chronically (14-16 d) reduced glutamate efflux and enhanced GABA efflux. Site-specific microinjections into M1 demonstrated that l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia was reduced by M1 infusion of a D1 antagonist, an AMPA antagonist, or a GABAA agonist. Overall, the present study demonstrates that l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is associated with increased M1 inhibition and that exogenously enhancing M1 inhibition may attenuate dyskinesia, findings that are in agreement with functional imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies in human Parkinson's disease patients. Together, our study suggests that increasing M1 inhibitory tone is an endogenous compensatory response designed to limit dyskinesia severity and that potentiating this response is a viable therapeutic strategy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most Parkinson's disease patients will receive l-DOPA and eventually develop hyperkinetic involuntary movements termed dyskinesia. Such symptoms can be as debilitating as the disease itself. Although dyskinesia is associated with dynamic changes in primary motor cortex physiology, to date, there are no published studies investigating in vivo neurotransmitter release in M1 during dyskinesia. In parkinsonian rats, l-DOPA administration reduced M1 glutamate efflux and enhanced GABA efflux, coincident with the emergence of dyskinetic behaviors. Dyskinesia could be reduced by local M1 modulation of D1, AMPA, and GABAA receptors, providing preclinical support for the notion that exogenously blunting M1 signaling (pharmacologically or with cortical stimulation) is a therapeutic approach to the treatment of debilitating dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lindenbach
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
| | - Melissa M Conti
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
| | - Corinne Y Ostock
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
| | - Jessica A George
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
| | - Adam A Goldenberg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
| | - Mitchell Melikhov-Sosin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
| | - Emily E Nuss
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901
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23
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Mejias M, Yu J, Mackey S, Dinelle K, Sossi V, Doudet DJ. Interpreting DTBZ binding data in rodent: Inherent variability and compensation. Synapse 2016; 70:147-52. [PMID: 26749375 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[11C]-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) Positron Emission Tomography was used to evaluate the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 as an index of dopaminergic function in the striatum of adult Sprague-Dawley rats obtained from two different animal sources (Charles River Laboratories [CR] or UBC's Animal Care Centre [ACC]) and later submitted to two different unilateral lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. The results showed a significant difference in the striatal binding potential (BP(ND)) at baseline (before lesioning) between the CR and ACC groups providing evidence that the origin of the animals, possibly due to differences in early environmental factors or breeding conditions associated with different animal vendors plays a role in the development of the adult dopaminergic system. Further, in both animal models, an increase in DTBZ BP(ND) was observed, after unilateral intervention, in the striatum contralateral to the lesion, likely reflecting compensatory effects. Based on these findings, we conclude that in unilateral models, the unlesioned side/hemisphere may not be an appropriate control and that care should be taken to control for the origin of the animals in any given study, especially in longitudinal and replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mejias
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Da Lian Medical University Affiliated Hospital No 2, China
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Katie Dinelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doris J Doudet
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Lindenbach D, Conti MM, Ostock CY, Dupre KB, Bishop C. Alterations in primary motor cortex neurotransmission and gene expression in hemi-parkinsonian rats with drug-induced dyskinesia. Neuroscience 2015; 310:12-26. [PMID: 26363150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) with dopamine replacement relieves symptoms of poverty of movement, but often causes drug-induced dyskinesias. Accumulating clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggests that the primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in the pathophysiology of PD and that modulating cortical activity may be a therapeutic target in PD and dyskinesia. However, surprisingly little is known about how M1 neurotransmitter tone or gene expression is altered in PD, dyskinesia or associated animal models. The present study utilized the rat unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD/dyskinesia to characterize structural and functional changes taking place in M1 monoamine innervation and gene expression. 6-OHDA caused dopamine pathology in M1, although the lesion was less severe than in the striatum. Rats with 6-OHDA lesions showed a PD motor impairment and developed dyskinesia when given L-DOPA or the D1 receptor agonist, SKF81297. M1 expression of two immediate-early genes (c-Fos and ARC) was strongly enhanced by either L-DOPA or SKF81297. At the same time, expression of genes specifically involved in glutamate and GABA signaling were either modestly affected or unchanged by lesion and/or treatment. We conclude that M1 neurotransmission and signal transduction in the rat 6-OHDA model of PD/dyskinesia mirror features of human PD, supporting the utility of the model to study M1 dysfunction in PD and the elucidation of novel pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lindenbach
