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Liu D, Zuo R, Liu W, He Y, Wang Y, Yue P, Gong W, Cui J, Zhu F, Luo Y, Qi L, Guo Y, Chen L, Li G, Liu Z, Chen P, Guo H. DNAJC24 acts directly with PCNA and promotes malignant progression of LUAD by activating phosphorylation of AKT. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23630. [PMID: 38713100 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300667rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of highly conserved proteins found in a wide range of organisms. In recent years, members of the HSP family were overexpressed in various tumors and widely involved in oncogenesis, tumor development, and therapeutic resistance. In our previous study, DNAJC24, a member of the DNAJ/HSP40 family of HSPs, was found to be closely associated with the malignant phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, its relationship with other malignancies needs to be further explored. Herein, we demonstrated that DNAJC24 exhibited upregulated expression in LUAD tissue samples and predicted poor survival in LUAD patients. The upregulation of DNAJC24 expression promoted proliferation and invasion of LUAD cells in A549 and NCI-H1299 cell lines. Further studies revealed that DNAJC24 could regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by affecting AKT phosphorylation. In addition, a series of experiments such as Co-IP and mass spectrometry confirmed that DNAJC24 could directly interact with PCNA and promoted the malignant phenotypic transformation of LUAD. In conclusion, our results suggested that DNAJC24 played an important role in the progression of LUAD and may serve as a specific prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients. The DNAJC24/PCNA/AKT axis may be a potential target for future individualized and precise treatment of LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Liver Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Zuo
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LUAD Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchao He
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LUAD Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Yue
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LUAD Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenchen Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinfang Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LUAD Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuyi Zhu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lisha Qi
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Cancer Biobank of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangtao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Liver Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LUAD Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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2
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Chen C, Wu H, Fu X, Li R, Cheng H, Wang M, Zhou A, Zhang M, Li Q. A UPLC-QTOF/MS-based hepatic tissue metabolomics approach deciphers the mechanism of Huachansu tablets-based intervention against hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 239:115875. [PMID: 38061172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Huachansu (HCS) tablets, classified as well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation, have been proved to be effective in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in clinical studies. However, the underlying mechanism of HCS tablets against HCC has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, a rat model of HCC was established with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) inducer. The efficacy of HCS tablets against HCC was assessed through liver histopathological examination and evaluation of biochemical indicators. A metabolomics method based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with multivariate data analysis was established to identify differential metabolites related to the inhibition effect of HCS tablets on HCC, and then the relevant metabolic pathway analysis was performed to investigate the anti-HCC mechanisms of HCS tablets. The results showed that compared to the control group, the HCC model group showed a significant increase in the values of HCC-related biochemical indicators and the number of tumor nodules, indicating the successful establishment of the HCC rat model. Upon treatment with HCS tablets, the values of HCC-related biochemical indicators decreased, liver fibrosis and nuclear deformation were also significantly alleviated. A total of 15 differential metabolites associated with the anti-tumor effect of HCS tablets on HCC were screened and annotated through hepatic tissue metabolomics studies. Analysis of metabolic pathways revealed that the therapeutic effects of HCS tablets on HCC mainly involved the pentose and glucuronate interconversions and arachidonic acid metabolism. Further western blotting corroborated that the alteration in arachidonic acid (AA) level after the intervention of HCS tablets was related to the inhibition of cPLA2α expression in rat liver tissues. In conclusion, HCS tablets exhibit a certain anti-tumor effect on HCC, and the metabolomics method based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS combined with further verification at the biochemical level is a promising way to reveal its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Ruijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - An Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
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3
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Li T, Yao L, Hua Y, Wu Q. Comprehensive analysis of prognosis of cuproptosis-related oxidative stress genes in multiple myeloma. Front Genet 2023; 14:1100170. [PMID: 37065484 PMCID: PMC10102368 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous hematologic malignancy. The patients’ survival outcomes vary widely. Establishing a more accurate prognostic model is necessary to improve prognostic precision and guide clinical therapy.Methods: We developed an eight-gene model to assess the prognostic outcome of MM patients. Univariate Cox analysis, Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify the significant genes and construct the model. Other independent databases were used to validate the model.Results: The results showed that the overall survival of patients in the high-risk group was signifificantly shorter compared with that of those in the low-risk group. The eight-gene model demonstrated high accuracy and reliability in predicting the prognosis of MM patients.Discussion: Our study provides a novel prognostic model for MM patients based on cuproptosis and oxidative stress. The eight-gene model can provide valid predictions for prognosis and guide personalized clinical treatment. Further studies are needed to validate the clinical utility of the model and explore potential therapeutic targets.
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Paskeh MDA, Ghadyani F, Hashemi M, Abbaspour A, Zabolian A, Javanshir S, Razzazan M, Mirzaei S, Entezari M, Goharrizi MASB, Salimimoghadam S, Aref AR, Kalbasi A, Rajabi R, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Sethi G. Biological impact and therapeutic perspective of targeting PI3K/Akt signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma: Promises and Challenges. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106553. [PMID: 36400343 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression results from activation of various signaling networks. Among these, PI3K/Akt signaling contributes to proliferation, invasion, and inhibition of apoptosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with high incidence rate, especially in regions with high prevalence of viral hepatitis infection. Autoimmune disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcohol consumption, and inflammation can also lead to initiation and development of HCC. The treatment of HCC depends on the identification of oncogenic factors that lead tumor cells to develop resistance to therapy. The present review article focuses on the role of PI3K/Akt signaling in HCC progression. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling promotes glucose uptake, favors glycolysis and increases tumor cell proliferation. It inhibits both apoptosis and autophagy while promoting HCC cell survival. PI3K/Akt stimulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increases matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) expression during HCC metastasis. In addition to increasing colony formation capacity and facilitating the spread of tumor cells, PI3K/Akt signaling stimulates angiogenesis. Therefore, silencing PI3K/Akt signaling prevents aggressive HCC cell behavior. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling can confer drug resistance, particularly to sorafenib, and decreases the radio-sensitivity of HCC cells. Anti-cancer agents, like phytochemicals and small molecules can suppress PI3K/Akt signaling by limiting HCC progression. Being upregulated in tumor tissues and clinical samples, PI3K/Akt can also be used as a biomarker to predict patients' response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghadyani
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abbaspour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center,Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Resident of department of Orthopedics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Javanshir
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Razzazan
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. 6, Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Romina Rajabi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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5
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Su R, Zhang H, Zhang L, Khan AR, Zhang X, Wang R, Shao C, Wei X, Xu X. Systemic analysis identifying
PVT1
/
DUSP13
axis for microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2022; 12:8937-8955. [PMID: 36524545 PMCID: PMC10134337 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microvascular invasion (MVI) is an independent detrimental risk factor for tumor recurrence and poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks play a pivotal role in the modulation of carcinogenesis and progression among diverse tumor types. However, whether the ceRNA mechanisms are engaged in promoting the MVI process in patients with HCC remains unknown. METHODS A ceRNA regulatory network was constructed based on RNA-seq data of patients with HCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. In total, 10 hub genes of the ceRNA network were identified using four algorithms: "MCC," "Degree," "Betweenness," and "Stress." Transcriptional expressions were verified by in situ hybridization using clinical samples. Interactions between ceRNA modules were validated by luciferase reporting assay. Logistic regression analysis, correlation analysis, enrichment analysis, promoter region analysis, methylation analysis, and immune infiltration analysis were performed to further investigate the molecular mechanisms and clinical transformation value. RESULTS The ceRNA regulatory network featuring a tumor invasion phenotype consisting of 3 long noncoding RNAs, 3 microRNAs, and 93 mRNAs was constructed using transcriptional data from the TCGA database. Systemic analysis and experimentally validation identified a ceRNA network (PVT1/miR-1258/DUSP13 axis) characterized by lipid regulatory potential, immune properties, and abnormal methylation states in patients with HCC and MVI. Meanwhile, 28 transcriptional factors were identified as potential promotors of PVT1 with 3 transcriptional factors MXD3, ZNF580, and KDM1A promising as therapeutic targets in patients with HCC and MVI. Furthermore, miR-1258 was an independent predictor for MVI in patients with HCC. CONCLUSION The PVT1/DUSP13 axis is significantly associated with MVI progression in HCC patients. This study provides new insight into mechanisms related to lipids, immune phenotypes, and abnormal epigenetics in oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Su
