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Graupner N, Müssig J. A Bio-Inspired Approach to Improve the Toughness of Brittle Bast Fibre-Reinforced Composites Using Cellulose Acetate Foils. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:131. [PMID: 38534816 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bast fibre-reinforced plastics are characterised by good strength and stiffness but are often brittle due to the stiff and less ductile fibres. This study uses a biomimetic approach to improve impact strength. Based on the structure of the spicules of a deep-sea glass sponge, in which hard layers of bioglass alternate with soft layers of proteins, the toughness of kenaf/epoxy composites was significantly improved by a multilayer structure of kenaf and cellulose acetate (CA) foils as impact modifiers. Due to the alternating structure, cracks are deflected, and toughness is improved. One to five CA foils were stacked with kenaf layers and processed to composite plates with bio-based epoxy resin by compression moulding. Results have shown a significant improvement in toughness using CA foils due to increased crack propagation. The unnotched Charpy impact strength increased from 9.0 kJ/m2 of the pure kenaf/epoxy composite to 36.3 kJ/m2 for the sample containing five CA foils. The tensile and flexural strength ranged from 74 to 81 MPa and 112 to 125 MPa, respectively. The tensile modulus reached values between 9100 and 10,600 MPa, and the flexural modulus ranged between 7200 and 8100 MPa. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of an abstract transfer of biological role models to improve the toughness of brittle bast fibre-reinforced plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Graupner
- HSB-Hochschule Bremen, the Biological Materials Group, Department of Biomimetics, Neustadtswall 30, D-28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Müssig
- HSB-Hochschule Bremen, the Biological Materials Group, Department of Biomimetics, Neustadtswall 30, D-28199 Bremen, Germany
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2
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Bahrami M, del Real JC, Mehdikhani M, Butenegro JA, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Hybridization Effect on Interlaminar Bond Strength, Flexural Properties, and Hardness of Carbon-Flax Fiber Thermoplastic Bio-Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4619. [PMID: 38139872 PMCID: PMC10748188 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridizing carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers with natural fibers could be a solution to prevent delamination and improve the out-of-plane properties of laminated composites. Delamination is one of the initial damage modes in composite laminates, attributed to relatively poor interlaminar mechanical properties, e.g., low interlaminar strength and fracture toughness. This study examined the interlaminar bond strength, flexural properties, and hardness of carbon/flax/polyamide hybrid bio-composites using peel adhesion, three-point bending, and macro-hardness tests, respectively. In this regard, interlayer hybrid laminates were produced with a sandwich fiber hybrid mode, using woven carbon fiber plies (C) as the outer layers and woven flax fiber plies (F) as the inner ones (CFFC) in combination with a bio-based thermoplastic polyamide 11 matrix. In addition, non-hybrid carbon and flax fiber composites with the same matrix were produced as reference laminates to investigate the hybridization effects. The results revealed the advantages of hybridization in terms of flexural properties, including a 212% higher modulus and a 265% higher strength compared to pure flax composites and a 34% higher failure strain compared to pure carbon composites. Additionally, the hybrid composites exhibited a positive hybridization effect in terms of peeling strength, demonstrating a 27% improvement compared to the pure carbon composites. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanical performance of woven carbon-flax hybrid bio-composites, suggesting potential applications in the automotive and construction industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Juan Carlos del Real
- Institute for Research in Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mahoor Mehdikhani
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - José Antonio Butenegro
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Juana Abenojar
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
- Institute for Research in Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
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3
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Asyraf MRM, Ishak MR, Sheng DDCV, Hasni AHM, Amir AL, Rased MFA, Rafidah M, Norrrahim MNF, Razman MR, Iskandar Z. Conceptual Design of a Sustainable Bionanocomposite Bracket for a Transmission Tower’s Cross Arm Using a Hybrid Concurrent Engineering Approach. SUSTAINABILITY 2023; 15:10814. [DOI: 10.3390/su151410814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This research article elaborates on the conceptual design development of a sustainable bionanocomposite bracket for bracing installation in composite cross arm structures. The product design development employed the hybrid techniques of the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ), morphological chart, and analytic network process (ANP) methods. The current bracket design in the braced composite cross arm is composed of heavy and easy-to-rust steel material. Therefore, this research aims to develop a new bionanocomposite bracket design to replace the heavy and easy-to-rust steel bracket. This research also aims to implement a concurrent engineering approach for the conceptual design of bionanocomposite bracket installation to enhance the overall insulation performance. A preliminary process was implemented, which covered the relationship between the current problem of the design and design planning to build a proper direction to create a new design product using TRIZ. Later, the TRIZ inventive solution was selected based on the engineering contradiction matrix with specific design strategies. From the design strategies, the results were refined in a morphological chart to form several conceptual designs to select the ANP technique to systematically develop the final conceptual design of the bionanocomposite bracket for the cross arm component. The outcomes showed that Concept Design 1 scored the highest and ranked first among the four proposed designs. The challenges of the bionanocomposite bracket design for cross arm structures and the improvement criteria in concurrent engineering are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. M. Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M. R. Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Desmond Daniel Chin Vui Sheng
- Applied Mechanics Research and Consultancy Group (AMRCG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A. H. M. Hasni
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. L. Amir
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. F. Abd Rased
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M. Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z. Iskandar
- Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Necolau M, Bălănucă B, Frone AN, Damian CM. Tailoring an Effective Interface between Nanocellulose and the Epoxidized Linseed Oil Network through Functionalization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15896-15908. [PMID: 37179605 PMCID: PMC10173339 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable nanocomposite materials based on different functionalized nanocellulose (NC) structures embedded in epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) were developed as foundation toward a greener approach for anticorrosive coating evolution. The work leans on functionalization with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTS), (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTS), and vanillin (V) of NC structures isolated from plum seed shells, evaluated as potential reinforcing agents for the increase of thermomechanical properties and water resistance of epoxy nanocomposites from renewable resources. The successful surface modification was confirmed from the deconvolution of X-ray photoelectron spectra for C 1s and correlated with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data. The secondary peaks assigned to C-O-Si at 285.9 eV and C-N at 286 eV were observed with the decrease of the C/O atomic ratio. Compatibility and efficient interface formation between the functionalized NC and the biobased epoxy network from linseed oil were translated as decreased values for the surface energy of bio-nanocomposites and better dispersion imaged through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thus, the storage modulus of the ELO network reinforced with only 1% APTS-functionalized NC structures reached 5 GPa, an almost 20% increase compared with that of the neat matrix. Mechanical tests were applied to assess an increase of 116% in compressive strength for the addition of 5 wt % NCA to the bioepoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina
I. Necolau
- Advanced
Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica
of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Brînduşa Bălănucă
- Advanced
Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica
of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Department
of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana N. Frone
- National
Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Celina M. Damian
- Advanced
Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica
of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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5
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The Effect of Various Environmental Conditions on the Impact Damage Behaviour of Natural-Fibre-Reinforced Composites (NFRCs)-A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051229. [PMID: 36904472 PMCID: PMC10006935 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies into environmental conditions and their effects on the properties of renewable materials are gaining significant attention in the research field, particularly for natural fibres and their resultant composites. However, natural fibres are prone to water absorption because of the hydrophilic nature of the fibres, which affects the overall mechanical properties of natural-fibre-reinforced composites (NFRCs). In addition, NFRCs are based mainly on thermoplastic and thermosetting matrices, which could be used in automobile and aerospace components as lightweight materials. Therefore, such components have to survive the maximum temperature and humid conditions in different parts of the world. Based on the above factors, through an up-to-date review, this paper critically discusses the effects of environmental conditions on the impact performance of NFRCs. In addition, this paper critically assesses the damage mechanisms of NFRCs and their hybrids by focusing more on moisture ingress and relative humidity in the impact damage behaviour of NFRCs.