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - M M Conti
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - C Y Ostock
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - K B Dupre
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - C Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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25
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Lei X, Li H, Huang B, Rizak J, Li L, Xu L, Liu L, Wu J, Lü L, Wang Z, Hu Y, Le W, Deng X, Li J, Yao Y, Xu L, Hu X, Zhang B. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium stereotactic infusion completely and specifically ablated the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in rhesus macaque. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127953. [PMID: 26010745 PMCID: PMC4444358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Complete and specific ablation of a single dopaminergic (DA) pathway is a critical step to distinguish the roles of DA pathways in vivo. However, this kind of technique has not been reported in non-human primates. This study aimed to establish a lesioning method with a complete and specific ablation. Method A carefully designed infusion route based on a MRI stereotactic technique was developed to deliver the highly selective dopaminergic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) unilaterally into multiple sites of compact part of substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum in monkeys. The nigrostriatal DA pathway was selected because lesioning of this pathway may induce symptoms that are suitable for evaluation. The pathological, behavioral, neuropharmacological, and clinical laboratorial data were collected to evaluate the lesioning effects. Result Pathological examination revealed a complete ablation of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) neurons in the SNc, while preserving intact TH+ neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) nearby. TH+ projections in the striatum were also unilaterally lost. The monkeys displayed stable (>28 weeks) rotations and symptoms which were expected with loss of DA neurons in the SNc, with rest tremor being an exception. No item implied the presence of a severe side effect caused by the operation or the intracerebral MPP+ infusion. The results suggested that rest tremor may not directly rely on the nigrostriatal pathway. Conclusion Taken together, in addition to providing a specific nigrostriatal DA lesioned model, this method, combined with brain stimulation or other techniques, can be applied as a powerful tool for the complete lesion of any desired DA pathway in order to study its specific functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Lei
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baihui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joshua Rizak
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Medical Imaging Department, Kunming General Hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liqi Xu
- Medical Imaging Department, Kunming General Hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Medical Imaging Department, Kunming General Hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longbao Lü
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingzhou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingli Deng
- Neurosurgery Department, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xintian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (BZ)
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (BZ)
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New whole-body sensory-motor gradients revealed using phase-locked analysis and verified using multivoxel pattern analysis and functional connectivity. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2845-59. [PMID: 25698725 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4246-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Topographic organization is one of the main principles of organization in the human brain. Specifically, whole-brain topographic mapping using spectral analysis is responsible for one of the greatest advances in vision research. Thus, it is intriguing that although topography is a key feature also in the motor system, whole-body somatosensory-motor mapping using spectral analysis has not been conducted in humans outside M1/SMA. Here, using this method, we were able to map a homunculus in the globus pallidus, a key target area for deep brain stimulation, which has not been mapped noninvasively or in healthy subjects. The analysis clarifies contradictory and partial results regarding somatotopy in the caudal-cingulate zone and rostral-cingulate zone in the medial wall and in the putamen. Most of the results were confirmed at the single-subject level and were found to be compatible with results from animal studies. Using multivoxel pattern analysis, we could predict movements of individual body parts in these homunculi, thus confirming that they contain somatotopic information. Using functional connectivity, we demonstrate interhemispheric functional somatotopic connectivity of these homunculi, such that the somatotopy in one hemisphere could have been found given the connectivity pattern of the corresponding regions of interest in the other hemisphere. When inspecting the somatotopic and nonsomatotopic connectivity patterns, a similarity index indicated that the pattern of connected and nonconnected regions of interest across different homunculi is similar for different body parts and hemispheres. The results show that topographical gradients are even more widespread than previously assumed in the somatosensory-motor system. Spectral analysis can thus potentially serve as a gold standard for defining somatosensory-motor system areas for basic research and clinical applications.