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Huizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Lincheng Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Abdul Rehman Khan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xuanyu Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Lishui Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Lishui China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine Hangzhou China
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6
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Liu H, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao Q, Zhang T, Xie S, Liu Y, Tang Y, Peng Q, Pang W, Yao W, Zhou J. Geometric Constraints Regulate Energy Metabolism and Cellular Contractility in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Coordinating Mitochondrial DNA Methylation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203995. [PMID: 36106364 PMCID: PMC9661866 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can adapt to changes in cellular geometric cues; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Using 2D micropatterned substrates to engineer cell geometry, it is found that in comparison with an elongated geometry, a square-shaped geometry causes the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic redistribution of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), hypermethylation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), repression of mtDNA gene transcription, and impairment of mitochondrial function. Using irregularly arranged versus circumferentially aligned vascular grafts to control cell geometry in 3D growth, it is demonstrated that cell geometry, mtDNA methylation, and vessel contractility are closely related. DNMT1 redistribution is found to be dependent on the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways. Cell elongation activates cytosolic phospholipase A2, a nuclear mechanosensor that, when inhibited, hinders AKT phosphorylation, DNMT1 nuclear accumulation, and energy production. The findings of this study provide insights into the effects of cell geometry on SMC function and its potential implications in the optimization of vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191P. R. China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory PeptidesBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191P. R. China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory PeptidesBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyKey Laboratory of Bioactive MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Nankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical BiologyKey Laboratory of Bioactive MaterialsMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Nankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Vascular SurgeryPeking University People's HospitalBeijing100044P. R. China
| | - Si‐an Xie
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191P. R. China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory PeptidesBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Yueqi Liu
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191P. R. China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory PeptidesBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Yuanjun Tang
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191P. R. China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory PeptidesBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Qin Peng
- Institute of Systems and Physical BiologyShenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhen518132P. R. China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Weijuan Yao
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology and PathophysiologySchool of Basic Medical Sciences; Hemorheology CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular ScienceMinistry of EducationBeijing100191P. R. China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory PeptidesBeijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors ResearchPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
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7
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The altered lipidome of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:445-456. [PMID: 35131480 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in metabolic pathways are a hallmark of cancer. A deeper understanding of the contribution of different metabolites to carcinogenesis is thus vitally important to elucidate mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression to inform therapeutic strategies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and its altered metabolic landscape is beginning to unfold with the advancement of technologies. In particular, characterization of the lipidome of human HCCs has accelerated, and together with biochemical analyses, are revealing recurrent patterns of alterations in glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. These widespread alterations encompass a myriad of lipid species with numerous roles affecting multiple hallmarks of cancer, including aberrant growth signaling, metastasis, evasion of cell death and immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize the current trends and findings of the altered lipidomic landscape of HCC and discuss their potential biological significance for hepatocarcinogenesis.
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8
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Vasseur S, Guillaumond F. Lipids in cancer: a global view of the contribution of lipid pathways to metastatic formation and treatment resistance. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:46. [PMID: 35945203 PMCID: PMC9363460 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential constituents for malignant tumors, as they are absolutely required for tumor growth and dissemination. Provided by the tumor microenvironment (TME) or by cancer cells themselves through activation of de novo synthesis pathways, they orchestrate a large variety of pro-tumorigenic functions. Importantly, TME cells, especially immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs), are also prone to changes in their lipid content, which hinder or promote tumor aggressiveness. In this review, we address the significant findings for lipid contribution in tumor progression towards a metastatic disease and in the poor response to therapeutic treatments. We also highlight the benefits of targeting lipid pathways in preclinical models to slow down metastasis development and overcome chemo-and immunotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vasseur
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Guillaumond
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009, Marseille, France.
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9
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Li G, He Y, Liu H, Liu D, Chen L, Luo Y, Chen L, Qi L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhan L, Zhang N, Zhu X, Song T, Guo H. DNAJC24 is a potential therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma through affecting ammonia metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:490. [PMID: 35606363 PMCID: PMC9127113 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved heat shock proteins are involved in the heat shock response of cells in response to changes in the external environment. In normal tissues, heat shock proteins can help cells survive in a rapidly changing environment. Likewise, in malignant tumors heat shock proteins may help tumor cells cope with external stresses as well as the stress of treatment. In this way they become accomplices of malignant tumors. Here we demonstrated for the first time that high expression of DNAJC24 (a heat shock protein) shortens survival in patients with HCC by immunohistochemical staining of 167 paired hepatocellular carcinomas and paraneoplastic tissues as well as data from public databases. In vitro experiments demonstrated that stimuli such as hypoxia, starvation and heat could upregulate DNAJC24 expression in HCC cells through transcriptional regulation of HSF2, and high expression of DNAJC24 in HCC cells could promote the proliferation and motility of HCC cells. In addition, we also verified that targeting DNAJC24 under normal culture conditions can affect the proliferation and autophagy of HCC cells by interfering with ammonia metabolism, thereby inhibiting the malignant progression of HCC. Overall, we suggested that DNAJC24 may become a new target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Li
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Liver Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yuchao He
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Hui Liu
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Dongming Liu
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Liver Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Lu Chen
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Liver Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yi Luo
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Liwei Chen
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Lisha Qi
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yun Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yingying Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Yu Wang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Linlin Zhan
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Liver Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Tianqiang Song
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer, Liver Cancer Research Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Hua Guo
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
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The Bright and the Dark Side of TGF-β Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanisms, Dysregulation, and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040940. [PMID: 35205692 PMCID: PMC8870127 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling is a preeminent regulator of diverse cellular and physiological processes. Frequent dysregulation of TGF-β signaling has been implicated in cancer. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, the autocrine and paracrine effects of TGF-β have paradoxical implications. While acting as a potent tumor suppressor pathway in the early stages of malignancy, TGF-β diverts to a promoter of tumor progression in the late stages, reflecting its bright and dark natures, respectively. Within this context, targeting TGF-β represents a promising therapeutic option for HCC treatment. We discuss here the molecular properties of TGF-β signaling in HCC, attempting to provide an overview of its effects on tumor cells and the stroma. We also seek to evaluate the dysregulation mechanisms that mediate the functional switch of TGF-β from a tumor suppressor to a pro-tumorigenic signal. Finally, we reconcile its biphasic nature with the therapeutic implications. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with genetic and nongenetic aberrations that impact multiple genes and pathways, including the frequently dysregulated transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. The regulatory cytokine TGF-β and its signaling effectors govern a broad spectrum of spatiotemporally regulated molecular and cellular responses, yet paradoxically have dual and opposing roles in HCC progression. In the early stages of tumorigenesis, TGF-β signaling enforces profound tumor-suppressive effects, primarily by inducing cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, as the tumor advances in malignant progression, TGF-β functionally switches to a pro-tumorigenic signal, eliciting aggressive tumor traits, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune evasion of cancer cells. On this account, the inhibition of TGF-β signaling is recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy for advanced HCC. In this review, we evaluate the functions and mechanisms of TGF-β signaling and relate its complex and pleiotropic biology to HCC pathophysiology, attempting to provide a detailed perspective on the molecular determinants underlying its functional diversion. We also address the therapeutic implications of the dichotomous nature of TGF-β signaling and highlight the rationale for targeting this pathway for HCC treatment, alone or in combination with other agents.