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Madueke CI, Mbah OM, Umunakwe R. A review on the limitations of natural fibres and natural fibre composites with emphasis on tensile strength using coir as a case study. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023; 80:3489-3506. [PMID: 35574237 PMCID: PMC9077356 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural fibres such as coir, jute, flax, and hemp have been considered for technical applications. These fibres, though with some desirable qualities such as low density and environmental compatibility, possess the common property of non-uniformity along their length and, as a result, variable diameter and variable cross-sectional area. Several other factors, such as gauge length, fibre species and origin, strain rate, method of extraction of the fibres, porosity and pore size distribution, have been identified to influence the tensile strength of natural fibres and limit their applications in composites. Besides, several authors have used different diameters for the same type of natural fibre, such as coir, resulting in significant inconsistency in the tensile properties. For the same type of coir fibre, and from tensile strength reports from ten authors, an average tensile strength of 120.97 ± 42.30 MPa was obtained. The average number of fibres used in most cases for the tensile test was less than the requirement for natural fibres. All these factors were addressed with the aim of improving the overall properties of natural fibres and their composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Ifeyinwa Madueke
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, 371104 Ekiti Nigeria
| | - Oguejiofor Miracle Mbah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, 371104 Ekiti Nigeria
| | - Reginald Umunakwe
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye, 371104 Ekiti Nigeria
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7
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Mohamad MA, Jumahat A, Sapiai N. Flexural analysis of hemp, kenaf and glass fibre-reinforced polyester resin. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural fibres have a high potential to replace synthetic fibres such as glass in a variety of applications. However, natural fibre-reinforced composites still have some limitations with respect to the mechanical performance especially in high load bearing capabilities. The hybridization of natural fibres with synthetic fibres in the same matrix has proven to create a balancing effect and enhanced the composites performance. Besides that, fibre architectures that include fibres continuity, fibres orientation, fibres arrangement and fibres interlocking are also considered to enhance the overall performance of the composites. In this study, the hemp mat, kenaf mat and glass chopped strand mat were hybridised with woven glass fibres, respectively in polyester resin to form 12 systems of the composites. The hybridization effects of different fibre core material, fibre core thickness and fibre arrangement on flexural response were investigated according to ASTM D7264. The results indicated that hybrid CSM glass/woven glass composite showed the highest flexural strength and modulus compared to hemp/woven glass and kenaf/woven glass composites, with about 377.15 ± 48.41 MPa and 16.74 ± 7.15 GPa. Among natural fibres, kenaf fibre (2WG/K/2WG) composite showed better flexural properties compared to hemp fibre (2WG/H/2WG) composite. 2WG/2G/2WG composites with two plies of CSM glass showed maximum flexural properties. As for hemp/woven glass and kenaf/glass hybrid composites, the flexural properties reached a maximum value in system arrangement of (2:1:2) but it reduced in the system arrangement of (2:2:2) and (2:4:2). On the evaluation effect of fibre arrangement, hemp, kenaf and glass mat used as core (arrange in the middle; (2:2:2)) showed higher flexural properties as compared to the use as skin (arrange in outer; (1:4:1)). (2WG/2K/2WG) showed better flexural properties than (2WG/2H/2WG) as the core, while (H/4WG/H) showed better flexural properties than (K/4WG/K) as skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aizuddin Mohamad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering , Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) , 40450 , Shah Alam , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Aidah Jumahat
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering , Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) , 40450 , Shah Alam , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Napisah Sapiai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering , Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) , 40450 , Shah Alam , Selangor , Malaysia
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8
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Influence of Nanosilica Particle Addition on Mechanical and Water Retention Properties of Natural Flax- and Sisal-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites under NaOH Conditions. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4026495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic filament-based lightweight materials are increasingly being used because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, recyclability, and low cost. The application of nanofillers in addition to natural fibres is a fascinating one. The main purpose of the current experimental investigation is to manufacture and estimate the mechanical material of nanocomposites. Natural fibres like flax and sisal are used as reinforcement; nanosilica particles act as fillers, and epoxy resin as a matrix. The composites were created using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array and a hand lay-up technique. The mechanical and water retention behaviour of the hybrid composites is based on the following three parameters, each with three different levels: (i) adding different weight ratios of nanofiller (1.5, 3, and 4.5 wt%), (ii) weight ratio of reinforcements (20, 30, and 40 wt%), and (iii) duration of NaOCl conditions (2, 4, and 6 hours). Mechanical possessions like tension, bending, and impact were tested as per the ASTM standard. The tested composites show that 30 wt% reinforcement, 3 wt% nanosilica, and 4 hours of alkaline processing provide the best materials and aquatic preoccupation belongings. When compared to nanofiller composites, nanoparticle-filled composites have 17% evolution in tension, 22% upsurge in flexural strength, 13% in impact strength, and 36% increase in impact strength hygroscopic behaviour. Scanning electron microscopes were used to analyze the fractured structure of hybrid composites. Compared to 1.5 and 4.5 wt% of nanofiller, the 3 wt% of filler provides high interfacial adhesion to the hybrid composites. It helps the reinforcement and matrix to contact each other.
