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Hadianamrei R, Wang J, Brown S, Zhao X. Rationally designed cationic amphiphilic peptides for selective gene delivery to cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121619. [PMID: 35218898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has gained increasing attention as an alternative to pharmacotherapy for treatment of various diseases. The extracellular and intracellular barriers to gene delivery necessitate the use of gene vectors which has led to the development of myriads of gene delivery systems. However, many of these gene delivery systems have pitfalls such as low biocompatibility, low loading efficiency, low transfection efficiency, lack of tissue selectivity and high production costs. Herein, we report the development of a new series of short cationic amphiphilic peptides with anticancer activity for selective delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to cancer cells. The peptides consist of alternating dyads of hydrophobic (isoleucine (I) or leucine (L)) and hydrophilic (arginine (R) or lysine (L)) amino acids. The peptides exhibited higher preference for transfection of HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells compared to human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and induced higher level of gene silencing in the cancer cells. The nucleic acid complexation and transfection efficiency of the peptides was a function of their secondary structure, their hydrophobicity and their C-terminal amino acid. The peptides containing L in their hydrophobic domain formed stronger complexes with siRNA and successfully delivered it to the cancer cells but were unable to release their cargo inside the cells and therefore could not induce any gene silencing. On the contrary, the peptides containing I in their hydrophobic domain were able to release their associated siRNA and induce considerable gene silencing in cancer cells. The peptides exhibited higher selectivity for colorectal cancer cells and induced less gene silencing in fibroblasts compared to the lipid-based commercial transfection reagent DharmaFECT™ 1. The results from this study can serve as a tool for rational design of new peptide-based gene vectors for high selective gene delivery to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roja Hadianamrei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jiqian Wang
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Stephen Brown
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK; School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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Nakkas H, Ocal BG, Kipel S, Akcan G, Sahin C, Ardicoglu A, Cayli S. Ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy associated proteins in human testicular tumors. Tissue Cell 2021; 71:101513. [PMID: 33677201 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin proteasome sytem (UPS) and autophagy govern protein quality control by degradation and clearance of damaged proteins. Many proteins working in these pathways such as p97/VCP, Ubiquitin (Ub), Jab1/CSN5, p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 are known to be essential for different pathological conditions, especially in cancer, but their expression in human testicular tumors has not been characterized yet. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression of UPS (p97/VCP, Ubiquitin, Jab1/CSN5) and autophagic (p62, LC3B, Beclin 1) proteins in human testicular tumors and cancer adjacent normal testicular tissues. We used an immunohistochemical staining technique. 120 cases of testicular germ and non-germ cell tumors, which are 42 seminomas, 31 embryonal carcinomas, 11 yolk sac tumors, 25 intratubular germ cell neoplasms, 6 Leydig cell tumors, 5 Sertoli cell tumors, were collected and evaluated on tissue microarray. For the first time, the expression of p97/VCP, Ub, Jab1/CSN5, p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 in different type of human testicular tumors has been confirmed. We found that p97/VCP, Ub and Jab1/CSN5 were frequently expressed at higher levels in testicular tumours. In contrast to UPS markers, p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 showed significantly diminished expressions in testicular tumors. Accordingly, a negative correlation between p97/VCP and autophagic markers (p62 and LC3B) was found, suggesting a relationship between UPS and autophagy in different type of testicular tumors. The current results displayed elevated level of p97/VCP, Ub and Jab1/CSN5 expressions in contrast to the diminished expression of p62, LC3B and Beclin 1 in human testicular tumors, thereby supporting a correlation between p97/VCP and autophagic markers in testicular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Nakkas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Seyma Kipel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulben Akcan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cansu Sahin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arslan Ardicoglu