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11
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Kawashita E, Ozaki T, Ishihara K, Kashiwada C, Akiba S. Endothelial group IVA phospholipase A2 promotes hepatic fibrosis with sinusoidal capillarization in the early stage of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Life Sci 2022; 294:120355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Mahammad N, Ashcroft FJ, Feuerherm AJ, Elsaadi S, Vandsemb EN, Børset M, Johansen B. Inhibition of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α Induces Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247447. [PMID: 34946532 PMCID: PMC8705991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is the rate-limiting enzyme in releasing arachidonic acid and biosynthesis of its derivative eicosanoids. Thus, the catalytic activity of cPLA2α plays an important role in cellular metabolism in healthy as well as cancer cells. There is mounting evidence suggesting that cPLA2α is an interesting target for cancer treatment; however, it is unclear which cancers are most relevant for further investigation. Here we report the relative expression of cPLA2α in a variety of cancers and cancer cell lines using publicly available datasets. The profiling of a panel of cancer cell lines representing different tissue origins suggests that hematological malignancies are particularly sensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of cPLA2α inhibition. Several hematological cancers and cancer cell lines overexpressed cPLA2α, including multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is an incurable hematological cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow with an emerging requirement of therapeutic approaches. We show here that two cPLA2α inhibitors AVX420 and AVX002, significantly and dose-dependently reduced the viability of multiple myeloma cells and induced apoptosis in vitro. Our findings implicate cPLA2α activity in the survival of multiple myeloma cells and support further studies into cPLA2α as a potential target for treating hematological cancers, including multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Mahammad
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (B.J.)
| | - Felicity J. Ashcroft
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Astrid J. Feuerherm
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Samah Elsaadi
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.E.); (E.N.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Esten N. Vandsemb
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.E.); (E.N.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Magne Børset
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.E.); (E.N.V.); (M.B.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (F.J.A.); (A.J.F.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (B.J.)
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13
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Zhao G, Shi X, Sun Z, Zhao P, Lu Z. PAQR4 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1602-1613. [PMID: 34718369 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progestin and adipoQ receptor 4 (PAQR4) is a novel tumorigenic factor that promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in lung and breast cancer, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. The aim of our study was to explore its role and underlying mechanism in the development of HCC. Analysis of GEPIA database indicated that PAQR4 was highly expressed in HCC samples, and the mRNA level of PAQR4 was negatively correlated with the overall survival of HCC patients. Knockdown of PAQR4 in Hep3B cells suppressed cell proliferation by hindering G1/S transition of cell cycle as shown by the flow cytometry analysis. PAQR4 knockdown also expedited the cell apoptosis. Knockdown of PAQR4 repressed the migratory and invasive potential of Hep3B cells. PAQR4 knockdown sensitized Hep3B cells to apatinib-based chemotherapy. PAQR4 knockdown blocked the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, as reflected by the reduced phosphorylation of AKT and p85. Conversely, overexpression of PAQR4 exerted opposite effects in Huh-7 cells. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 could eliminate the effects of PAQR4 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and invasion. In tumor xenograft model, knockdown of PAQR4 suppressed tumor growth in vivo, while PAQR4 overexpression promoted tumor growth. Collectively, our data suggest that PAQR4 has a tumorigenic effect on HCC progression by activating PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiaobao Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhanbo Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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14
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Liu M, Yang J, Xu B, Zhang X. Tumor metastasis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:587-617. [PMID: 34977870 PMCID: PMC8706758 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is responsible for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In contrast to numerous discoveries that reveal the detailed mechanisms leading to the formation of the primary tumor, the biological underpinnings of the metastatic disease remain poorly understood. Cancer metastasis is a complex process in which cancer cells escape from the primary tumor, settle, and grow at other parts of the body. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and anoikis resistance of tumor cells are the main forces to promote metastasis, and multiple components in the tumor microenvironment and their complicated crosstalk with cancer cells are closely involved in distant metastasis. In addition to the three cornerstones of tumor treatment, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, novel treatment approaches including targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been established in patients with metastatic cancer. Although the cancer survival rate has been greatly improved over the years, it is still far from satisfactory. In this review, we provided an overview of the metastasis process, summarized the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the dissemination and distant metastasis of cancer cells, and reviewed the important advances in interventions for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Bushu Xu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Xing Zhang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology UnitState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
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Berberine Suppresses EMT in Liver and Gastric Carcinoma Cells through Combination with TGF βR Regulating TGF- β/Smad Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2337818. [PMID: 34712379 PMCID: PMC8548148 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2337818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), a natural alkaloid derived from Coptis, has anticancer activity. Some researchers have found that it could restrain epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of melanoma, neuroblastoma, and other tumor cells. However, it is unclear whether BBR can reverse EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gastric carcinoma (GC). In our study, BBR inhibited the migration and invasion of HepG2, MGC803, and SGC7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Transcription sequencing assays showed that Vimentin, MMP, and Smad3 were downregulated, but Smad2, Smad6, TAB2, ZO-1, and claudin 7 were upregulated when treated with BBR. GO Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway showed that BBR significantly inhibited TGF-β/Smad at 12 h, then, PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways at 24 h, which were closely related to the proliferation, migration, and EMT. The results of the transcriptome sequencing analysis were verified by Western Blot. It showed that the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and ZO-1 remarkably augmented with BBR treatment, as well as declined mesenchymal markers, including N-cadherin and Vimentin, decreased transcription factor Snail and Slug. The effects of BBR were similar to those of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542. Furthermore, β-catenin and phosphorylation of AKT, Smad2, and Smad3 were changed dose-dependently by BBR treatment, which upregulated p-Smad2 and downregulated the others. Combined with LY or SB, respectively, BBR could enhance the effects of the two inhibitors. Simultaneously, IGF-1 and TGF-β, which is the activator of PI3K/AKT and TGF-β/Smad, respectively, could reverse the anti-EMT effect of BBR. The Molecular Docking results showed BBR had a high affinity with the TGF-β receptor I (TGFβR1), and the binding energy was -7.5 kcal/mol, which is better than the original ligand of TGFβR1. Although the affinity of BBR with TGF-β receptor II (TGFβR2) was lower than the original ligand of TGFβR2, the more considerable negative binding energy (-8.54 kcal/mol) was obtained. BBR upregulated p-Smad2, which was different from other reports, indicating that the function of Smad2 was relatively complex. Combination BBR with SB could enhance the effect of the inhibitor on EMT, and the results indicated that BBR binding to TGFβR was not competitive with SB to TGFβR since different binding amino acid sites. Our experiments demonstrated BBR increased p-Smad2 and decreased p-Smad3 by binding to TGFβR1 and TGβFR2 inhibiting TGF-β/Smad, then, PI3K/AKT and other signaling pathways to restrain EMT, metastasis, and invasion in tumor cells. The effect of BBR was similar on the three tumor cells.
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Jin JQ, Han JS, Ha J, Baek HS, Lim DJ. Lobeglitazone, A Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Agonist, Inhibits Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Suppressing p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1095-1110. [PMID: 34645125 PMCID: PMC8566138 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) ligands have been widely shown to correlate with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer progression. Lobeglitazone (LGZ) is a novel ligand of PPAR-γ; and its role in EMT and metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the role of LGZ in metastatic behavior of PTC cells. METHODS Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of LGZ in BRAF-mutated PTC cell lines (BCPAP and K1) were determined using MTT assay. Rosiglitazone (RGZ), the PPAR-γ ligand was used as a positive control. The protein expression of PPAR-γ, cell-surface proteins (E-cadherin, N-cadherin), cytoskeletal protein (Vimentin), transcription factor (Snail), p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression were measured using Western blotting. Changes in E-cadherin expression were also determined using immunocytochemistry. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed using wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. RESULTS Treatment with LGZ or RGZ significantly inhibited transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT-associated processes such as fibroblast-like morphological changes, EMT-related protein expression, and increased cell migration and invasion in BCPAP and K1 cells. LGZ restored TGF-β1-induced loss of E-cadherin, as observed using immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, LGZ and RGZ suppressed TGF-β1-induced MMP-2 expression and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but not ERK1/2. Although there was no change in PPAR-γ expression after treatment with LGZ or RGZ, the effect of downstream processes mediated by LGZ was hampered by GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist. CONCLUSION LGZ inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT, migration, and invasion through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in a PPAR-γ-dependent manner in PTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qing Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Han
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Ha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Sang Baek
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Targeting cPLA2α inhibits gastric cancer and augments chemotherapy efficacy via suppressing Ras/MEK/ERK and Akt/β-catenin pathways. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:689-697. [PMID: 34255137 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (cPLA2α), an enzyme that is responsible for the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, is a key mediator of tumor transformation, progression and metastasis. The role of cPLA2α in gastric cancer has not been revealed. METHODS cPLA2α expression was analyzed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry approaches in gastric cancer patient samples (n = 26) and multiple cell lines (n = 7). cPLA2α function was studied using plasmid overexpression and siRNA knockdown approaches in SNU-1, MKN-74 and MKN-45 cell lines. The downstream effectors of cPLA2α were determined using biochemical assays. RESULTS cPLA2α upregulation is a common feature in gastric cancer patients, particularly those with metastasis. cPLA2α overexpression is sufficient to promote gastric cancer cell growth and migration, and confer chemo-resistance. cPLA2α depletion is active against gastric cancer via inhibiting growth and migration, and inducing apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Of note, cPLA2α depletion augments efficacy of chemotherapy. Mechanistic studies confirm that cPLA2α regulates gastric cancer biological activities via mainly regulating Ras/MEK/ERK and possibly Akt/β-catenin pathways. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis also suggests a moderate positive correlation between cPLA2α and RAS in gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates cPLA2α inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to overcome chemo-resistance and highlights the association of cPLA2α and Ras in gastric cancer.