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Bonsu AO, Mensah C, Liang W, Yang B, Ma Y. Mechanical Degradation and Failure Analysis of Different Glass/Basalt Hybrid Composite Configuration in Simulated Marine Condition. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173480. [PMID: 36080554 PMCID: PMC9460473 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the failure mechanisms of plain glass and basalt fiber reinforced composites and a selected glass/basalt hybrid composite sequence subjected to artificial seawater conditions. Sets of plain and five hybrid composite configurations were fabricated by vacuum assisted resin injection technique (VARI), and subjected to seawater aged for 258 days at 30 °C and 70 °C followed by tensile, flexural and charpy impact testing, respectively. Failure analysis for dry and seawater-aged composites were undertaken using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that some hybrid laminates with sandwich-like and alternating sequencing exhibited superior mechanical properties and ageing resistance than plain laminates. GB3 ([B2G2]S) type hybrid composite with basalt fiber outer plies retained 100% tensile strength and 86.6% flexural strength after ageing, which was the highest among all the laminates. However, GB4 ([BGBG]S) type specimen with alternating sequencing retained the highest residual impact strength after ageing. SEM analysis on the failed specimens showed fiber breaking, matrix cracking and debonding caused by fiber–matrix interface degradation due to seawater exposure. However different hybrid configurations to a considerable extent prevented crack propagation across specimens, hence altering the overall damage morphology among different specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Osei Bonsu
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Comfort Mensah
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenyan Liang
- College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-451-8258-9364 (W.L.)
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Yunsheng Ma
- Shandong Chambroad Holding Group Co., Ltd., Binzhou 256500, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (Y.M.); Tel.: +86-451-8258-9364 (W.L.)
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Effectiveness of Nanosilica on Enhancing the Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Kenaf/Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4268314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With an ultrasonic frequency of 15 kHz and an 850 W power capacity, the effects of nanosilica particle inclusion on the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of woven fiber-reinforced kenaf/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composites were explored experimentally. The nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly in the epoxy using an ultrasonic probe. Test samples were made according to ASTM requirements for three distinct weight compositions of nanosilica particles (1, 1.5, and 2 wt%). The composites were made utilizing the compression moulding process with the following parameters: (i) weight ratio of nanosilica, (ii) length of kenaf fibers, and (iii) number of carbon fiber layers to achieve the objectives above. According to unmodified samples, with a nanosilica concentration of 1.5 wt%, tensile strength improved by 31%, flexural strength increased by 42.36%, and impact strength increased by 22.65%. It was established that the interaction of micro silica particles with epoxy and fiber, which improved interfacial tension, had a substantial impact on mechanical and water retention capabilities. The 1.5 wt% nanosilica inclusion absorbs less moisture than the 1 and 2 wt% silica composites. A scanning electron microscope was used to examine the fractured surface of the tested nanocomposites.
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Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Supian ABM, Usman F, Ilyas RA, Nurazzi NM, Norrrahim MNF, Razman MR, Zakaria SZS, Sharma S, Itam Z, Rashid MZA. Sugar Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Influence of Chemical Treatments on Its Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3852. [PMID: 35683149 PMCID: PMC9181418 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the era of globalisation, decreasing synthetic resources, especially petroleum, have encouraged global communities to apply biomass waste as a substitute material for green technology development. The development of plastic products from lignocellulosic fibre-reinforced composites has been a hot topic among material scientists and engineers due to their abundance, sustainable in nature, and less toxic towards health. For the Malaysian scenario, sugar palm is a plant found in the wild and locally planted in certain areas in Malaysia and Indonesia. Generally, sugar palm can be harvested for traditional foods, fruits, starch sugar (gula kabung), and alcohol, whereas sugar palm fibre (SPF) is used in conventional products (brushes and brooms). Various researchers are working on the characterisation of fibre and its composites for engineering and packaging products. The main drawback of SPF is its hydrophilic behaviour, which leads to high moisture uptake and inhibits a good bond between the fibre and the matrix. Thus, a solution for this problem is by implementing chemical treatments on the fibre. From the literature review, no comprehensive review paper has been published on the influence of chemical treatment on the mechanical behaviour of SPF-reinforced polymer composites. Thus, the present review examines recent studies on the mechanical properties of sugar palm lignocellulosic fibres with various chemical treatments to evaluate their potential in structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Abu Bakar Mohd Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Fathoni Usman
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norizan Mohd Nurazzi
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India
| | - Zarina Itam
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad Zakir Abd Rashid
- TNB Grid Division, Grid Solution Expertise (GSE), Bangunan Dua Sentral No. 8, Jalan Tun Sambanthan, Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia;
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12
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Kumar A, Biswal M, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Recent developments of lignocellulosic natural fiber reinforced hybrid thermosetting composites for high-end structural applications: a review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Asyraf MRM, Ishak MR, Norrrahim MNF, Nurazzi NM, Shazleen SS, Ilyas RA, Rafidah M, Razman MR. Recent advances of thermal properties of sugar palm lignocellulosic fibre reinforced polymer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1587-1599. [PMID: 34740691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocomposites are materials that are easy to manufacture and environmentally friendly. Sugar palm fibre (SPF) is considered to be an emerging reinforcement candidate that could provide improved mechanical stiffness and strength to the biocomposites. Numerous studies have been recently conducted on sugar palm biocomposites to evaluate their physical, mechanical and thermal properties in various conditions. Sugar palm biocomposites are currently limited to the applications of traditional household products despite their good thermal stability as a prospective substitute candidate for synthetic fibres. Thus, thermal analysis methods such as TGA and DTG are functioned to determine the thermal properties of single fibre sugar palm composites (SPCs) in thermoset and thermoplastic matrix as well as hybrid SPCs. The biocomposites showed a remarkable change considering thermal stability by varying the individual fibre compositions and surface treatments and adding fillers and coupling agents. However, literature that summarises the thermal properties of sugar palm biocomposites is unavailable. Particularly, this comprehensive review paper aims to guide all composite engineers, designers, manufacturers and users on the selection of suitable biopolymers for sugar palm biocomposites for thermal applications, such as heat shields and engine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R M Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M R Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Aerospace Malaysia Research Centre (AMRC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M N F Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N M Nurazzi
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S S Shazleen