- Department of Urology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Cayli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Gao Y, Mo W, Zhong L, Jia H, Xu Y, Zhang J, Xu X, Shen W, Wang F, Li T, Liu P, Zhang S. Downregulation of Ubiquitin Inhibits the Aggressive Phenotypes of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820973282. [PMID: 33176591 PMCID: PMC7672754 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820973282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of regulatory proteins reportedly plays a central role in diverse cellular processes. This study investigated the expression levels of ubiquitin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and the functions of ubiquitin in the context of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression. Methods: The expression of ubiquitin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and normal esophageal samples was determined via immunohistochemistry. Serum ubiquitin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The association between serum ubiquitin level and clinicopathological factors was analyzed. Real-time PCR analysis was employed to measure the mRNA levels of the ubiquitin coding genes ubiquitin B and ubiquitin C. Proliferation assays, colony formation assays, and Transwell-based assays were used to determine the influence of ubiquitin on cell growth and cell invasion. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify the proteins associated with ubiquitin. Results: Ubiquitin expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues was markedly higher than that in normal and tumor adjacent tissues. The levels of ubiquitin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma serum samples were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Serum ubiquitin levels were correlated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. To silence the expression of ubiquitin, we knocked down the ubiquitin coding genes ubiquitin B and ubiquitin C in TE-1 and Eca-109 cells. Silencing ubiquitin resulted in the suppression of cell growth, chemoresistance, colony formation and cell migration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Proteomic analysis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells showed that knockdown of ubiquitin coding genes deregulated the expression of 159 proteins (92 were upregulated and 67 were downregulated) involved in multiple pathways. These proteins included ferritin light chain, ferritin heavy chain, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2, and DNA replication factor 1. Conclusion: Ubiquitin expression is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and serum samples. Serum ubiquitin levels were correlated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Downregulation of ubiquitin suppresses the aggressive phenotypes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells by complex mechanisms; ubiquitin may represent a novel target for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, 38044The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mo
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, 74565Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhong
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, 74565Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Jia
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, 74565Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiren Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, 38044The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, 38044The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Taicang City, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, 38044The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, 38044The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, 38044The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, 38044The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangyin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, 74565Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital), Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Nguyen T, Ho M, Kim K, Yun SI, Mizar P, Easton JW, Lee SS, Kim KK. Suppression of the Ubiquitin Pathway by Small Molecule Binding to Ubiquitin Enhances Doxorubicin Sensitivity of the Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061073. [PMID: 30893775 PMCID: PMC6471062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of inhibitors for ubiquitin pathway has been suggested as a promising strategy to treat several types of cancers, which has been showcased by recent success of a series of novel anticancer drugs based on inhibition of ubiquitin pathways. Although the druggability of enzymes in ubiquitin pathways has been demonstrated, ubiquitin itself, the main agent of the pathway, has not been targeted. Whereas conventional enzyme inhibitors are used to silence the ubiquitination or reverse it, they cannot disrupt the binding activity of ubiquitin. Herein, we report that the scaffolds of sulfonated aryl diazo compounds, particularly Congo red, could disrupt the binding activity of ubiquitin, resulting in the activity equivalent to inhibition of ubiquitination. NMR mapping assay demonstrated that the chemical directly binds to the recognition site for ubiquitin processing enzymes on the surface of ubiquitin, and thereby blocks the binding of ubiquitin to its cognate receptors. As a proof of concept for the druggability of the ubiquitin molecule, we demonstrated that Congo red acted as an intracellular inhibitor of ubiquitin recognition and binding, which led to inhibition of ubiquitination, and thereby, could be used as a sensitizer for conventional anticancer drugs, doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Minh Ho
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Sun-Il Yun