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Lin Z, Miao D, Xu Q, Wang X, Yu F. A novel focal adhesion related gene signature for prognostic prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10724-10748. [PMID: 33850056 PMCID: PMC8064231 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous disease. Reduced expression of focal adhesion is considered as an important prerequisite for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. However, the prognostic value of focal adhesion related genes in HCC remains to be further determined. In this study, RNA expression profiles were downloaded from public databases. A five focal adhesion related gene signature model was established by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analysis, which categorized patients into high- and low-risk groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the risk score was an independent predictor for overall survival. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis revealed that immune status was different between the two risk groups, and tumor-related pathways were enriched in high-risk group. The risk score was significantly associated with tumor grade, tumor stage, immune scores, and immune infiltrate types. Pearson correlation showed that the expression level of prognostic genes was associated with anti-tumor drug sensitivity. Besides, the mRNA and protein expression of prognostic genes was significantly different between HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumorous tissues in our separate cohort. Taken together, a novel focal adhesion related gene signature can be used for prognostic prediction in HCC, which may be a therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Lin
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fujun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Kim EA, Lee JH, Heo SJ, Jeon YJ. Saringosterol acetate isolated from Hizikia fusiforme, an edible brown alga, suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma growth and metastasis in a zebrafish xenograft model. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 335:109362. [PMID: 33358999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saringosterol acetate (SSA) was isolated from an edible brown alga Hizikia fusiforme. In this study, we developed an adult zebrafish human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) xenograft model to confirm that SSA inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. Established Hep3B cells labeled with the fluorescent tracker CM-Dil were xenografted into the abdominal cavity of zebrafish once every three days for one month. Compared with the control group, the fish injected with Hep3B showed a significant increase in α-fetoprotein (AFP) and factors related to tumor growth and metastasis (IL-6, TNF-α, TGFβ, MMP2, and MMP9). Using the model, it was proven that SSA affected survival rate, AFP production, and the levels of factors related to tumor growth and metastasis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and TGFβ/Smad pathways. In conclusion, this HCC model can be used for in vivo experiments to investigate the inhibition of cancer, and SSA may be useful for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-A Kim
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeok Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju, 63349, Republic of Korea; Jeju Department of Marine Biology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Deajeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Zhou D, Dong L, Yang L, Ma Q, Liu F, Li Y, Xiong S. Identification and analysis of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in hepatocellular carcinoma. IET Syst Biol 2020; 14:391-398. [PMID: 33399102 PMCID: PMC8687197 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to identify important circRNA-miRNA-mRNA (ceRNAs) regulatory mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The circRNA dataset GSE97332 and miRNA dataset GSE57555 were used for analyses. Functional enrichment analysis for miRNA and target gene was conducted using cluster Profiler. Survival analysis was conducted through R package Survival. The ceRNAs and drug-gene interaction networks were constructed. The ceRNAs network contained five miRNAs including hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-3692-5p, hsa-miR-4270, hsa-miR-331-3p, and hsa-miR-125a-3p. Among the network, hsa-miR-25-3p targeted the most genes, hsa-miR-3692-5p and hsa-miR-4270 were targeted by more circRNAs than other miRNAs, hsa-circ-0034326 and hsa-circ-0011950 interacted with three miRNAs. Furthermore, target genes, including NRAS, ITGA5, SLC7A1, SEC14L2, SLC12A5, and SMAD2 were obtained in drug-gene interaction network. Survival analysis showed NRAS, ITGA5, SLC7A1, SEC14L2, SLC12A5, and SMAD2 were significantly associated with prognosis of HCC. NRAS, ITGA5, and SMAD2 were significantly enriched in proteoglycans in cancer. Moreover, hsa-circ-0034326 and hsa-circ-0011950 might function as ceRNAs to play key roles in HCC. Furthermore, miR-25-3p, miR-3692-5p, and miR-4270 might be significant for HCC development. NRAS, ITGA5, SEC14L2, SLC12A5, and SMAD2 might be prognostic factors for HCC patients via proteoglycans in cancer pathway. Taken together, the findings will provide novel insight into pathogenesis, selection of therapeutic targets and prognostic factors for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxiang Zhou
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Green Planting and Deep Processing of famous-region drug in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Dong
- Chongqing Center for Drug Certification and Evaluation, Chongqing, 401120 People's Republic of China
| | - Lishan Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Green Planting and Deep Processing of famous-region drug in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Xiong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Zhang K, Zhang M, Luo Z, Wen Z, Yan X. The dichotomous role of TGF-β in controlling liver cancer cell survival and proliferation. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:497-512. [PMID: 33339765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major form of primary liver cancer and one of the most prevalent and life-threatening malignancies globally. One of the hallmarks in HCC is the sustained cell survival and proliferative signals, which are determined by the balance between oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is an effective growth inhibitor of epithelial cells including hepatocytes, through induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, cellular senescence, or autophagy. The antitumorigenic effects of TGF-β are bypassed during liver tumorigenesis via multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, along with malignant progression, TGF-β switches to promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. This dichotomous nature of TGF-β is one of the barriers to therapeutic targeting in liver cancer. Thereafter, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is a prerequisite for discovering novel antitumor drugs that may specifically disable the growth-promoting branch of TGF-β signaling or restore its tumor-suppressive arm. This review summarizes how TGF-β inhibits or promotes liver cancer cell survival and proliferation, highlighting the functional switch mechanisms during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegui Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhili Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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22
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Vera MS, Simón MV, Prado Spalm FH, Ayala-Peña VB, German OL, Politi LE, Santiago Valtierra FX, Rotstein NP. Ceramide-1-phosphate promotes the migration of retina Müller glial cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108359. [PMID: 33197453 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Müller glial cells, the major glial cell type in the retina, are activated by most retina injuries, leading to an increased proliferation and migration that contributes to visual dysfunction. The molecular cues involved in these processes are still ill defined. We demonstrated that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid, promotes glial migration. We now investigated whether ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), also a bioactive sphingolipid, was involved in Müller glial cell migration. We evaluated cell migration in primary Müller glial cultures, prepared from newborn rat retinas, by the scratch wound assay. Addition of either 10 μM C8-ceramide-1-phosphate (C8-C1P) or 5 μM C16-C1P (a long chain, natural C1P) stimulated glial migration. Inhibiting PI3K almost completely blocked C8-C1P-elicited migration whereas inhibition of ERK1-2/MAPK pathway diminished it and p38MAPK inhibition did not affect it. Pre-treatment with a cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) inhibitor markedly reduced C8-C1P-induced migration. Inhibiting ceramide kinase (CerK), the enzyme catalyzing C1P synthesis, partially decreased glial migration. Combined addition of S1P and C8-C1P promoted glial migration to the same extent as when they were added separately, suggesting they converge on their downstream signaling to stimulate Müller glia migration. These results suggest that C1P addition stimulated migration of glial Müller cells, promoting the activation of cPLA2, and the PI3K and ERK/MAPK pathways. They also suggest that CerK-dependent C1P synthesis was one of the factors contributing to glial migration, thus uncovering a novel role for C1P in controlling glial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela S Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Simón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo H Prado Spalm
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria B Ayala-Peña
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O Lorena German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia X Santiago Valtierra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Dept. of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Zheng W, Chen A, Yang H, Hong L. MicroRNA-27a inhibits trophoblast cell migration and invasion by targeting SMAD2: Potential role in preeclampsia. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2262-2269. [PMID: 32765703 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe idiopathic obstetric complication that occurs worldwide. Insufficient trophoblast invasion is a characteristic of the pathogenesis of PE. MicroRNA-27a (miR-27a) has been reported to be highly expressed in PE placentas. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of miR-27a in the pathogenesis of PE. The expression level of miR-27a was evaluated in the placenta and serum from patients with PE and healthy pregnant women. Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry assays were performed to detect human HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast proliferation and apoptosis after miR-27a overexpression or inhibition. In addition, Transwell assays were used to measure cell migration and invasion. A luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the interaction between miR-27a and SMAD2. The present results suggested that miR-27a expression level was significantly increased in PE placentas and serum. In addition, miR-27a overexpression suppressed cell migratory and invasive abilities, impaired proliferation and promoted apoptosis in human trophoblasts. It was demonstrated that miR-27a may target SMAD and contribute to trophoblast invasion. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that miR-27a inhibited trophoblast cell migration and invasion by targeting SMAD2, thus presenting a promising therapeutic target for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Huaijie Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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24