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M R Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Curto M, Le Gall M, Catarino AI, Niu Z, Davies P, Everaert G, Dhakal HN. Long-term durability and ecotoxicity of biocomposites in marine environments: a review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32917-32941. [PMID: 35493549 PMCID: PMC9042189 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in replacing fossil-based polymers and composites with more sustainable and renewable fully biobased composite materials in automotive, aerospace and marine applications. There is an effort to develop components with a reduced carbon footprint and environmental impact, and materials based on biocomposites could provide such solutions. Structural components can be subjected to different marine conditions, therefore assessment of their long-term durability according to their marine applications is necessary, highlighting related degradation mechanisms. Through an up-to-date review, this work critically discusses relevant literature on the long-term durability of biocomposites specific for marine environments. Importantly, in this review we report the effects of abiotic parameters, such as the influence of hygrothermal exposures (temperatures and UV radiation) on physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of biocomposites. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the potential ecotoxicological effects of leaching substances and microplastics derived from biocomposites, as well as the change in mechanical, physical and thermal behaviours correlated to degradation in the fibre matrix interface, surface defects and overall deterioration of the composite's properties. Finally, the combined effects of various environmental exposures on the long-term durability of the biocomposites are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Curto
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth PO1 3DJ Portsmouth UK
| | - Maelenn Le Gall
- Marine Structures Laboratory, IFREMER Centre Bretagne, Technopole Iroise 29280 Plouzane France
| | | | - Zhiyue Niu
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) Wandelaarkaai 7 8400 Oostende Belgium
| | - Peter Davies
- Marine Structures Laboratory, IFREMER Centre Bretagne, Technopole Iroise 29280 Plouzane France
| | - Gert Everaert
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) Wandelaarkaai 7 8400 Oostende Belgium
| | - Hom N Dhakal
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth PO1 3DJ Portsmouth UK
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15
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Sapiai N, Jumahat A, Jawaid M, Abu MZ, Chalid M. Mechanical Performance of Granite Fine Fly Dust-Filled Basalt/Glass Polyurethane Polymer Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183032. [PMID: 34577933 PMCID: PMC8466585 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The granite processing industry generates large amounts of bottom granite dust waste every day. After the drying and heating process of concrete mixture production, the granite dust is blown and collected in the filtering nozzle. This very fine particle granite dry fly dust, with a particle size maximum distribution of 500 μm, can easily be blown away by wind and cause serious environmental impacts. The use of this waste material would be an effective way to reduce such impacts. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental study on the potential of granite dust as a filler in enhancing the mechanical performance of a hybrid basalt/glass (WB/GCSM) composite. The unhole and open hole tensile (UHT and OHT) properties, low velocity impact (LVI) properties, quasi-static indentations (QSI) properties, flexural properties, interlaminar shear stress (ILSS) properties, and morphology of the developed WB/GCSM composites were evaluated. To meet the objective of this study, composite specimens were produced using 1.5–60 μm granite fly dust at three (3) different loadings (1, 3 and 5 wt%). This granite fly dust was incorporated into polyurethane resin using a mechanical stirring technique. The production of FRP laminates then completed using a hand lay-up and vacuum bagging technique. Four types of the WB/GCSM composites systems, i.e., [WB/GCSM], [WB/GCSM/1GD], [WB/GCSM/3GD] and [WB/GCSM/5GD] were fabricated and compared. The analysis results for the mechanical tests revealed that the incorporation of granite dust of up to 3 wt% had increased the UHT, OHT, LVI, QSI, flexural and ILSS properties of all WB/GCSM composites systems. Higher levels of damage tolerance in UHT and OHT tests, and increased ductility index in the LVI test were obtained when granite dust was added up to 5 wt%. However, a remarkable improvement in all mechanical properties was noticed for [WB/GCSM/1GD], which recorded the highest mechanical performance among all WB/GCSM composite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napisah Sapiai
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia;
| | - Aidah Jumahat
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia;
- Institute for Infrastructure Engineering Sustainable and Management (IIESM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Department of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Seri Kembangan 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Md Zin Abu
- AANS Technical & Services Sdn Bhd, Desa Manjung Raya, Lumut 32200, Malaysia;
| | - Mochamad Chalid
- Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kampus Baru UI, Universitas Indonesia (UI), Depok 1642, Indonesia;
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16
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Human hair reinforced natural rubber composite: effect of hair loading on mechanical, structural, morphological and thermal behaviour. J RUBBER RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Suriani MJ, Rapi HZ, Ilyas RA, Petrů M, Sapuan SM. Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1323. [PMID: 33919480 PMCID: PMC8073675 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, most boat fabrication companies use 100% synthetic fiber-reinforced composite materials, due to their high performance of mechanical properties. In the new trend of research on the fabrication of boat structure using natural fiber hybrid with kevlar/fiberglass-reinforced composite, the result of tensile, bending, and impact strength showed that glass fiber-reinforced polyester composite gave high strength with increasing glass fiber contents. At some point, realizing the cost of synthetic fiber is getting higher, researchers today have started to use natural fibers that are seen as a more cost-effective option. Natural fibers, however, have some disadvantages, such as high moisture absorption, due to repelling nature; low wettability; low thermal stability; and quality variation, which lead to the degradation of composite properties. In recent times, hybridization is recommended by most researchers as a solution to natural fiber's weaknesses and to reduce the use of synthetic fibers that are not environmentally friendly. In addition, hybrid composite has its own special advantages, i.e., balanced strength and stiffness, reduced weight and cost, improved fatigue resistance and fracture toughness, and improved impact resistance. The synthetic-nature fiber hybrid composites are used in a variety of applications as a modern material that has attracted most manufacturing industries' attention to shift to using the hybrid composite. Some of the previous studies stated that delamination and manufacturing had influenced the performance of the hybrid composites. In order to expand the use of natural fiber as a successful reinforcement in hybrid composite, the factor that affects the manufacturing defects needs to be investigated. In this review paper, a compilation of the reviews on the delamination and a few common manufacturing defect types illustrating the overview of the impact on the mechanical properties encountered by most of the composite manufacturing industries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Suriani
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia;
- Marine Materials Research Group, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Hannah Zalifah Rapi
- Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Michal Petrů
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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18
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The Effect of Stacking Sequence and Ply Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF)/Carbon Hybrid Laminate Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030455. [PMID: 33572609 PMCID: PMC7866975 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of stacking sequence and ply orientation on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF)/carbon hybrid laminate composites were investigated. The hybrid laminates were fabricated using a vacuum infusion technique in which the stacking sequences and ply orientations were varied, which were divided into the categories of cross-ply symmetric, angle-ply symmetric, and symmetric quasi-isotropic. The results of tensile and flexural tests showed that the laminate with interior carbon plies and ply orientation [0°, 90°] exhibited the highest tensile strength (187.67 MPa) and modulus (5.23 GPa). However, the highest flexural strength (289.46 MPa) and modulus (4.82 GPa) were recorded for the laminate with exterior carbon plies and the same ply orientation. The fracture behaviour of the laminates was determined by using scanning electron microscopy, and the results showed that failure usually initiated at the weakest PALF layer. The failure modes included fibre pull-out, fibre breaking, matrix crack, debonding, and delamination.