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27
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Schaeffer E, Pilotto A, Berg D. Pharmacological strategies for the management of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:1155-84. [PMID: 25342080 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) are the most common adverse effects of long-term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the exact mechanisms underlying dyskinesia are still unclear. For a long time, nigrostriatal degeneration and pulsatile stimulation of striatal postsynaptic receptors have been highlighted as the key factors for the development of LID. In recent years, PD models have revealed a wide range of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems involved in pre- and postsynaptic changes and thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of LID. In the current review, we focus on therapeutic LID targets, mainly based on agents acting on dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotoninergic, adrenergic, and cholinergic systems. Despite a large number of clinical trials, currently only amantadine and, to a lesser extent, clozapine are being used as effective strategies in the treatment of LID in clinical settings. Thus, in the second part of the article, we review the placebo-controlled trials on LID treatment in order to disentangle the changing scenario of drug development. Promising results include the extension of L-dopa action without inducing LID of the novel monoamine oxidase B- and glutamate-release inhibitor safinamide; however, this had no obvious effect on existing LID. Others, like the metabotropic glutamate-receptor antagonist AFQ056, showed promising results in some of the studies; however, confirmation is still lacking. Thus, to date, strategies of continuous dopaminergic stimulation seem the most promising to prevent or ameliorate LID. The success of future therapeutic strategies once moderate to severe LID occur will depend on the translation from preclinical experimental models into clinical practice in a bidirectional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Molochnikov I, Cohen D. Hemispheric differences in the mesostriatal dopaminergic system. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:110. [PMID: 24966817 PMCID: PMC4052732 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesostriatal dopaminergic system, which comprises the mesolimbic and the nigrostriatal pathways, plays a major role in neural processing underlying motor and limbic functions. Multiple reports suggest that these processes are influenced by hemispheric differences in striatal dopamine (DA) levels, DA turnover and its receptor activity. Here, we review studies which measured the concentration of DA and its metabolites to examine the relationship between DA imbalance and animal behavior under different conditions. Specifically, we assess evidence in support of endogenous, inter-hemispheric DA imbalance; determine whether the known anatomy provides a suitable substrate for this imbalance; examine the relationship between DA imbalance and animal behavior; and characterize the symmetry of the observed inter-hemispheric laterality in the nigrostriatal and the mesolimbic DA systems. We conclude that many studies provide supporting evidence for the occurrence of experience-dependent endogenous DA imbalance which is controlled by a dedicated regulatory/compensatory mechanism. Additionally, it seems that the link between DA imbalance and animal behavior is better characterized in the nigrostriatal than in the mesolimbic system. Nonetheless, a variety of brain and behavioral manipulations demonstrate that the nigrostriatal system displays symmetrical laterality whereas the mesolimbic system displays asymmetrical laterality which supports hemispheric specialization in rodents. The reciprocity of the relationship between DA imbalance and animal behavior (i.e., the capacity of animal training to alter DA imbalance for prolonged time periods) remains controversial, however, if confirmed, it may provide a valuable non-invasive therapeutic means for treating abnormal DA imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Molochnikov
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Dana Cohen
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
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29
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Ostock CY, Lindenbach D, Goldenberg AA, Kampton E, Bishop C. Effects of noradrenergic denervation by anti-DBH-saporin on behavioral responsivity to L-DOPA in the hemi-parkinsonian rat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:75-85. [PMID: 24837745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) replacement with l-DOPA remains the most effective pharmacotherapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) including tremor, postural instability, akinesia, and bradykinesia. Prolonged L-DOPA use frequently leads to deleterious side effects including involuntary choreic and dystonic movements known as L-DOPA induced dyskinesias (LID). DA loss in PD is frequently accompanied by concomitant noradrenergic (NE) denervation of the locus coeruleus (LC); however, the effects of NE loss on L-DOPA efficacy and LID remain controversial and are often overlooked in traditional animal models of PD. The current investigation examined the role of NE loss in L-DOPA therapy by employing the NE specific neurotoxin anti-DA-beta hydroxylase saporin (αDBH) in a rat model of PD. Rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle to deplete nigral DA and intraventricular injection of vehicle (DA lesioned rats) or αDBH (DANE lesioned rats) to destroy NE neurons bilaterally. Results indicated that αDBH infusion drastically reduced NE neuron markers within the LC compared to rats that received vehicle treatment. Behaviorally, this loss did not alter the development or expression of L-DOPA- or DA agonist-induced dyskinesia. However, rats with additional NE lesions were less responsive to L-DOPA's pro-motor effects. Indeed, DANE lesioned animals rotated less and showed less attenuation of parkinsonian stepping deficits following high doses of L-DOPA than DA lesioned animals. These findings suggest that severe NE loss may reduce L-DOPA treatment efficacy and demonstrate that degradation of the NE system is an important consideration when evaluating L-DOPA effects in later stage PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Y Ostock