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Li Y, Tu S, Zeng Y, Zhang C, Deng T, Luo W, Lian L, Chen L, Xiong X, Yan X. KLF2 inhibits TGF-β-mediated cancer cell motility in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:485-494. [PMID: 32318691 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback regulation plays a pivotal role in determining the intensity and duration of TGF-β signaling and subsequently affecting the pathophysiological roles of TGF-β, including those in liver malignancy. KLF2, a member of the Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family transcription factors, has been implicated in impeding hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that TGF-β stimulates the expression of KLF2 gene in several HCC cell lines. KLF2 protein is able to inhibit TGF-β/Smad signaling in HCC cells as assessed by luciferase reporter assay. Further studies indicated that KLF2 inhibits the transcriptional activity of Smad2/3 and Smad4 and ameliorates TGF-β-induced target gene expression, therefore creating a novel negative feedback loop in TGF-β signaling. Functionally, stably expression of KLF2 in HCCLM3 cells attenuated TGF-β-induced cancer cell motility in wound-healing and transwell assays by interfering with TGF-β-mediated upregulation of MMP2. Together, our results revealed that KLF2 protein has a tumor-suppressive function in HCC through a negative feedback loop over TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shuo Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tian Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Weicheng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lingyan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ling Chen
- The Health Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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25
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The novel miR-1269b-regulated protein SVEP1 induces hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis likely through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:320. [PMID: 32371982 PMCID: PMC7200779 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Decreased intercellular adhesion is a key step in the metastasis and recurrence of many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SVEP1 is an important cell adhesion molecule that plays a key role in regulating intercellular adhesion and embryonic lymphatic development. However, the expression patterns and roles of SVEP1 in HCC are still largely unknown. We identified SVEP1 expression by analyzing 220 HCC samples from our cancer center. TCGA and GEO online-databases were used for data calibration and validation. SVEP1 was differentially expressed in two groups of HCCs with different risks of recurrence and was deemed as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of HCC. The expression of SVEP1 is negatively related to the proliferation and metastasis of HCC. Downregulation of SVEP1 expression promoted in vitro HCC cell migration, chemotaxis, invasion and proliferation, as well as in vivo tumor growth, local invasion and metastasis in a mouse model. Bioinformatic analysis and RT-PCR results showed that miR-1269b expression is negatively correlated with the SVEP1 expression and the prognosis of HCC patients. Further experiments showed that miR-1269b directly targets and downregulates the expression of SVEP1, which further induces the phosphorylation of Akt at thr308. These regulatory effects ultimately mediate the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells. SVEP1 could serve as a promising prognostic marker of HCC. MiR-1269b downregulates SVEP1 expression and promotes HCC proliferation and metastasis likely through the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway.
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26
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He Y, Xiao M, Fu H, Chen L, Qi L, Liu D, Guo P, Chen L, Luo Y, Xiao H, Zhang N, Guo H. cPLA2α reversibly regulates different subsets of cancer stem cells transformation in cervical cancer. Stem Cells 2020; 38:487-503. [PMID: 32100928 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered major causes of chemoresistance/radioresistance and metastasis. Although several cell surface antigens have been identified in CCSCs, these markers vary among tumors because of CSC heterogeneity. However, whether these markers specifically distinguish CCSCs with different functions is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CCSCs exist in two biologically distinct phenotypes characterized by different levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) expression. Overexpression of cPLA2α results in a CD44+ CD24- phenotype associated with mesenchymal traits, including increased invasive and migration abilities, whereas CCSCs with cPLA2α downregulation express CD133 and show quiescent epithelial characteristics. In addition, cPLA2α regulates the reversible transition between mesenchymal and epithelial CCSC states through PKCζ, an atypical protein kinase C, which governs cancer cell state changes and the maintenance of various embryonic stem cell characteristics, further inhibiting β-catenin-E-cadherin interaction in membrane and promoting β-catenin translocation into the nucleus to affect the transcriptional regulation of stemness signals. We propose that reversible transitions between mesenchymal and epithelial CCSC states regulated by cPLA2α are necessary for cervical cancer metastasis and recurrence. Thus, cPLA2α might be an attractive therapeutic target for eradicating different states of CCSCs to eliminate tumors more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao He
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Manyu Xiao
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Prevention and Treatment, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiting Xiao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,The Center for Translational Cancer Research, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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27
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Zhang L, Lin W, Chen X, Wei G, Zhu H, Xing S. Tanshinone IIA reverses EGF- and TGF-β1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HepG2 cells via the PI3K/Akt/ERK signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6554-6562. [PMID: 31807174 PMCID: PMC6876303 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential phenotypic conversion involved in cancer progression. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 are potent inducers of the EMT. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a phenanthrenequinone extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, and its anticancer activity has been demonstrated in numerous studies. However, the mechanisms of action underlying Tan IIA in EGF- and TGF-β1-induced EMT in HepG2 cells remain unknown. Multiple assays were utilized in the present study, including colony formation, wound healing, Transwell invasion, immunofluorescence staining and western blotting, in order to assess the influence of Tan IIA on HepG2 cells induced by 20 ng/ml EGF and 10 ng/ml TGF-β1. The present study reported that Tan IIA treatment decreased EGF- and TGF-β1-enhanced cell colony numbers, migration and invasion, and inhibited EGF- and TGF-β1-induced decreases in the expression levels of E-cadherin, and increases in the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail. In addition, it was observed that Tan IIA decreased the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt and p-ERK1/2 induced by EGF and TGF-β1. Furthermore, western blot analysis confirmed that blocking the function of PI3K/Akt and ERK with LY294002 and U0126 resulted in upregulation of E-cadherin expression, and downregulation of vimentin and Snail expression in EGF- and TGF-β1-treated HepG2 cells. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the results of the present study are the first to indicate that Tan IIA may suppress EGF- and TGF-β1-induced EMT in HepG2 cells by deactivating the PI3K/Akt/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longkai Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Evaluation and Testing Center, Hong Zheng Dao (China) Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Weibin Lin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Evaluation and Testing Center, Hong Zheng Dao (China) Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Evaluation and Testing Center, Hong Zheng Dao (China) Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Evaluation and Testing Center, Hong Zheng Dao (China) Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Company Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shangping Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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28
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Contextual Regulation of TGF-β Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101235. [PMID: 31614569 PMCID: PMC6829617 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is one of the leading causes for cancer-related death worldwide. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that signals through membrane receptors and intracellular Smad proteins, which enter the nucleus upon receptor activation and act as transcription factors. TGF-β inhibits liver tumorigenesis in the early stage by inducing cytostasis and apoptosis, but promotes malignant progression in more advanced stages by enhancing cancer cell survival, EMT, migration, invasion and finally metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the multi-faceted roles of TGF-β in liver cancer has become a persistent pursuit during the last two decades. Contextual regulation fine-tunes the robustness, duration and plasticity of TGF-β signaling, yielding versatile albeit specific responses. This involves multiple feedback and feed-forward regulatory loops and also the interplay between Smad signaling and non-Smad pathways. This review summarizes the known regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β signaling in liver cancer, and how they channel, skew and even switch the actions of TGF-β during cancer progression.