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Pushpak Mizar
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - James W Easton
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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Valdés A, García-Cañas V, Artemenko KA, Simó C, Bergquist J, Cifuentes A. Nano-liquid Chromatography-orbitrap MS-based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Differences Between the Mechanisms of Action of Carnosic Acid and Carnosol in Colon Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:8-22. [PMID: 27834734 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS) are two structurally related diterpenes present in rosemary herb (Rosmarinus officinalis). Although several studies have demonstrated that both diterpenes can scavenge free radicals and interfere in cellular processes such as cell proliferation, they may not necessarily exert the same effects at the molecular level. In this work, a shotgun proteomics study based on stable isotope dimethyl labeling (DML) and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) has been performed to identify the relative changes in proteins and to gain some light on the specific molecular targets and mechanisms of action of CA and CS in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Protein profiles revealed that CA and CS induce different Nrf2-mediated response. Furthermore, examination of our data revealed that each diterpene affects protein homeostasis by different mechanisms. CA treatment induces the expression of proteins involved in the unfolded protein response in a concentration dependent manner reflecting ER stress, whereas CS directly inhibits chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome. In conclusion, the unbiased proteomics-wide method applied in the present study has demonstrated to be a powerful tool to reveal differences on the mechanisms of action of two related bioactive compounds in the same biological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Valdés
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia García-Cañas
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Konstantin A Artemenko
- §Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carolina Simó
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- §Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- From the ‡Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC), Calle Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Manral C, Roy S, Singh M, Gautam S, Yadav RK, Rawat JK, Devi U, Ansari MN, Saeedan AS, Kaithwas G. Effect of β-sitosterol against methyl nitrosourea-induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:260. [PMID: 27473871 PMCID: PMC4966711 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was in quested to study the effects of β-sitosterol on methyl nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino wistar rats. METHODS Animals were randomized and divided into four groups of eight animals each. Group I (sham control 1 % CMC in normal saline p.o.); Group II (toxic control, MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v); Group III (MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v + β-sitosterol, 10 mg/kg, p.o); Group IV (MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v + β-sitosterol, 20 mg/kg, p.o). Toxicity was induced by single i.v. injection of MNU followed by β-sitosterol supplementation therapy for 115 days at the dose mentioned above. RESULTS Treatment with β-sitosterol evidenced decrease in the alveolar bud and lobule score in the whole mount of the mammary gland. β-sitosterol exhibited diminishing effect on oxidative stress through synchronizing lipid and enzymatic antioxidant defense. A significant decrease in the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid was evident with the MNU treatment and β-sitosterol demonstrated a marked effect on it. Pgp 9.5 expression was dose dependently upregulated by β-sitosterol treatment in comparison to MNU treatment. On the contrary, downregulated NF-kB expression was perceived, when β-sitosterol was concomitantly administered with MNU. CONCLUSION β-sitosterol afforded significant protection against the deleterious effects of MNU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Manral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya vihar, Raibareli road, Lucknow, 226025, (U.P.), India
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya vihar, Raibareli road, Lucknow, 226025, (U.P.), India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya vihar, Raibareli road, Lucknow, 226025, (U.P.), India
| | - Swetlana Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya vihar, Raibareli road, Lucknow, 226025, (U.P.), India
| | - Rajnish K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya vihar, Raibareli road, Lucknow, 226025, (U.P.), India
| | - Jitendra K Rawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya vihar, Raibareli road, Lucknow, 226025, (U.P.), India
| | - Uma Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, FHMSIASM SHIATS-Deemed University (Formerly Allahabad Agriculture Institute), Naini, Allahabad, 211007, (U.P.), India
| | - Md Nazam Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, KSA
| | - Abdulaziz S Saeedan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, KSA
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya vihar, Raibareli road, Lucknow, 226025, (U.P.), India.