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - David Lindenbach
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Adam A Goldenberg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Elias Kampton
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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30
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Assous M, Had-Aissouni L, Gubellini P, Melon C, Nafia I, Salin P, Kerkerian-Le-Goff L, Kachidian P. Progressive Parkinsonism by acute dysfunction of excitatory amino acid transporters in the rat substantia nigra. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 65:69-81. [PMID: 24480091 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopamine neurons, involving a multifactorial cascade of pathogenic events. Here we explored the hypothesis that dysfunction of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) might be involved. Acutely-induced dysfunction of EAATs in the rat SN, by single unilateral injection of their substrate inhibitor l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC), triggers a neurodegenerative process mimicking several PD features. Dopamine neurons are selectively affected, consistent with their sustained excitation by PDC measured by slice electrophysiology. The anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine and the NMDA receptor antagonists ifenprodil and memantine provide neuroprotection. Besides oxidative stress and NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, glutathione depletion and neuroinflammation characterize the primary insult. Most interestingly, the degeneration progresses overtime with unilateral to bilateral and caudo-rostral evolution. Transient adaptive changes in dopamine function markers in SN and striatum accompany cell loss and axonal dystrophy, respectively. Motor deficits appear when neuron loss exceeds 50% in the most affected SN and striatal dopamine tone is dramatically reduced. These findings outline a functional link between EAAT dysfunction and several PD pathogenic mechanisms/pathological hallmarks, and provide a novel acutely-triggered model of progressive Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Assous
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDML, UMR7288, 13009, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Had-Aissouni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDML, UMR7288, 13009, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Gubellini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDML, UMR7288, 13009, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Melon
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDML, UMR7288, 13009, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Imane Nafia
- Fluofarma, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Pascal Salin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDML, UMR7288, 13009, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Lydia Kerkerian-Le-Goff
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDML, UMR7288, 13009, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Philippe Kachidian
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDML, UMR7288, 13009, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.
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31
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Del-Bel E, Padovan-Neto FE, Szawka RE, da-Silva CA, Raisman-Vozari R, Anselmo-Franci J, Romano-Dutra AC, Guimaraes FS. Counteraction by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor of neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic system in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats under L-DOPA treatment. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:33-44. [PMID: 23807548 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduce L-3, (Del-Bel et al., Cell Mol Neurobiol 25(2):371-392, 2005) 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced abnormal motor effects subsequent to depletion of dopaminergic neurons in rodents and non-human primates. The present study used quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography to analyze, for the first time, dopamine metabolism in striatum of rats in order to elucidate the mechanism of action of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Adult male Wistar rats received unilateral microinjection of saline (sham) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA-lesioned) in the medial forebrain bundle. Past 3 weeks, rats were treated during 21 days with L-DOPA/benserazide (30 mg/kg/7.5 mg/kg, respectively, daily). On the 22nd day rats received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either vehicle or 7-nitroindazole, a preferential neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor before L-DOPA. Abnormal involuntary movements and rotarod test were assessed as behavioral correlate of motor responses. Lesion intensity was evaluated through tyrosine hydroxylase immunohystochemical reaction. Dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and an extent of dopamine striatal tissue levels/dopamine metabolism were measured in the striatum. Lesion with 6-OHDA decreased dopamine, DOPAC, and DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the lesioned striatum. L-DOPA treatment induced abnormal involuntary movements and increased DOPAC/dopamine ratio (nearly five times) in the lesioned striatum. L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia was mitigated by 7-nitroindazole, which also decreased dopamine turnover, dopamine and DOPAC levels. Our results revealed an almost two times increase in dopamine content in the non-lesioned striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Reduction of striatal DOPAC/dopamine ratio in dyskinetic rats may suggest an increase in the dopamine availability. Our data confirm contribution of nitrergic transmission in the pathogenesis of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia with potential utilization of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Del-Bel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, School of Odontology, University of São Paulo, Campus Ribeirão Preto, Av. Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil,