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29
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Tunset HM, Feuerherm AJ, Selvik LKM, Johansen B, Moestue SA. Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Alpha Regulates TLR Signaling and Migration in Metastatic 4T1 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194800. [PMID: 31569627 PMCID: PMC6801560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. Disrupting the cancer cell’s ability to migrate may be a strategy for hindering metastasis. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 α (cPLA2α), along with downstream proinflammatory and promigratory metabolites, has been implicated in several aspects of tumorigenesis, as well as metastasis, in various types of cancer. In this study, we aim to characterize the response to reduced cPLA2α activity in metastatic versus non-metastatic cells. We employ an isogenic murine cell line pair displaying metastatic (4T1) and non-metastatic (67NR) phenotype to investigate the role of cPLA2α on migration. Furthermore, we elucidate the effect of reduced cPLA2α activity on global gene expression in the metastatic cell line. Enzyme inhibition is achieved by using a competitive pharmacological inhibitor, cPLA2α inhibitor X (CIX). Our data show that 4T1 expresses significantly higher cPLA2α levels as compared to 67NR, and the two cell lines show different sensitivity to the CIX treatment with regards to metabolism and proliferation. Inhibition of cPLA2α at nontoxic concentrations attenuates migration of highly metastatic 4T1 cells, but not non-metastatic 67NR cells. Gene expression analysis indicates that processes such as interferon type I (IFN-I) signaling and cell cycle regulation are key processes regulated by cPLA2a in metastatic 4T1 cells, supporting the findings from the biological assays. This study demonstrates that two isogenic cancer cell lines with different metastatic potential respond differently to reduced cPLA2α activity. In conclusion, we argue that cPLA2α is a potential therapeutic target in cancer and that enzyme inhibition may inhibit metastasis through an anti-migratory mechanism, possibly involving Toll-like receptor signaling and type I interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Maja Tunset
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Astrid Jullumstrø Feuerherm
- Center for Oral Health Services and Research (TkMidt), 7030 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Linn-Karina Myrland Selvik
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Siver Andreas Moestue
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Health Sciences, Nord University, P.O. Box 1490, 8049 Bodø, Norway.
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Sun R, Liu Z, Qiu B, Chen T, Li Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Zhang Z. Annexin10 promotes extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastasis by facilitating EMT via PLA2G4A/PGE2/STAT3 pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 47:142-155. [PMID: 31492557 PMCID: PMC6796529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), consisting of intrahepatic (IHCCA), perihilar (PHCCA), and distal (DCCA) CCA, is a type of highly aggressive malignancy with a very dismal prognosis. Potential biomarkers and drug targets of CCA are urgently needed. As a new member of the Annexin (ANXA) family, the role of ANXA10 in the progression and prognosis of CCA is unknown. Methods Potential PHCCA biomarkers were screened by transcriptome sequencing of 5 pairs of PHCCA and adjacent tissues. The clinical significance of ANXA10 was evaluated by analyzing its correlation with clinicopathological variables, and the prognostic value of ANXA10 was evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses. The function of ANXA10 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, invasion and metastasis was detected with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, we screened the key molecule in ANXA10-induced CCA progression by mRNA sequencing and evaluated the correlation between PLA2G4A and ANXA10. The effect of PLA2G4A downstream signaling, including Cyclooxygenase 2, Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), on EMT and metastasis was further detected with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Findings ANXA10 expression was upregulated in PHCCA and DCCA but not in IHCCA. High ANXA10 expression was significantly associated with poor tumor differentiation and prognosis. ANXA10 promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of the PHCCA cells. PLA2G4A expression was regulated by ANXA10 and high PLA2G4A predicted poor prognosis in PHCCA and DCCA. ANXA10 facilitated EMT and promoted metastasis by upregulating PLA2G4A expression, thus increasing PGE2 levels and activating STAT3. Interpretation ANXA10 was an independent prognostic biomarker of PHCCA and DCCA but not IHCCA. ANXA10 promoted the progression of PHCCA and facilitated metastasis by promoting the EMT process via the PLA2G4A/PGE2/STAT3 pathway. ANXA10, PLA2G4A and their downstream molecules, such as COX2 and PGE2, may be promising drug targets of PHCCA and DCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zengli Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Liang X, He X, Li Y, Wang J, Wu D, Yuan X, Wang X, Li G. Lyn regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CS-exposed model through Smad2/3 signaling. Respir Res 2019; 20:201. [PMID: 31477108 PMCID: PMC6720409 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible. Cigarette smoking is one of the most commonly and important risk factors for COPD, which contributes to airway remodeling, the outstanding pathological changes in COPD. One potential mechanism which might be important for airway remodeling is the process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of EMT in CS-induced COPD are still poorly understood. METHODS Two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE108134 and GSE5058) were combined to identify the key genes involved in COPD. Then, single-gene analysis of Lyn was performed. Lyn expression was confirmed in patients with COPD. 16HBE cells were treated with cigarette smoking extracts (CSE). Wild type (WT) C57BL/6 J mice and Lyn+/+ transgenic mice were exposed to CSE to establish CS-exposed model. Pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression levels of EMT markers were examined by using western blot and immunofluorescence. The expression and phosphorylation levels of Lyn and Smad2/3 were detected as well. RESULTS The gain of mesenchymal markers vimentin and α-SMA with a concomitant loss of E-cadherin was observed in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Meanwhile, cigarette smoking extracts (CSE) induced EMT in 16HBE cells in a time- and dose- dependent manner. Furthermore, by analyzing GEO datasets and using molecular methods, we explored a kinase, Lyn, its expression correlated with the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin and α-SMA in CS-exposed model. Moreover, we found that EMT induced by CSE was regulated by activated Lyn through phosphorylation of Smad2/3. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we found that Lyn regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CS-exposed model through Smad2/3 signaling. As a kinase, Lyn is "druggable", and might provide a therapeutic opportunity for targeting EMT. Therefore, our research might provide a new method to treat COPD by targeting Lyn kinase specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
- First Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Xiang He
- Laboratory of Allergy and Inflammation of Allergy Department, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Inflammation of Allergy Department, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
| | - Dehong Wu
- Laboratory of Allergy and Inflammation of Allergy Department, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
| | - Xiefang Yuan
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Guoping Li
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
- Laboratory of Allergy and Inflammation of Allergy Department, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
- Department of Respiratory Disease, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031 China
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Shen T, Cheng X, Xia C, Li Q, Gao Y, Pan D, Zhang X, Zhang C, Li Y. Erlotinib inhibits colon cancer metastasis through inactivation of TrkB-dependent ERK signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11248-11255. [PMID: 30719765 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The distal metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with colon cancer. Tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) and ERK signals may be the potential targets for the treatment of colon cancer metastasis. This study aims to investigate whether erlotinib inhibits distant metastasis of colon cancer by regulating TrkB and ERK signaling pathway. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (SW480 and Caco-2) pretreated with exogenous C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) were used to assess the suppressive effect of erlotinib on tumor metastasis, including anoikis, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), migration, and invasion. Through TrkB overexpression, Akt suppression, and ERK suppression, the roles of TrkB, Akt, and ERK in erlotinib-induced metastasis inhibition of colon cancer cells were explored. The results showed that erlotinib alleviated CXCL8-induced metastasis of the colon cancer cells. Overexpression of TrkB in colon cancer cells eliminated the effect of erlotinib on anoikis, inhibition of EMT, migration, and invasion, and downregulation of p-ERK and p-Akt. Furthermore, the inhibition of ERK activation instead of Akt activation was found to participate in erlotinib-mediated metastasis resistance, including anoikis, inhibition of EMT, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, erlotinib inhibits colon cancer cell anoikis resistance, EMT, migration, and invasion by inactivating TrkB-dependent ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianshuo Cheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cuifeng Xia
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dingguo Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Melittin Inhibits Hypoxia-Induced Vasculogenic Mimicry Formation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition through Suppression of HIF-1α/Akt Pathway in Liver Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9602935. [PMID: 31057657 PMCID: PMC6463627 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9602935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether melittin could suppress hypoxia-induced vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation in liver cancer and explored the underlying mechanisms. Melittin significantly inhibited the proliferation of liver cancer cells with or without CoCl2 presence. Melittin also significantly inhibited CoCl2-induced migration, invasion, and VM formation of liver cancer cells. CoCl2 treatment suppressed the expression of E-cadherin and elevated the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin. Melittin reversed the changes in the protein and mRNA levels of these epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. CoCl2-induced accumulation of HIF-1α increased the level of phosphorylated Akt and upregulated the expression of VEGF and MMP-2/9. Melittin decreased the HIF-1α level and thereby suppressed the levels of p-Akt, VEGF, and MMP-2/9. In addition, the inhibitor of PI3K/Akt also suppressed CoCl2-induced EMT and liver cancer cells migration, and the activator of Akt, SC-79, partly blocked the effect of melittin on CoCl2-induced EMT and liver cancer cells migration. In the xenograft tumor model in nude mice, melittin treatment significantly suppressed the tumor growth, VM formation, and HIF-1α expression in the tumor. In conclusion, this study indicates melittin may inhibit hypoxia-induced VM formation and EMT in liver cancer through inhibiting HIF-1α/Akt pathway.