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7
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Tang Y, Geng Y, Luo J, Shen W, Zhu W, Meng C, Li M, Zhou X, Zhang S, Cao J. Downregulation of ubiquitin inhibits the proliferation and radioresistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9476. [PMID: 25820571 PMCID: PMC4377628 DOI: 10.1038/srep09476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance has been an important factor in restricting efficacy of radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and new approaches to inhibit cancer growth and sensitize irradiation were warranted. Despite the important role of ubiquitin/proteasome system (UPS) during cancer progression and treatment, the expression and biological role of ubiquitin (Ub) in human NSCLC has not been characterized. In this study, we found that ubiquitin was significantly overexpressed in 75 NSCLC tissues, compared to their respective benign tissues by immunohistochemistry (P < 0.0001). Knock-down of ubiquitin by mixed shRNAs targeting its coding genes ubiquitin B (UBB) and ubiquitin C (UBC) suppressed the growth and increased the radiosensitivity in NSCLC H1299 cells. Apoptosis and γ H2AX foci induced by X-ray irradiation were enhanced by knock-down of ubiquitin. Western blot and immunostaining showed that knock-down of ubiquitin decreased the expression and translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus by reduced phospho-IκBα after irradiation. Suppression of ubiquitin decreased the proliferation and radioresistance of H1299 transplanted xenografts in nude mice by promoting apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the critical role of ubiquitin in NSCLC proliferation and radiosensitivity. Targeting ubiquitin may serve as a potentially important and novel approach for NSCLC prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Tang
- 1] School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [3] Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou. 213001, China
| | - Yangyang Geng
- 1] School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou. 213001, China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- 1] School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- 1] School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Cuicui Meng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou. 213001, China
| | - Ming Li
- 1] School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xifa Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou. 213001, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- 1] School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- 1] School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Downregulation of ubiquitin level via knockdown of polyubiquitin gene Ubb as potential cancer therapeutic intervention. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2623. [PMID: 24022007 PMCID: PMC3769649 DOI: 10.1038/srep02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is involved in almost every cellular process, and it is also known to be a stress-inducible protein. Based on previous reports that many types of cancer display an elevated level of ubiquitin, we hypothesized that this increased amount of ubiquitin is essential for the growth of cancer cells and that, consequently, the downregulation of ubiquitin may be a potential anti-cancer treatment. We first found that the level of ubiquitin can be effectively downregulated via knockdown of a polyubiquitin gene, Ubb, with siRNA (Ubb-KD) and then demonstrated its anti-cancer effects in several cancer cell lines and xenograft mice. Ubb-KD resulted in the attenuation of TNFα-induced NF-κB activation, the stabilization of the tumor suppressor p53, and stress-sensitization. Taken together, downregulation of ubiquitin through Ubb-KD is a potential anti-cancer treatment by inhibiting ubiquitination at multiple sites related to oncogenic pathways and by weakening the ability of cancer cells to overcome increased stress.
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9
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Chang TL, Chang CJ, Lee WY, Lin MN, Huang YW, Fan K. The roles of ubiquitin and 26S proteasome in human obesity. Metabolism 2009; 58:1643-8. [PMID: 19616267 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is responsible for the degradation of most intracellular proteins in eukaryotes. It may also play a role in the modulation of inflammatory process and pathogenesis of cancer. Immunoglobulin levels are higher in cancer. Obesity is a risk factor for several common diseases, particularity type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and tumors. The aim of this study was to study a possible correlation between plasma ubiquitin, 26S proteasome levels, and obesity. The body mass index (BMI), plasma ubiquitin levels, and 26S proteasome activity levels were determined and statistically analyzed in 31 volunteers, aged 19 to 58 years and including 9 men and 22 women, from the general population of Southern Taiwan. We also compared the immunoglobulin among the underweight, normal-weight, and overweight groups. We demonstrated that plasma ubiquitin is significantly decreased in obese individuals vs normal controls (65.2 +/- 23.4 vs 159.5 +/- 73.1 ng/mL). Plasma ubiquitin levels were found to be inversely correlated with the BMI of individuals (r = -0.39, P < .001). In addition, there was an inverse relationship between 20S proteasome levels in red blood cells and BMI (r = -0.33, P < .001), whereas 26S proteasome activity was found to be dependent quantitatively to S5a in erythrocytes (r = 0.88, P < .001). Immunoglobulin is significantly decreased in overweight individuals vs normal controls. Plasma ubiquitin and 20S proteasome levels are potential biomarkers for the risk assessment and possibly serve as one of the targeted studies for the development of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Ling Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan.