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Petri D, Pum M, Vesper J, Huston JP, Schnitzler A. GABAA-receptor activation in the subthalamic nucleus compensates behavioral asymmetries in the hemiparkinsonian rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:58-67. [PMID: 23727148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Modulation of STN activity (by lesions, pharmacological or electrical stimulation) has been shown to improve motor parameters in PD patients and in animal models of PD. In an attempt to characterize the neurochemical bases for such antiparkinsonian action, we address specific neurotransmitter systems via local pharmacological manipulation of the STN in hemiparkinsonian rats. Here, we have focused on the GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors in the STN. In animals with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-striatal tract, we administered either the selective GABAA-agonist muscimol (0.5 μg and 1.0 μg), the non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine; 2.5 μg), or vehicle (0.25 μl) into the STN. The effects of GABAergic and glutamatergic modulation of the STN on motor parameters were assessed by gauging rotational behavior and locomotion. Application of muscimol ipsilateral to the side of dopamine-depletion influenced turning behavior in a dose-dependent fashion, with the low dose re-adjusting turning behavior to a non-biased distribution, and the high dose evoking contraversive turning. The administration of MK-801 did not have such effects. These findings give evidence for the involvement of GABAergic activation in the STN in the compensation of motor asymmetries in the hemiparkinsonian rat, whereas N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonism was ineffective in this model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Petri
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Daneault JF, Carignan B, Sadikot AF, Panisset M, Duval C. Drug-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Should success in clinical management be a function of improvement of motor repertoire rather than amplitude of dyskinesia? BMC Med 2013; 11:76. [PMID: 23514355 PMCID: PMC3751666 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyskinesia, a major complication in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), can require prolonged monitoring and complex medical management. DISCUSSION The current paper proposes a new way to view the management of dyskinesia in an integrated fashion. We suggest that dyskinesia be considered as a factor in a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equation where the signal is the voluntary movement and the noise is PD symptomatology, including dyskinesia. The goal of clinicians should be to ensure a high SNR in order to maintain or enhance the motor repertoire of patients. To understand why such an approach would be beneficial, we first review mechanisms of dyskinesia, as well as their impact on the quality of life of patients and on the health-care system. Theoretical and practical bases for the SNR approach are then discussed. SUMMARY Clinicians should not only consider the level of motor symptomatology when assessing the efficacy of their treatment strategy, but also breadth of the motor repertoire available to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Daneault
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Kimura-Kuroiwa K, Adachi YU, Mimuro S, Obata Y, Kawamata M, Sato S, Matsuda N. The effect of aging on dopamine release and metabolism during sevoflurane anesthesia in rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res Bull 2012; 89:223-30. [PMID: 22960643 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that halothane anesthesia increases extracellular concentrations of dopamine (DA) metabolites in rat striatum using in vivo microdialysis techniques. Aging induces many changes in the brain, including neurotransmission. However, the relationship between aging and changes in neurotransmitter release during inhalational anesthesia has not been fully investigated. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of sevoflurane on methamphetamine (MAPT)-induced DA release and metabolism in young and middle-aged rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a microdialysis probe into the right striatum. The probe was perfused with a modified Ringer's solution and 40μl of dialysate was directly injected to an HPLC every 20min. Rats were administered saline, the same volume of 2mgkg(-1) MAPT intraperitoneally, or 5μM MAPT locally perfused. After treatments, the rats were anesthetized with 1% or 3% sevoflurane for 1h. Sevoflurane anesthesia significantly increased the extracellular concentration of DA only in middle-aged rats (52-weeks-old). In young rats (8-weeks-old), sevoflurane significantly enhanced MAPT-induced DA when administered both intraperitoneally and perfused locally, whereas no significant additive interaction was found in middle-aged rats. These results suggest that aging changes DA release and metabolism in rat brains primarily by decreasing the DA transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kimura-Kuroiwa
- 2nd Department of Anesthesia, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, Wakasato, Nagano, Nagano, Japan
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