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19
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Hasan M, Saifullah A, Dhakal HN, Khandaker S, Sarker F. Improved mechanical performances of unidirectional jute fibre composites developed with new fibre architectures. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23010-23022. [PMID: 35480458 PMCID: PMC9034359 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the mechanical performance enhancements of jute fibre composites, manufactured from two newly developed novel jute fibre unidirectional (UD) preforms, namely, stitching-based and sizing-based examples. To increase the use of jute fibres, which are naturally abundant and inexpensive, and to provide research into the use of mechanically advantageous continuous unidirectional (UD) preforms in composites (which are still limited in use), this study employed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sizing and stitching techniques, thus increasing the abilities of jute fibres to withstand higher loads and enabling them to be used for lightweight structural applications. Alkali treatment was used on jute fibres in stitched and sized preforms, and bamboo slices were introduced to the jute preforms to further optimize the mechanical properties. The jute composites exhibited significant mechanical property enhancements, with maximum improvement observed in the case of the PVA-sized alkali-treated specimen, thanks to the excellent compatibility between the sized and alkali-treated jute fibres. This study detailed two novel processes, the use of stitching and PVA sizing based jute fibre UD preforms, with bamboo slice hybridization for the manufacturing of high-mechanical-performance jute composites, and significant improvement was found.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudul Hasan
- Dept. of Textile Engineering
- Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology
- Gazipur
- Bangladesh
| | - Abu Saifullah
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering
- University of Portsmouth
- Portsmouth PO1 3DJ
- UK
| | - Hom N. Dhakal
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering
- University of Portsmouth
- Portsmouth PO1 3DJ
- UK
| | - Shahjalal Khandaker
- Dept. of Textile Engineering
- Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology
- Gazipur
- Bangladesh
| | - Forkan Sarker
- Dept. of Textile Engineering
- Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology
- Gazipur
- Bangladesh
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20
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Graupner N, Lehmann KH, Weber DE, Hilgers HW, Bell EG, Walenta I, Berger L, Brückner T, Kölzig K, Randerath H, Bruns A, Frank B, Wonneberger M, Joulian M, Bruns L, von Dungern F, Janßen A, Gries T, Kunst S, Müssig J. Novel Low-Twist Bast Fibre Yarns from Flax Tow for High-Performance Composite Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 14:E105. [PMID: 33383738 PMCID: PMC7795702 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural fibres for components subjected to higher mechanical requirements tends to be limited by the high price of high-quality semi-finished products. Therefore, the present study deals with the development of more cost-effective staple fibre yarns made from flax tow. In the subsequent processing stage, the yarns were processed into quasi-unidirectional (UD) fabrics. The results of the fibre characterisation along the process chain have shown that no significant mechanical fibre damage occurs after slivers' production. Fibres prepared from yarns and fabrics show comparable characteristics. The yarns were processed to composites by pultrusion to verify the reinforcement effect. The mechanical properties were comparable to those of composites made from a high-quality UD flax roving. The fabrics were industrially processed into composite laminates using a vacuum infusion and an autoclave injection process (vacuum injection method in an autoclave). While impact strength compared to a reference laminate based on the UD flax roving was achieved, tensile and flexural properties were not reached. An analysis showed that the staple fibre yarns in the fabric show an undulation, leading to a reorientation of the fibres and lower characteristic values, which show 86-92% of the laminate made from the flax roving. Hybrid laminates with outer glass and inner flax layers were manufactured for the intended development of a leaf spring for the bogie of a narrow-gauge railroad as a demonstrator. The hybrid composites display excellent mechanical properties and showed clear advantages over a pure glass fibre-reinforced composite in lightweight construction potential, particularly flexural stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Graupner
- The Biological Materials Group, Department of Biomimetics, HSB–City University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, D-28199 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Karl-Heinz Lehmann
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal Straße 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.-H.L.); (E.G.B.); (H.R.); (A.J.); (T.G.)
| | - David E. Weber
- The Biological Materials Group, Department of Biomimetics, HSB–City University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, D-28199 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Hans-Willi Hilgers
- Wenzel & Hoos GmbH, Berliner Straße 35, D-36304 Alsfeld-Leusel, Germany; (H.-W.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Erik G. Bell
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal Straße 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.-H.L.); (E.G.B.); (H.R.); (A.J.); (T.G.)
| | - Isabel Walenta
- INVENT GmbH, Christian-Pommer-Straße 47, D-38112 Braunschweig, Germany; (I.W.); (M.W.); (M.J.); (F.v.D.)
| | - Luisa Berger
- NOVACOM Verstärkte Kunststoffe GmbH, Werkstraße 26, D-52076 Aachen, Germany; (L.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Torsten Brückner
- SachsenLeinen GmbH, August-Bebel-Straße 2, D-04416 Markkleeberg, Germany; (T.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Kay Kölzig
- SachsenLeinen GmbH, August-Bebel-Straße 2, D-04416 Markkleeberg, Germany; (T.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Herbert Randerath
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal Straße 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.-H.L.); (E.G.B.); (H.R.); (A.J.); (T.G.)
| | - Albert Bruns
- NOVACOM Verstärkte Kunststoffe GmbH, Werkstraße 26, D-52076 Aachen, Germany; (L.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Bernd Frank
- BAFA neu GmbH, Stephanstraße 2, D-76316 Malsch, Germany;
| | - Maik Wonneberger
- INVENT GmbH, Christian-Pommer-Straße 47, D-38112 Braunschweig, Germany; (I.W.); (M.W.); (M.J.); (F.v.D.)
| | - Marc Joulian
- INVENT GmbH, Christian-Pommer-Straße 47, D-38112 Braunschweig, Germany; (I.W.); (M.W.); (M.J.); (F.v.D.)
| | - Lisa Bruns
- NOVACOM Verstärkte Kunststoffe GmbH, Werkstraße 26, D-52076 Aachen, Germany; (L.B.); (A.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Friedrich von Dungern
- INVENT GmbH, Christian-Pommer-Straße 47, D-38112 Braunschweig, Germany; (I.W.); (M.W.); (M.J.); (F.v.D.)
