1
|
Chaves ALA, Carvalho PHM, Ferreira MTM, Benites FRG, Techio VH. Genomic constitution, allopolyploidy, and evolutionary proposal for Cynodon Rich. based on GISH. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:999-1011. [PMID: 34709474 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy is the main mechanism for chromosome number variation in Cynodon. Taxonomic boundaries are difficult to define and, although phylogenetic studies indicate that some species are closely related, the degree of genomic similarity remains unknown. Furthermore, the Cynodon species classification as auto or allopolyploids is still controversial. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the genomic constitution in diploid and polyploid species using different approaches of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). To better understand the hybridization events, we also investigated the occurrence of unreduced gametes in C. dactylon diploid pollen grains. We suggest a genomic nomenclature of diploid species as DD, D1D1, and D2D2 for C. dactylon, C. incompletus, and C. nlemfuensis, and DDD2D2 and DD2D1D1 for the segmental allotetraploids of Cynodon dactylon and C. transvaalensis, respectively. Furthermore, an evolutionary proposal was built based on our results and previous data from other studies, showing possible crosses that may have occurred between Cynodon species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Arantes Chaves
- Department of Biology (DBI), Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Mendes Carvalho
- Department of Biology (DBI), Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Marco Tulio Mendes Ferreira
- Department of Biology (DBI), Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - Vânia Helena Techio
- Department of Biology (DBI), Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo Y, Zhang X, Xu J, Zheng Y, Pu S, Duan Z, Li Z, Liu G, Chen J, Wang Z. Phenotypic and molecular marker analysis uncovers the genetic diversity of the grass Stenotaphrum secundatum. BMC Genet 2020; 21:86. [PMID: 32787786 PMCID: PMC7425169 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00892-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stenotaphrum secundatum is an important grass with a rich variety of accessions and great potential for development as an economically valuable crop. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of S. secundatum, limiting its application and development as a crop. Here, to provide a theoretical basis for further conservation, utilization, and classification of S. secundatum germplasm resources, we used phenotypic and molecular markers (single-nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs; sequence-related amplified polymorphism, SRAP; inter-simple sequence repeat, ISSR) to analyze the genetic diversity of 49 S. secundatum accessions. RESULTS Based on seven types of phenotypic data, the 49 S. secundatum accessions could be divided into three classes with great variation. We identified 1,280,873 SNPs in the 49 accessions, among which 66.22% were transition SNPs and 33.78% were transversion SNPs. Among these, C/T was the most common (19.12%) and G/C the least common (3.68%). Using 28 SRAP primers, 267 polymorphic bands were detected from the 273 bands amplified. In addition, 27 ISSR markers generated 527 amplification bands, all of which were polymorphic. Both marker types revealed a high level of genetic diversity, with ISSR markers showing a higher percentage of polymorphic loci (100%) than SRAP markers (97.8%). The genetic diversity of the accessions based on SRAP markers (h = 0.47, I = 0.66) and ISSR markers (h = 0.45, I = 0.64) supports the notion that the S. secundatum accessions are highly diverse. S. secundatum could be divided into three classes based on the evaluated molecular markers. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic and molecular marker analysis using SNP, SRAP, and ISSR markers revealed great genetic variation among S. secundatum accessions, which were consistently divided into three classes. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the genetic diversity and classification of S. secundatum. Our results indicate that SNP, SRAP and ISSR markers are reliable and effective for analyzing genetic diversity in S. secundatum. The SNPs identified in this study could be used to distinguish S. secundatum accessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouqin Pu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhen Duan
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodao Liu
- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
- Hainan Biological Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaves ALA, Chiavegatto RB, Benites FRG, Techio VH. Comparative karyotype analysis among cytotypes of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae). Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4873-4881. [PMID: 31240527 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cynodon dactylon is characterized by taxonomic and systematic complexity, and polyploidy is one of the factors responsible for its genetic and morphological diversity. The aim of the present study was to compare karyotypes of C. dactylon cytotypes based on fluorescent banding and nuclear DNA content. The nine C. dactylon accessions evaluated were obtained from the Active Germplasm Bank (BAG) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Roots were pretreated with cycloheximide, fixed in Carnoy's solution and subjected to enzymatic digestion. Slides were prepared by the dissociation and air-drying technique. The fluorescent banding pattern was obtained using chromomycin A3 (CMA)/4,6-dimidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry. The chromosome number of the accessions ranged from 2n = 2x = 18 to 2n = 5x = 45. Chromosomal polymorphism was observed based on the distribution and number of heterochromatic bands, with CMA+ bands located in the pericentromeric position and DAPI+ bands mainly in the terminal position. PI477004-26 (2n = 3x = 27) and PI291966-27 (2n = 4x = 36) had the highest and lowest number of DAPI+ bands, respectively. The number of CMA+ bands was stable, as only PI477004-26, PI291966-27 and PI289750-10 (2n = 5x = 45) showed variation. There was no direct correlation between an increase in the ploidy level and an increase in the percentage of heterochromatic regions, mainly in relation to A-T-rich blocks. The chromosomal banding variation found reinforces the notion of allopolyploidy occurrence in C. dactylon and demonstrates the genomic complexity of this species regard to repetitive DNA content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Arantes Chaves