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Pang X, Yin P, Han J, Wang Z, Zheng F, Chen X. cPLA 2a correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis of osteosarcoma by facilitating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152398. [PMID: 31003849 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) patients with metastasis have very dismal prognoses, and lack effective target therapies. Overexpression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) has been shown to promote progression in several types of cancers, but its functions in OS have not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study, the expression of cPLA2a was detected with immunohistochemistry in 102 cases of OS. The clinical significance of cPLA2a was evaluated by analyzing its correlation with clinicopathological factors. The prognostic significance of cPLA2a was estimated by univariate and multivariate analysis. The oncogenic functions of cPLA2a on cell proliferation and invasion were investigated by MTT assay and tranwell assay respectively. Western blotting was applied to detect the markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after silencing cPLA2a expression or inhibiting its activity by a specific antagonist. RESULTS In our study, high expression of cPLA2a was significantly associated with metastasis and advanced Enneking stage. High cPLA2a expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis and it was an independent prognostic biomarker of OS. By silencing cPLA2a or inhibiting its activity by a specific antagonist, we demonstrated that cPLA2a promoted cell invasion of OS cells via inducing the EMT process. CONCLUSIONS High cPLA2a expression was an independent prognostic biomarker of OS, and cPLA2a could promote OS cell invasion via inducing the EMT process, indicating that cPLA2a was an independent prognostic biomarker and may be an effective drug target for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumei Pang
- Department of Oncology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, China
| | - Jiliang Han
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, China
| | - Zhiqian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Xuanhuang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China.
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Pal I, Rajesh Y, Banik P, Dey G, Dey KK, Bharti R, Naskar D, Chakraborty S, Ghosh SK, Das SK, Emdad L, Kundu SC, Fisher PB, Mandal M. Prevention of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma by regulation of the E-cadherin-β-catenin-vinculin axis. Cancer Lett 2019; 452:254-263. [PMID: 30904616 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is compulsory for metastatic dissemination and is stimulated by TGF-β. Although targeting EMT has significant therapeutic potential, very few pharmacological agents have been shown to exert anti-metastatic effects. BI-69A11, a competitive Akt inhibitor, displays anti-tumor activity toward melanoma and colon carcinoma. This study provides molecular and biochemical insights into the effects of BI-69A11 on EMT in colon carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. BI-69A11 inhibited metastasis-associated cellular migration, invasion and adhesion by inhibiting the Akt-β-catenin pathway. The underlying mechanism of BI-69A11-mediated inhibition of EMT included suppression of nuclear transport of β-catenin and diminished phosphorylation of β-catenin, which was accompanied by enhanced E-cadherin-β-catenin complex formation at the plasma membrane. Additionally, BI-69A11 caused increased accumulation of vinculin in the plasma membrane, which fortified focal adhesion junctions leading to inhibition of metastasis. BI-69A11 downregulated activation of the TGF-β-induced non-canonical Akt/NF-κB pathway and blocked TGF-β-induced enhanced expression of Snail causing restoration of E-cadherin. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of BI-69A11-induced reversal of EMT in colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro, in vivo and in TGF-β-induced model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India; Center for Lymphoid Malignancies, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Rajesh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Payel Banik
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Dey
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Rashmi Bharti
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Deboki Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sudip K Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Subhas Chandra Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India; I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark - 4805-017 Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, and VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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Xu H, Sun Y, Zeng L, Li Y, Hu S, He S, Chen H, Zou Q, Luo B. Inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha increases chemosensitivity in cervical carcinoma through suppressing β-catenin signaling. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:912-921. [PMID: 30829552 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1579961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (cPLA2α) is a key mediator of tumorigenesis. In this study, by using a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches in cell models and patient samples, we identify cPLA2α as a selective target to increase chemosensitivity in cervical cancer. We found that transcript and protein levels of cPLA2α but not other forms of cPLA2 (e.g., cPLA2β and cPLA2αδ) were consistently increased in all tested malignant cervical cancer cells and tissues compared to normal counterparts, suggesting that cPLA2α upregulation is a common feature in cervical cancer. We further found that promoting growth and survival rather than invasion were the predominant roles of cPLA2α on cervical cancer. In addition, chemotherapeutic agents achieved ~100% inhibition efficacy in cPLA2α-depleted cervical cancer cells, demonstrating the important role of cPLA2α in chemoresistance. Importantly, we identify that β-catenin is critically involved in the molecular mechanism of cPLA2α's action in cervical cancer. In summary, our work demonstrates the multiple essential roles of cPLA2α in cervical cancer, particularly in chemoresistance, via a β-catenin-dependent manner. Our work also suggests that targeting cPLA2α has a therapeutic value in overcoming chemoresistance in cervical cancer or other cPLA2α-regulated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Huangjiahu Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuan Sun
- b College of Pharmacy , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Lan Zeng
- c Clinical College of Chinese Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Ying Li
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Huangjiahu Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Shan Hu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Huangjiahu Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Shuping He
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Huangjiahu Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Haixia Chen
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Huangjiahu Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
| | - Qing Zou
- d Department of Clinical Medicine, Huangshi Puren Hospital , Huangshi , China
| | - Baoping Luo
- e Department of Oncology , Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Wuhan , China
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Guo P, He Y, Chen L, Qi L, Liu D, Chen Z, Xiao M, Chen L, Luo Y, Zhang N, Guo H. Cytosolic phospholipase A2α modulates cell-matrix adhesion via the FAK/paxillin pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med 2019; 16:377-390. [PMID: 31516757 PMCID: PMC6713643 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2018.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effect of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell adhesion and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Cell adhesion, detachment, and hanging-drop assays were utilized to examine the effect of cPLA2α on the cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. Downstream substrates and effectors of cPLA2α were screened via a phospho-antibody microarray. Associated signaling pathways were identified by the functional annotation tool DAVID. Candidate proteins were verified using Western blot and colocalization was investigated via immunofluorescence. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect protein expression in HCC tissues. Prognosis evaluation was conducted using Kaplan-Meier and Cox-proportional hazards regression analyses.