| | - Alexander Janßen
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal Straße 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.-H.L.); (E.G.B.); (H.R.); (A.J.); (T.G.)
| | - Thomas Gries
- Institut für Textiltechnik of RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal Straße 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.-H.L.); (E.G.B.); (H.R.); (A.J.); (T.G.)
| | - Stefan Kunst
- Wenzel & Hoos GmbH, Berliner Straße 35, D-36304 Alsfeld-Leusel, Germany; (H.-W.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Jörg Müssig
- The Biological Materials Group, Department of Biomimetics, HSB–City University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, D-28199 Bremen, Germany;
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21
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Wilson PR, Ratner A, Stocker G, Syred F, Kirwan K, Coles SR. Interlayer Hybridization of Virgin Carbon, Recycled Carbon and Natural Fiber Laminates. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214955. [PMID: 33158113 PMCID: PMC7663664 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To meet sustainability objectives in the transport sector, natural fiber (NF) and recycled carbon fiber (RCF) have been developed, although they have been typically limited to low to medium performance components. This work has considered the effect of interlayer hybridization of woven NF and non-woven RCF with woven virgin carbon fibers (VCF) on the mechanical and damping performance of hybrid laminates, produced using double bag vacuum infusion (DBVI). The mean damping ratio of the pure laminates showed a trend of NF>RCF>VCF, which was inversely proportional to their modulus. The tensile, flexural and damping properties of hybrid laminates were dominated by the outermost ply. The VCF-RCF and VCF-NF hybrid laminates showed a comparatively greater mean damping ratio. The results of this work demonstrate a method for the uptake of alternative materials with a minimal impact on the mechanical properties and improved damping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Wilson
- WMG, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.W.); (A.R.); (G.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Alon Ratner
- WMG, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.W.); (A.R.); (G.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Gary Stocker
- WMG, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.W.); (A.R.); (G.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Frank Syred
- Brüel and Kjær Global Engineering Services, Millbrook, Bedfordshire MK45 2YT, UK;
| | - Kerry Kirwan
- WMG, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.W.); (A.R.); (G.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Stuart R. Coles
- WMG, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (P.R.W.); (A.R.); (G.S.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Hybrid Polymer Composites of Bio-Based Bast Fibers with Glass, Carbon and Basalt Fibers for Automotive Applications-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214933. [PMID: 33113848 PMCID: PMC7662593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites with reinforcements based on bast fibers such as flax, hemp and kenaf offer many advantages such as weight reduction, improved specific impact, flexural, acoustic properties, and balanced performance to cost that can be achieved by properly designing the material composition. Their position is well established, especially in the nonstructural automotive applications. However, in structural applications of composites, their mechanical property profile is not comparable to the dominant reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibers. The low mechanical properties of these composites could be improved by hybridization that involves adding high-performance fibers to the bast fiber composites that could improve the low mechanical performance of the bast fiber composites. The review presented in this article provides an overview of the developments in the field of hybrid polymer composites composed of bio-based bast fibers with glass, carbon, and basalt fibers. The focus areas are the composite manufacturing methods, the influence of hybridization on the mechanical properties, and the applications of hybrid composites.
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23
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Plant-Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites: A Review on Fabrication, Properties and Applications. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing global environmental concerns and awareness of renewable green resources is continuously expanding the demand for eco-friendly, sustainable and biodegradable natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs). Natural fibres already occupy an important place in the composite industry due to their excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties. Natural fibres are biodegradable, biocompatible, eco-friendly and created from renewable resources. Therefore, they are extensively used in place of expensive and non-renewable synthetic fibres, such as glass fibre, carbon fibre and aramid fibre, in many applications. Additionally, the NFRCs are used in automobile, aerospace, personal protective clothing, sports and medical industries as alternatives to the petroleum-based materials. To that end, in the last few decades numerous studies have been carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites to address the problems associated with the reinforcement fibres, polymer matrix materials and composite fabrication techniques in particular. There are still some drawbacks to the natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs)—for example, poor interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the polymer matrix, and poor mechanical properties of the NFRCs due to the hydrophilic nature of the natural fibres. An up-to-date holistic review facilitates a clear understanding of the behaviour of the composites along with the constituent materials. This article intends to review the research carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites over the last few decades. Furthermore, up-to-date encyclopaedic information about the properties of the NFRCs, major challenges and potential measures to overcome those challenges along with their prospective applications have been exclusively illustrated in this review work. Natural fibres are created from plant, animal and mineral-based sources. The plant-based cellulosic natural fibres are more economical than those of the animal-based fibres. Besides, these pose no health issues, unlike mineral-based fibres. Hence, in this review, the NFRCs fabricated with the plant-based cellulosic fibres are the main focus.
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24
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Damping Properties of Flax/Carbon Hybrid Epoxy/Fibre-Reinforced Composites for Automotive Semi-Structural Applications. FIBERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fib8100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand for environmentally friendly biocomposites for use in various engineering applications requires a strong understanding of these materials properties, especially in automotive applications. This study focused on investigating how the stacking sequence and fibre orientation impacts the damping properties of hybrid flax/carbon fibre-reinforced composites. Different hybrid carbon fibre/flax fibre-reinforced composites using epoxy resin as the matrix were manufactured using vacuum-assisted resin infusion moulding technique. Each composite material was then tested for tensile properties using a universal testing machine, and the damping experiment was conducted using an impulse hammer and a Laser Doppler Vibrometer. The tensile study found out that adding a flax layer to the external layers of carbon fibre laminate reduced Young’s modulus by 28% for one layer and 45% for two layers. It was noted that when the fibre orientation of the internal layer of [C/F2/C]s was replaced with two ±45° layers, this had a very little effect on Young’s modulus but reduced the ultimate tensile strength by 61%. This experimental study also showed that the most important layer when it comes to damping properties is the external layers. By adding an external flax layer into an epoxy/carbon fibre-reinforced composite considerably enhanced its damping ratio by 53.6% and by adding two layers increased it by 94%. The results indicated a high potential for the automotive semi-structural applications to improve damping properties of the vehicle.