- Departament of Biology/DBI - Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Raquel Bezerra Chiavegatto
- Departament of Biology/DBI - Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | | | - Vânia Helena Techio
- Departament of Biology/DBI - Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Akbari M, Salehi H, Niazi A. Evaluation of Diversity Based on Morphological Variabilities and ISSR Molecular Markers in Iranian Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Accessions to Select and Introduce Cold-Tolerant Genotypes. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:259-270. [PMID: 29484577 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The main goals of the present study were to screen Iranian common bermudagrasses to find cold-tolerant accessions and evaluate their genetic and morphological variabilities. In this study, 49 accessions were collected from 18 provinces of Iran. One foreign cultivar of common bermudagrass was used as control. Morphological variation was evaluated based on 14 morphological traits to give information about taxonomic position of Iranian common bermudagrass. Data from morphological traits were evaluated to categorize all accessions as either cold sensitive or tolerant using hierarchical clustering with Ward's method in SPSS software. Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers were employed to evaluate genetic variability of accessions. The results of our taxonomic investigation support the existence of two varieties of Cynodon dactylon in Iran: var. dactylon (hairless plant) and var. villosous (plant with hairs at leaf underside and/or upper side surfaces or exterior surfaces of sheath). All 15 primers amplified and gave clear and highly reproducible DNA fragments. In total, 152 fragments were produced, of which 144 (94.73%) being polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.700 to 0.928. The average PIC value obtained with 15 ISSR primers was 0.800, which shows that all primers were informative. Probability identity (PI) and discriminating power between all primers ranged from 0.029 to 0.185 and 0.815 to 0.971, respectively. Genetic data were converted into a binary data matrix. NTSYS software was used for data analysis. Clustering was done by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages and principle coordinate analysis, separated the accessions into six main clusters. According to both morphological and genetic diversity investigations of accessions, they can be clustered into three groups: cold sensitive, cold semi-tolerant, and cold tolerant. The most cold-tolerant accessions were: Taft, Malayear, Gorgan, Safashahr, Naein, Aligoudarz, and the foreign cultivar. This study may provide useful information for further breeding programs on common bermudagrass. Selected genotypes can be evaluated for other abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Akbari
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Salehi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - A Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang S, Wang C, Liang J. Genetic resources and genetic transformation in bermudagrass – a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1398051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shilian Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junsong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Bichemistry, College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, P. R. China
- Department of Garden and Flower, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese natural bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] germplasm based on SRAP markers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177508. [PMID: 28493962 PMCID: PMC5426801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], an important turfgrass used in public parks, home lawns, golf courses and sports fields, is widely distributed in China. In the present study, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure among 157 indigenous bermudagrass genotypes from 20 provinces in China. The application of 26 SRAP primer pairs produced 340 bands, of which 328 (96.58%) were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.36 to 0.49 with a mean of 0.44. Genetic distance coefficients among accessions ranged from 0.04 to 0.61, with an average of 0.32. The results of STRUCTURE analysis suggested that 157 bermudagrass accessions can be grouped into three subpopulations. Moreover, according to clustering based on the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA), accessions were divided into three major clusters. The UPGMA dendrogram revealed that accessions from identical or adjacent areas were generally, but not entirely, clustered into the same cluster. Comparison of the UPGMA dendrogram and the Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis showed general agreement between the population subdivisions and the genetic relationships among accessions. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) with SRAP markers revealed a similar grouping of accessions to the UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTUE analysis. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 18% of total molecular variance was attributed to diversity among subpopulations, while 82% of variance was associated with differences within subpopulations. Our study represents the most comprehensive investigation of the genetic diversity and population structure of bermudagrass in China to date, and provides valuable information for the germplasm collection, genetic improvement, and systematic utilization of bermudagrass.
