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Wang X, Huang J, Chatzakou M, Medijainen K, Toomela A, Nõmm S, Ruzhansky M. LSTM-CNN: An efficient diagnostic network for Parkinson's disease utilizing dynamic handwriting analysis. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 247:108066. [PMID: 38364361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dynamic handwriting analysis, due to its noninvasive and readily accessible nature, has emerged as a vital adjunctive method for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). An essential step involves analysing subtle variations in signals to quantify PD dysgraphia. Although previous studies have explored extracting features from the overall signal, they may ignore the potential importance of local signal segments. In this study, we propose a lightweight network architecture to analyse dynamic handwriting signal segments of patients and present visual diagnostic results, providing an efficient diagnostic method. METHODS To analyse subtle variations in handwriting, we investigate time-dependent patterns in local representation of handwriting signals. Specifically, we segment the handwriting signal into fixed-length sequential segments and design a compact one-dimensional (1D) hybrid network to extract discriminative temporal features for classifying each local segment. Finally, the category of the handwriting signal is fully diagnosed through a majority voting scheme. RESULTS The proposed method achieves impressive diagnostic performance on the new DraWritePD dataset (with an accuracy of 96.2%, sensitivity of 94.5% and specificity of 97.3%) and the well-established PaHaW dataset (with an accuracy of 90.7%, sensitivity of 94.3% and specificity of 87.5%). Moreover, the network architecture stands out for its excellent lightweight design, occupying a mere 0.084M parameters, with only 0.59M floating-point operations. It also exhibits nearly real-time CPU inference performance, with the inference time for a single handwriting signal ranging from 0.106 to 0.220 s. CONCLUSIONS We present a series of experiments with extensive analysis, which systematically demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method in quantifying dysgraphia for a precise diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Wang
- Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Junqing Huang
- Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marianna Chatzakou
- Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kadri Medijainen
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Puusepa 8, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Aaro Toomela
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt. 25, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sven Nõmm
- Department of Software Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15 a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Michael Ruzhansky
- Department of Mathematics: Analysis, Logic and Discrete Mathematics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Valla E, Toose AJ, Nõmm S, Toomela A. Transforming fatigue assessment: Smartphone-based system with digitized motor skill tests. Int J Med Inform 2023; 177:105152. [PMID: 37499442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The condition of fatigue is a complex and multifaceted disorder that encompasses physical, mental, and psychological dimensions, all of which contribute to a decreased quality of life. Smartphone-based systems are gaining significant research interest due to their potential to provide noninvasive monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. OBJECTIVE This paper studies the feasibility of using smartphones to collect motor skill related data for machine learning based fatigue detection. The authors' main goal is to provide valuable insights into the nature of fatigue and support the development of more effective interventions to manage it. METHODS An application for smartphones running on Android OS is developed. Two aim-based reaction tests, an Archimedean spiral test, and a tremor test, were assembled. 41 subjects participated in the study. The resulting dataset consists of 131 trials of fatigue assessment alongside digital signals extracted from the motor skill tests. Six machine learning classifiers were trained on computed features extracted from the collected digital signals. RESULTS The collected dataset SmartPhoneFatigue is presented for further research. The real-world utility of this database was shown by creating a methodology to construct a fatigue predictive model. Our approach incorporated 60 distinct features, such as kinematic, angular, aim-based, and tremor-related measures. The machine learning models exhibited a high degree of prediction rate for fatigue state, with an accuracy exceeding 70%, sensitivity surpassing 90%, and an f1-score greater than 80%. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the proposed smartphone-based system is suitable for motion data acquisition in non-controlled environments and shows promise as a more objective and convenient method for measuring fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Valla
- Department of Software Science, School of Information Technology, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Ain-Joonas Toose
- Department of Software Science, School of Information Technology, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Sven Nõmm
- Department of Software Science, School of Information Technology, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Aaro Toomela
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt. 25, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Gupta R, Kumari S, Senapati A, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. New era of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based detection, diagnosis, and therapeutics in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102013. [PMID: 37429545 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of neuronal cells, which leads to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive defects. Despite the advancements in treatment strategies, the management of PD is still a challenging event. Early prediction and diagnosis of PD are of utmost importance for effective management of PD. In addition, the classification of patients with PD as compared to normal healthy individuals also imposes drawbacks in the early diagnosis of PD. To address these challenges, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models have been implicated in the diagnosis, prediction, and treatment of PD. Recent times have also demonstrated the implication of AI and ML models in the classification of PD based on neuroimaging methods, speech recording, gait abnormalities, and others. Herein, we have briefly discussed the role of AI and ML in the diagnosis, treatment, and identification of novel biomarkers in the progression of PD. We have also highlighted the role of AI and ML in PD management through altered lipidomics and gut-brain axis. We briefly explain the role of early PD detection through AI and ML algorithms based on speech recordings, handwriting patterns, gait abnormalities, and neuroimaging techniques. Further, the review discuss the potential role of the metaverse, the Internet of Things, and electronic health records in the effective management of PD to improve the quality of life. Lastly, we also focused on the implementation of AI and ML-algorithms in neurosurgical process and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, USA.
| | - Smita Kumari
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, USA
| | | | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, USA
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological, University, USA.
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Early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: A combined method using deep learning and neuro-fuzzy techniques. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 102:107788. [PMID: 36410240 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Predicting Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in Total- UPDRS and Motor-UPDRS clinical scales is an important part of controlling PD. Computational intelligence approaches have been used effectively in the early diagnosis of PD by predicting UPDRS. In this research, we target to present a combined approach for PD diagnosis using an ensemble learning approach with the ability of online learning from clinical large datasets. The method is developed using Deep Belief Network (DBN) and Neuro-Fuzzy approaches. A clustering approach, Expectation-Maximization (EM), is used to handle large datasets. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) technique is employed for noise removal from the data. The UPDRS prediction models are constructed for PD diagnosis. To handle the missing data, K-NN is used in the proposed method. We use incremental machine learning approaches to improve the efficiency of the proposed method. We assess our approach on a real-world PD dataset and the findings are assessed compared to other PD diagnosis approaches developed by machine learning techniques. The findings revealed that the approach can improve the UPDRS prediction accuracy and the time complexity of previous methods in handling large datasets.
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Zhao H, Cao J, Xie J, Liao WH, Lei Y, Cao H, Qu Q, Bowen C. Wearable sensors and features for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231173569. [PMID: 37214662 PMCID: PMC10192816 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231173569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of families around the world, while various wearable sensors and corresponding data analysis can be of great support for clinical diagnosis and health assessment. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing research that uses wearable sensors and features for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Methods A systematic review was conducted of studies published between 2015 and 2022 in major scientific databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopes. The obtained studies were analyzed and organized into the process of diagnosis: wearable sensors, feature extraction, and feature selection. Results The search led to 171 eligible studies included in this overview. Wearable sensors such as force sensors, inertial sensors, electromyography, electroencephalography, acoustic sensors, optical fiber sensors, and global positioning systems were employed to monitor and diagnose neurodegenerative diseases. Various features including physical features, statistical features, nonlinear features, and features from the network can be extracted from these wearable sensors, and the alteration of features toward neurodegenerative diseases was illustrated. Moreover, different kinds of feature selection methods such as filter, wrapper, and embedded methods help to find the distinctive indicator of the diseases and benefit to a better diagnosis performance. Conclusions This systematic review enables a comprehensive understanding of wearable sensors and features for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Junxiao Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hsin Liao
- Department of Mechanical and Automation
Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaguo Lei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First
Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Qiumin Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First
Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P.R. China
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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