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Effect of Intra-Ply Hybrid Patches and Hydrothermal Aging on Local Bending Response of Repaired GFRP Composite Laminates. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102325. [PMID: 32429390 PMCID: PMC7287909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of intra-ply hybrid patches and hydrothermal aging on the indentation properties of patch repaired GFRP composites. Fabrics with various proportions of glass and Kevlar fibers were employed as the patches to achieve enhanced mechanical properties by hybridizing Kevlar and glass fibers together. Hydrothermal aging behavior of repaired composite laminates modified with water-resistant glass fibers in the outer layers was further investigated. Specimens were immersed in an environmental chamber containing seawater at temperatures of 30 (ambient), 50, and 70 °C until up to saturation. Damage mechanisms of repaired laminates were monitored using real-time acoustic emission (AE) technique. The experimental results showed that specimens repaired with 50G:50K patches offered superior performance than the virgin specimens. The hydrothermal aging effect on indentation behavior of the modified repaired specimens showed a considerable reduction in indentation properties, with higher strength retention exhibited by the repaired specimens modified with chopped glass fibers compared to the particulate fibers.
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Feng B, Wang D, Li Y, Qian J, Yu C, Wang M, Luo D, Wei S. Mechanical Properties of a Soy Protein Isolate-Grafted-Acrylate (SGA) Copolymer Used for Wood Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051137. [PMID: 32429326 PMCID: PMC7285111 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing demands have led to rapidly growing interest in the modification of waterborne wood coatings. To improve the performance of a polyacrylate wood coating, especially the strength, hardness, and abrasion resistance of the film, a soy protein isolate–grafted–acrylate (SGA) copolymer was prepared in an aqueous solution with ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and sodium pyrosulfite (SPS) as an unfolding agent for the soybean protein isolate (SPI). The emulsion was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the film, including the tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation at break, and pencil hardness, were measured. The results showed that the glass transition temperature of the polyacrylic resin decreased to 35 °C after the SPI grafting. The elastic modulus of the film increased from 0.317 to 46.949 MPa, and the elongation at break decreased from 453.133% to 187.125% as the addition of SPI varied from 0 to 4 g, respectively. The pencil hardness of the wood coating increased from HB to 3H. This paper proposes a feasible route for the utilization of SPI for wood coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Di Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Yuhui Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Junpeng Qian
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Chenlei Yu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Mingsi Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Danni Luo
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Shuangying Wei
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.F.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (C.Y.); (M.W.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (S.W.)
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Dhakal HN, Méner EL, Feldner M, Jiang C, Zhang Z. Falling Weight Impact Damage Characterisation of Flax and Flax Basalt Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040806. [PMID: 32260247 PMCID: PMC7240611 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the damage mechanisms of composite materials requires detailed mapping of the failure behaviour using reliable techniques. This research focuses on an evaluation of the low-velocity falling weight impact damage behaviour of flax-basalt/vinyl ester (VE) hybrid composites. Incident impact energies under three different energy levels (50, 60, and 70 Joules) were employed to cause complete perforation in order to characterise different impact damage parameters, such as energy absorption characteristics, and damage modes and mechanisms. In addition, the water absorption behaviour of flax and flax basalt hybrid composites and its effects on the impact damage performance were also investigated. All the samples subjected to different incident energies were characterised using non-destructive techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed micro-tomography (πCT), to assess the damage mechanisms of studied flax/VE and flax/basalt/VE hybrid composites. The experimental results showed that the basalt hybrid system had a high impact energy and peak load compared to the flax/VE composite without hybridisation, indicating that a hybrid approach is a promising strategy for enhancing the toughness properties of natural fibre composites. The πCT and SEM images revealed that the failure modes observed for flax and flax basalt hybrid composites were a combination of matrix cracking, delamination, fibre breakage, and fibre pull out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hom Nath Dhakal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)23-9284-2582; Fax: +(0)44-23-9284-2351
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Belfkira Z, Mounir H, El Marjani A. New investigation of mechanical properties of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade based on a hybrid composites with kenaf fibers. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Paturel A, Dhakal HN. Influence of Water Absorption on the Low Velocity Falling Weight Impact Damage Behaviour of Flax/Glass Reinforced Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020278. [PMID: 31936633 PMCID: PMC7024242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to rigorous new environmental legislations, automotive, marine, aerospace, and construction sectors have redirected their focus into using more recyclable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly lightweight materials driven by strengthening resource efficiency drive. In this study, the influence of moisture absorption on flax and flax/glass hybrid laminates is presented with the aim to investigating their low velocity impact behaviour. Three different types of composite laminates namely, flax fibre reinforced vinyl ester, flax fibre hybridised glass fibre and glass fibre reinforced vinyl ester composites were fabricated using resin infusion technique. The moisture immersion tests were undertaken by immersing the different specimens in sea water bath at room temperature and 70 °C at different time durations. The low velocity falling weight impact testing was performed at 25 Joules of incident energy level and impact damage behaviour was evaluated at both ageing conditions using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro CT). The percentage of moisture uptake was decreased for flax vinyl ester specimens with glass fibre hybridisation. The maximum percentage of weight gain for flax fibre, flax/glass hybrid and glass fibre reinforced composites immersed at room temperature for 696 h is recorded at 3.97%, 1.93%, and 0.431%, respectively. The hybrid composite exhibited higher load and energy when compared flax/vinyl ester composite without hybridisation, indicating the hybrid system as a valid strategy towards achieving improved structural performance of natural fibre composites. The moisture absorption behaviour of these composites at room was observed to follow Fickian behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hom Nath Dhakal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-23-9284-2582; Fax: +44-(0)-23-9284-2351
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30
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Dhakal HN, Sain M. Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Flax-Epoxy Composite with Carbon Fibre Hybridisation for Lightweight Applications. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010109. [PMID: 31881745 PMCID: PMC6981686 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of unidirectional (UD) carbon fibre hybridisation on the tensile properties of flax fibre epoxy composite was investigated. Composites containing different fibre ply orientations were fabricated using vacuum infusion with a symmetrical ply structure of 0/+45/−45/90/90/−45/+45/0. Tensile tests were performed to characterise the tensile performance of plain flax/epoxy, carbon/flax/epoxy, and plain carbon/epoxy composite laminates. The experimental results showed that the carbon/flax fibre hybrid system exhibited significantly improved tensile properties over plain flax fibre composites, increasing the tensile strength from 68.12 MPa for plain flax/epoxy composite to 517.66 MPa (670% increase) and tensile modulus from 4.67 GPa for flax/epoxy to 18.91 GPa (305% increase) for carbon/flax hybrid composite. The failure mechanism was characterised by examining the fractured surfaces of tensile tested specimens using environmental scanning electron microscopy (E-SEM). It was evidenced that interactions between hybrid ply interfaces and strain to failure of the reinforcing fibres were the critical factors for governing tensile properties and failure modes of hybrid composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hom Nath Dhakal
- Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (AMM) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44(0)-23-9284-2582
| | - Mohini Sain
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada;
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Thermal Properties of Woven Kenaf/Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composite Panels. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5258621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of carbon fibre hybridisation on the thermal properties of woven kenaf-reinforced epoxy composites were studied. Woven kenaf hybrid composites of different weave designs of plain and satin and fabric counts of 5×5 and 6×6 were manually prepared by a vacuum infusion technique. A composite made from 100% carbon fibre was served for a comparison purpose. Thermal properties of pure carbon fibre and hybrid composites were determined by using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It was found that a hybrid composite with higher kenaf fibre content (fabric count 6×6) showed better thermal stability while the highest thermal stability was found in the pure carbon fibre composite. The TG and DTG results showed that the amount of residue decreased in the plain-designed hybrid composite compared to the satin-designed hybrid composite. The DSC data revealed that the presence of woven kenaf increased the decomposition temperature.