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang C, Liu G, Bai C, Wang W. Genetic analysis of 430 Chinese Cynodon dactylon accessions using sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19134-46. [PMID: 25338051 PMCID: PMC4227265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151019134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Cynodon dactylon (C. dactylon) is widely distributed in China, information on its genetic diversity within the germplasm pool is limited. The objective of this study was to reveal the genetic variation and relationships of 430 C. dactylon accessions collected from 22 Chinese provinces using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Fifteen primer pairs were used to amplify specific C. dactylon genomic sequences. A total of 481 SRAP fragments were generated, with fragment sizes ranging from 260-1800 base pairs (bp). Genetic similarity coefficients (GSC) among the 430 accessions averaged 0.72 and ranged from 0.53-0.96. Cluster analysis conducted by two methods, namely the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and principle coordinate analysis (PCoA), separated the accessions into eight distinct groups. Our findings verify that Chinese C. dactylon germplasms have rich genetic diversity, which is an excellent basis for C. dactylon breeding for new cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiong Huang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Guodao Liu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Changjun Bai
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China.
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ning H, Wang W, Zheng C, Li Z, Zhu C, Zhang Q. Genetic diversity analysis of sedges (Carex spp.) in Shandong, China based on inter-simple sequence repeat. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang CS, Xing FG, Selvaraj JN, Yang QL, Zhou L, Zhao YJ, Liu Y. The effectiveness of ISSR profiling for studying genetic diversity of Aspergillus flavus from peanut-cropped soils in China. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10
|
Genetic diversity of wild and cultured swamp eel (Monopterus albus) populations from central China revealed by ISSR markers. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Exploring the genetic diversity of Cynodon radiatus (Poaceae) accessions using ISSR markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Genetic diversity of Cynodon radiatus assessed by sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Assessment of genetic diversity of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) using ISSR markers. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:383-92. [PMID: 22312259 PMCID: PMC3269693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is a major turfgrass for home lawns, public parks, golf courses and sport fields and is known to have originated in the Middle East. Morphological and physiological characteristics are not sufficient to differentiate some bermudagrass genotypes because the differences between them are often subtle and subjected to environmental influences. In this study, twenty seven bermudagrass accessions and introductions, mostly from different parts of Iran, were assayed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to differentiate and explore their genetic relationships. Fourteen ISSR primers amplified 389 fragments of which 313 (80.5%) were polymorphic. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.328, which shows that the majority of primers are informative. Cluster analysis using the un-weighted paired group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) method and Jaccard’s similarity coefficient (r = 0.828) grouped the accessions into six main clusters according to some degree to geographical origin, their chromosome number and some morphological characteristics. It can be concluded that there exists a wide genetic base of bermudograss in Iran and that ISSR markers are effective in determining genetic diversity and relationships among them.
Collapse
|