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10
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Seliger B, Handke D, Schabel E, Bukur J, Lichtenfels R, Dammann R. Epigenetic control of the ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase 1 in renal cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2009; 7:90. [PMID: 19857250 PMCID: PMC2775027 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) gene involved in the regulation of cellular ubiquitin levels plays an important role in different cellular processes including cell growth and differentiation. Aberrant expression of UCHL1 has been found in a number of human solid tumors including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In RCC, UCHL1 overexpression is associated with tumor progression and an altered von Hippel Lindau gene expression. Methods To determine the underlying mechanisms for the heterogeneous UCHL1 expression pattern in RCC the UCHL1 promoter DNA methylation status was determined in 17 RCC cell lines as well as in 32 RCC lesions and corresponding tumor adjacent kidney epithelium using combined bisulfite restriction analysis as well as bisulfite DNA sequencing. Results UCHL1 expression was found in all 32 tumor adjacent kidney epithelium samples. However, the lack of or reduced UCHL1 mRNA and/or protein expression was detected in 13/32 RCC biopsies and 7/17 RCC cell lines and due to either a total or partial methylation of the UCHL1 promoter DNA. Upon 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine treatment an induction of UCHL1 mRNA and protein expression was found in 9/17 RCC cell lines, which was linked to the demethylation degree of the UCHL1 promoter DNA. Conclusion Promoter hypermethylation represents a mechanism for the silencing of the UCHL1 gene expression in RCC and supports the concept of an epigenetic control for the expression of UCHL1 during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Medical Immunology, Halle, Germany.
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11
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Pahor M, Manini T, Cesari M. Sarcopenia: clinical evaluation, biological markers and other evaluation tools. J Nutr Health Aging 2009; 13:724-8. [PMID: 19657557 PMCID: PMC4312657 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by a lower skeletal muscle quantity, higher fat accumulation in the muscle, lower muscle strength, and lower physical performance. The most commonly used, low cost and accessible methods to assess skeletal muscle mass include dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT) and creatinine excretion are the most specific golden standards for assessing muscle mass or cross sectional muscle area. Other available measures include peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT), ultrasound and neutron activation. Skeletal muscle strength is another important component for the assessment of sarcopenia and muscle quality. Several methods are available for the measurement of muscle strength which include simple dynamometers to measure isometric strength and the most complex isokinetic strength measures of power and torque. Standardized physical performance measures complement the measures of muscle mass for the assessment of sarcopenia. A clinical definition of sarcopenia ought to use methods of assessment that are valid, reliable, specific to skeletal muscle, predictive of future health events, non-invasive, practical, low cost and widely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pahor
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida Institute on Aging, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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12
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Chang TL, Ding HY, Kao YW. Role of ginsenoside Rd in inhibiting 26S proteasome activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:12011-12015. [PMID: 19053398 DOI: 10.1021/jf801427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drugs targeting 26S proteasome as antitumor agents are considered to be important for cancer therapy. Although the active components are yet to be identified, for more than 1000 years, the low-toxicity Panax ginseng has been used in traditional herbal medicine for either treating or preventing cancer. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1 are distinct components that can be isolated from P. ginseng C.A. Meyer. In this study 26S proteasome was purified from pig red blood cells, and the activity of the seven isolated ginsenosides was analyzed by proteolysis assay. It was found that ginsenoside Rd inhibited 52.9% the chymotrypsin-like activity of 26S proteasome with an IC(50) value of 107.5 microM when Suc-LLVY-AMC was used as a substrate. Ginsenoside Rd displayed a mixed type inhibition of 26S proteasome when analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots of the inhibition kinetics. Unlike ginsenoside Rd, the other ginsenosides showed low inhibitory effect of the chymotrypsin-like activity of 26S proteasome. Seven ginsenosides did not inhibit the trypsin-like and caspase-like activities of 26S when Ac-RLR-AMC or Z-LLE-AMC was used as substrate. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rd is a potential drug for cancer prevention due to its specific 26S proteasome inhibitory effect and known low toxicity. Furthermore, both 3-O-Glc(2)-Glc and 20-O-beta-Glc positions of the ginsenoside may play a role in the inhibitory property of the chymotrypsin-like activity in 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Ling Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, No. 33, sec. 2, Shu-Lin Street, Tainan, Taiwan.