Results Our findings showed that cPLA2α knockdown decreases cell-matrix adhesion but increases cell-cell adhesion in HepG2 cells. Microarray analysis revealed that phosphorylation of multiple proteins at specific sites were regulated by cPLA2α. These phosphorylated proteins were involved in various biological processes. In addition, our results indicated that the focal adhesion pathway was highly enriched in the cPLA2α-relevant signaling pathway. Furthermore, cPLA2α was found to elevate phosphorylation levels of FAK and paxillin, two crucial components of focal adhesion. Moreover, localization of p-FAK to focal adhesions in the plasma membrane was significantly reduced with the downregulation of cPLA2α. Clinically, cPLA2α expression was positively correlated with p-FAK levels. Additionally, high expression of both cPLA2α and p-FAK predicted the worst prognoses for HCC patients. Conclusions Our study indicated that cPLA2α may promote cell-matrix adhesion via the FAK/paxillin pathway, which partly explains the malignant cPLA2α phenotype seen in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology
| | | | - Lu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Cancer
| | - Lisha Qi
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi Luo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology
| | | | - Hua Guo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology
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Yan L, Xu F, Dai CL. Relationship between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the inflammatory microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:203. [PMID: 30157906 PMCID: PMC6114477 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process involving multiple genes, steps and stages. It refers to the disruption of tight intercellular junctions among epithelial cells under specific conditions, resulting in loss of the original polarity, order and consistency of the cells. Following EMT, the cells show interstitial cell characteristics with the capacity for adhesion and migration, while apoptosis is inhibited. This process is critically involved in embryogenesis, wound-healing, tumor invasion and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment is composed of infiltrating inflammatory cells, stromal cells and the active medium secreted by interstitial cells. Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a history of hepatitis virus infection. In such cases, major components of the tumor microenvironment include inflammatory cells, inflammatory factors and virus-encoded protein are major components. Here, we review the relationship between EMT and the inflammatory tumor microenvironment in the context of HCC. We also further elaborate the significant influence of infiltrating inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators as well as the products expressed by the infecting virus in the tumor microenvironment on the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chao-Liu Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Ji B, Feng Y, Sun Y, Ji D, Qian W, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Sun Y. GPR56 promotes proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and enhances metastasis via epithelial‑mesenchymal transition through PI3K/AKT signaling activation. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:1885-1896. [PMID: 30066935 PMCID: PMC6111632 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56), a member of the orphan GPCR family, has been reported to be an oncogene in various malignancies. However, little is known regarding the detailed molecular mechanism of GPR56 in colorectal cancer (CRC). The present study aimed to detect the expression level and biological function of GPR56 in CRC. We examined the expression of GPR56 in CRC tissues and cell lines by quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. The prognostic significance of GPR56 in CRC patients was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The influence of GPR56 on tumor cell proliferation (via Cell Counting Kit-8, and a tumor formation assay in mice), apoptosis (flow cytometry), cell cycle distribution (flow cytometry) and migration (Transwell assay) was explored. We also investigated the underlying mechanism of GPR56 by western blot analysis. We found GPR56 expression was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines compared to corresponding normal controls. Higher GPR56 expression in patients predicted poorer prognosis. Depletion of GPR56 markedly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. GPR56 overexpression promoted CRC cell metastasis by expediting epithelial-mesenchymal transition by activating PI3K/AKT signaling. In conclusion, GPR56 played an important role in CRC progression and may represent a new therapeutic target to reduce CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ji
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Feng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Dongjian Ji
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Qian
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Kim W, Son B, Lee S, Do H, Youn B. Targeting the enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism to improve radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:213-225. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Expression of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Alpha in Glioblastoma Is Associated With Resistance to Chemotherapy. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:391-398. [PMID: 30360807 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical management of glioblastoma is still challenging despite aggressive surgery and radio-chemotherapy approaches. Better understanding of the molecules involved in glioblastoma chemoresistance is necessary to improve the treatment and predict prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the expression and possible roles of cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha (cPLA2α) in human glioblastoma cell lines and patient samples using immunohistochemistry and cellular assays. We analyzed the signaling pathways that cPLA2α regulates in glioblastoma cells using western blot analysis. RESULTS Our work demonstrated that cPLA2α is upregulated in glioblastoma compared with normal neuron cells. The expression of cPLA2α varies in multiple glioblastoma cell lines and is associated with chemoresistance rather than tumor development. cPLA2α depletion moderately inhibits glioblastoma growth and survival but remarkably sensitizes chemo-resistant glioblastoma cells to several chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanistically, cPLA2α knockdown significantly suppresses the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in glioblastoma cells. CONCLUSIONS We are the first to identify the important role of cPLA2α in glioblastoma in response to chemotherapy. Our data also suggest that cPLA2α may serve as a biomarker to indicate prognosis of glioblastoma patients with high level of cPLA2α to chemotherapy.
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Chen X, Chen C, Hao J, Qin R, Qian B, Yang K, Zhang J, Zhang F. AKR1B1 Upregulation Contributes to Neuroinflammation and Astrocytes Proliferation by Regulating the Energy Metabolism in Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1491-1499. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Xing S, Yu W, Zhang X, Luo Y, Lei Z, Huang D, Lin J, Huang Y, Huang S, Nong F, Zhou C, Wei G. Isoviolanthin Extracted from Dendrobium officinale Reverses TGF-β1-Mediated Epithelial⁻Mesenchymal Transition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Deactivating the TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1556. [PMID: 29882900 PMCID: PMC6032198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a precious medicinal herb and health food, and its pharmacological actions have been studied and proved. However, the mechanisms by which its active flavonoid glycosides affect epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, such as HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells, have not been previously investigated. Therefore, we investigated whether isoviolanthin extracted from the leaves of Dendrobium officinale inhibits transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced EMT in HCC cells. In this study, the physicochemical properties and structure of isoviolanthin were identified by HPLC, UV, ESIMS, and NMR and were compared with literature data. HCC cells were pretreated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 to induce EMT and then treated with isoviolanthin. Herein, we found that isoviolanthin exhibited no cytotoxic effects on normal liver LO2 cells but notably reduced the migratory and invasive capacities of TGF-β1-treated HCC cells. Additionally, isoviolanthin treatment decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 levels, and remarkably altered the expression of EMT markers via regulating the TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways; Western blot analysis confirmed that the effects of the inhibitors SB431542 and LY294002 were consistent with those of isoviolanthin. These findings demonstrate the potential of isoviolanthin as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of advanced-stage metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangping Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wenxia Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yingyi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhouxi Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dandan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ji Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuechun Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shaowei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Feifei Nong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Li D, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhan C, Li X, Ba T, Qiu Z, E F, Lv G, Zou C, Wang C, Si L, Zou C, Li Q, Gao X. CADM2, as a new target of miR-10b, promotes tumor metastasis through FAK/AKT pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:46. [PMID: 29506532 PMCID: PMC5836378 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell adhesion molecules (CADMs) comprise of a protein family whose functions include maintenance of cell polarity and tumor suppression. Hypo-expression of CADM2 gene expression has been observed in several cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role and mechanisms of CADM2 in HCC remain unclear. METHODS The expression of CADM2 and miRNA-10b (miR-10b) in HCC tissues and cell lines were detected using real-time PCR and Western blotting. Immunofluorescence was used to detect Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression in HCC cell lines. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to determine miR-10b binding to CADM2 3'UTR. Wound healing assay and Transwell assay were performed to examine the migration and invasion of HCC cells. RESULTS We report the effect of CADM2 as a tumor suppressor in HCC. Firstly, we confirmed that CADM2 expression was significantly down regulated in HCC tissues compared to normal tissues according to TCGA data analysis and fresh HCC sample detection. Secondly, overexpression of CADM2 could inhibit EMT process, migratory and invasion ability of HCC cells. Furthermore, the results indicated that CADM2 is a direct target of miR-10b in HCC cells and miR-10b/CADM2 modulates EMT process and migration ability via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) /AKT signaling pathway in HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that miR-10b-CADM2-FAK/AKT axis plays an important role in HCC metastasis, which might be a novel potential therapeutic option for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yongjian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Heilongjiang Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Chao Zhan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas, Heilongjiang Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Heilongjiang Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Tu Ba
- Department of Neck and Breast Surgery, Mudanjiang Tumor Hospital, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Zini Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Fang E
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Guixiang Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Chendan Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Chuxuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Lining Si
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.,Department of Critical-care Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Chaoxia Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medicine Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medicine Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research of Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China.
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Dreussi E, Ecca F, Scarabel L, Gagno S, Toffoli G. Immunogenetics of prostate cancer: a still unexplored field of study. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:263-283. [PMID: 29325503 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a double-edged sword with regard to the prostate cancer (PCa) battle. Immunogenetics, the study of the potential role of immune-related polymorphisms, is taking its first steps in the treatment of this malignancy. This review summarizes the most recent papers addressing the potential of immunogenetics in PCa, reporting immune-related polymorphisms associated with tumor aggressiveness, treatment toxicity and patients' prognosis. With some peculiarities, RNASEL, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β and MMP7 have arisen as the most significant biomarkers in PCa treatment and management, having a potential clinical role. Validation prospective clinical studies are required to translate immunogenetics into precision treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dreussi
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ecca
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Lucia Scarabel
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Sara Gagno
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, 33081, Italy
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