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13
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Wu L, Pu Z, Feng J, Li G, Zheng Z, Shen W. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and enhanced activity of NF-kappaB in gastric carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97:439-44. [PMID: 18163448 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES NF-kappa B, ubiquitin and proteasome have been shown be important factors in oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether NF-kappa B could be a sensitive biomarker for gastric carcinoma. METHODS Tumor and adjacent mucosal tissue specimens in 92 patients with gastric carcinoma were studied. The expression of NF-kappa B was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The expression of I kappa B alpha, ubiquitin in cytoplasm and NF-kappa B in nucleoplasm was assayed by Western blot. DNA binding-activity of NF-kappa B was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Fluorogenic technique was performed to measure the 26S proteasome activity. RESULTS NF-kappa B positive expression in tumor tissues (82.4%) was significant higher than that in adjacent mucosal tissues (32.7%, P < 0.05). The increase of NF-kappa B activation was accompanied by the increases of ubiqutin, 26S proteasome activation and a degradation of I kappa B alpha but not the ubiquitin-conjugated I kappa B alpha/NF-kappa B complex in gastric carcinoma. NF-kappa B expression was significantly increased in patients with lymph node metastasis, TNM stage III/IV or with the habit of high intake of pickled vegetables. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the constitutive activation of NF-kappa B is likely due to the activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and NF-kappa B can be used as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
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14
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Claeyssens S, Lecleire S, Leblond J, Marion R, Hecketsweiler B, Lavoinne A, Ducrotté P, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M. Lack of effect of acute enteral arginine infusion on whole-body and intestinal protein metabolism in humans. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1826-32. [PMID: 17406837 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid and exerts anabolic effects. We studied the effects of enteral arginine on whole-body and duodenal protein metabolism. Eight healthy fasted volunteers received randomly a 5-hr enteral infusion of either arginine (Arg; 20 g) or an isonitrogenous amino acid mixture (AA) and an IV infusion of [13C]leucine. Duodenal biopsies were performed. Whole-body protein turnover and duodenal protein synthesis (FSR) were calculated from GC/MS-assessed enrichment. The mRNA levels for major components of proteolytic pathways, ubiquitin, cathepsin D, and m-calpain, were evaluated by RT-PCR. Results were compared using paired Wilcoxon test. Endogenous, oxidative, and nonoxidative leucine fluxes were not different after Arg and AA infusions, respectively. Duodenal mucosal protein FSR (71% +/- 26% vs 81% +/- 30%/day) and mRNA levels of ubiquitin, cathepsin D, and m-calpain were also similar after Arg and AA infusions. We conclude that in healthy subjects, arginine infusion exerts no effect on whole-body and duodenal protein metabolism. Whether arginine might specifically affect these parameters in catabolic or inflammatory situations remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Claeyssens
- Appareil Digestif, Environnement et Nutrition (ADEN EA 3234), Institut Fédératif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, and CIC-INSERM-CHU, Rouen, France
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15
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Lee YM, Lee JY, Kim MJ, Bae HI, Park JY, Kim SG, Kim DS. Hypomethylation of the protein gene product 9.5 promoter region in gallbladder cancer and its relationship with clinicopathological features. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:1205-10. [PMID: 16965602 PMCID: PMC11159720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) is a neurospecific peptide that removes ubiquitin from ubiquitinated proteins and prevents them being targeted for degradation by proteosomes. Its expression is a potential marker of non-small lung cancer, invasive colorectal cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gallbladder (GB) cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary tract and is usually associated with gallstone disease, a late diagnosis, unsatisfactory treatment and a poor prognosis. To understand the role of PGP9.5 in GB cancer, we examined the methylation status of its promoter and its expression in surgical biopsy samples. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors and non-neoplastic GB tissues (22 carcinomas, eight adenomas, 26 normal epithelia) were collected from patients who had undergone surgical resection. The methylation status of the promoter region of the PGP9.5 gene was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of PGP9.5 was examined by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. PGP9.5 promoter was methylated in 84.6% (22/26) of normal GB epithelium, 37.5% (3/8) of adenomas and 27.2% (6/22) of carcinomas. Most tumors with an unmethylated promoter exhibited positive staining for PGP9.5 in epithelial and neoplastic cells, but no PGP9.5 expression was observed in normal epithelia or in tumor tissues with a methylated promoter. No correlation was found between promoter hypomethylation of PGP9.5 and clinicopathological findings (i.e. age, sex, histological type or grade, N-status, invasion depth or tumor stage) whereas PGP9.5 hypomethylation was found to be inversely correlated with the presence of a gallstone (P = 0.015). These results suggest that PGP9.5 promoter hypomethylation could be a reliable marker for GB cancer and that DNA hypomethylation might play an important role in re-expression of the PGP9.5 gene in GB cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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16
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Sandoval JA, Hoelz DJ, Woodruff HA, Powell RL, Jay CL, Grosfeld JL, Hickeyd RJ, Malkas LH. Novel peptides secreted from human neuroblastoma: useful clinical tools? J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41:245-51. [PMID: 16410142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentially expressed neuroblastoma (NB) proteins are vital for the development of new diagnostics and therapeutics. For example, secretory NB peptides (neuron-specific enolase and chromogranins) are clinically useful. We investigated polypeptide secretion by employing proteomic technologies to analyze proteins released from cultured NB cells. METHODS Neuroblastoma cell lines (SK-N-AS, SK-N-DZ, and SK-N-FI) were grown in serum-free media. Conditioned media from each cell line was analyzed for secreted proteins by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Selected polypeptides were identified by liquid chromatography-linked tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We identified 5 polypeptides that were secreted or shed by NB. Ubiquitin, beta2-microglobulin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2, superoxide dismutase (copper and zinc), and heat shock cognate 70-kd proteins were secreted from NB cells, as compared with control media. Elevated levels of these proteins have been described in serum/tissues under intracellular stress and malignancies, including NB. CONCLUSION These novel secretory polypeptides may contribute to NB growth. The proteins may reveal additional tumor markers and permit putative use in the diagnosis and treatment of NB. Detection of these proteins in serum of children with NB vs controls (using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques) is currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Mandelker DL, Yamashita K, Tokumaru Y, Mimori K, Howard DL, Tanaka Y, Carvalho AL, Jiang WW, Park HL, Kim MS, Osada M, Mori M, Sidransky D. PGP9.5 promoter methylation is an independent prognostic factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4963-8. [PMID: 15930319 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PGP9.5/UCHL1 is a member of the carboxyl-terminal ubiquitin hydrolase family with a potential role in carcinogenesis. We previously identified PGP9.5 as a putative tumor-suppressor gene and methylation of the promoter as a cancer-specific event in primary cancer tissues. In this current study, we analyzed PGP9.5 methylation in 50 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) primary tumors with well characterized clinicopathologic variables including patient outcome. Two independent modalities for methylation analysis (TaqMan methylation-specific PCR and combined bisulfite restriction analysis) were used to analyze these samples. The two data sets were consistent with each other, as the 21 patients (42%) with highest methylation levels by TaqMan analysis all showed visible combined bisulfite restriction analysis bands on acrylamide gels. Using an optimized cutoff value by TaqMan quantitation, we found that patients with higher PGP9.5 methylation ratios in the primary tumor showed poorer 5-year survival rates than those without PGP9.5 methylation (P = 0.01). A significant correlation was also seen between PGP9.5 promoter methylation and the presence of regional lymph node metastases (P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis subsequently revealed that PGP9.5 methylation was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC survival (P = 0.03). These results suggest that PGP9.5 promoter methylation could be a clinically applicable marker for ESCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Mandelker
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA
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