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Effects of Hybridisation on the Low Velocity Falling Weight Impact and Flexural Properties of Flax-Carbon/Epoxy Hybrid Composites. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The trend of research and adoption of natural plant-based fibre reinforced composites is increasing, with traditional synthetic fibres such as carbon and glass experiencing restrictions placed on their manufacture and use by legislative bodies due to their environmental impact through the entire product life cycle. Finding suitable alternatives to lightweight and high-performance synthetic composites will be of benefit to the automotive, marine and aerospace industries. This paper investigates the low-velocity impact (LVI) and flexural properties and damage characteristics of flax-carbon/epoxy hybrid composites to be used in structural lightweight applications. LVI, for example, is analogous to several real-life situations, such as damage during manufacture, feasibly due to human error such as the dropping of tools and mishandling of the finished product, debris strikes of aircraft flight, or even the collision of a vessel with another. Carbon fibre has been hybridised with flax fibres to achieve enhanced impact and flexural performance. The failure mechanisms of woven flax and flax-carbon epoxy hybrid composites have been further analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed from the experimental results that carbon fibre hybridisation has a significant effect on the impact and flexural properties and their damage modes. The results obtained from this study exhibited that the flexural strength and modulus of plain flax/epoxy composite increase significantly from 95.66 MPa to 425.87 MPa and 4.78 GPa to 17.90 GPa, respectively, with carbon fibre hybridisation. This significant improvement in flexural properties would provide designers with important information to make informed decisions during material selection for lightweight structural applications.
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Abstract
Numerous research studies are carried out in order to investigate various properties and implement the potential of hybrid carbon/flax composites for technical applications. This review aims to present a summary of materials and manufacturing techniques, which are currently used for the fabrication of the carbon/flax composites, and describe the reported tensile, bending, impact, and damping properties of the resulting hybrid materials as well as the attempts to model some of these properties.
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Fiore V, Calabrese L. Effect of Stacking Sequence and Sodium Bicarbonate Treatment on Quasi-Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Flax/Jute Epoxy-Based Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1363. [PMID: 31027361 PMCID: PMC6539201 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present paper deals with the investigation of quasi-static and dynamic mechanical response of epoxy-based composites reinforced with flax and/or jute plain weave fabrics. In order to evaluate the influence of the stacking sequence, two monolithic laminates reinforced with flax or jute fibers and two hybrid flax/jute laminates were manufactured through the vacuum infusion technique. Furthermore, an eco-friendly and cost-effective surface treatment based on fiber soaking in a sodium bicarbonate solution was employed to improve the fiber-matrix adhesion. The mechanical characterization (by means of quasi-static flexural, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and Charpy impact tests) allowed to evidence that the sodium bicarbonate treatment leads to noticeable improvement of the mechanical performances of flax reinforced composites, whereas jute composites experience a slight decrease of their mechanical properties. Overall, the hybridization allows to achieve intermediate mechanical properties among those of monolithic composites. Furthermore, the coupled action of hybridization and surface treatment does not lead to a beneficial and reliable effect on the mechanical response of the resulting composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Fiore
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Luigi Calabrese
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada Di Dio, 98158 Sant'Agata, Messina, Italy.
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Critical Review of the Parameters Affecting the Effectiveness of Moisture Absorption Treatments Used for Natural Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural composites can be fabricated through reinforcing either synthetic or bio-based polymers with hydrophilic natural fibers. Ultimate moisture absorption resistance at the fiber–matrix interface can be achieved when hydrophilic natural fibers are used to reinforce biopolymers due to the high degree of compatibility between them. However, the cost of biopolymers is several times higher than that of their synthetic counterparts, which hinders their dissemination in various industries. In order to produce economically feasible natural composites, synthetic resins are frequently reinforced with hydrophilic fibers, which increases the incompatibility issues such as the creation of voids and delamination at fiber–matrix interfaces. Therefore, applying chemical and/or physical treatments to eliminate the aforementioned drawbacks is of primary importance. However, it is demonstrated through this review study that these treatments do not guarantee a sufficient improvement of the moisture absorption properties of natural composites, and the moisture treatments should be applied under the consideration of the following parameters: (i) type of hosting matrix; (ii) type of natural fiber; (iii) loading of natural fiber; (iv) the hybridization of natural fibers with mineral/synthetic counterparts; (v) implantation of nanofillers. Complete discussion about each of these parameters is developed through this study.
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Mechanical and Impact Damage Analysis on Carbon/Natural Fibers Hybrid Composites: A Review. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030517. [PMID: 30744082 PMCID: PMC6385000 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid composite laminates including carbon fibers and natural fibers, hence basalt and/or vegetable ones, draw on the experiences accumulated in studying the hybridization of fiberglass with carbon or natural fibers. Yet, in the case of carbon/natural fiber composites, the sense is different: in particular, the idea is to accept the reduction of properties from bare carbon fiber composites and the unavoidable complication in processing, induced by hybridization. The compensation obtained, which offers a rationale to this operation, is the improved toughness and a significant modification of the different modes of failure. This would bring a higher energy absorption and a substantially more effective damage tolerance. The aforementioned characteristics are particularly of interest in the case of flexural properties, impact properties, and residual post-impact performance.
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Aisyah HA, Paridah MT, Khalina A, Sapuan SM, Wahab MS, Berkalp OB, Lee CH, Lee SH. Effects of Fabric Counts and Weave Designs on the Properties of Laminated Woven Kenaf/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1320. [PMID: 30961245 PMCID: PMC6401800 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different fabric materials namely weave designs (plain and satin) and fabric counts (5 × 5 and 6 × 6) on the properties of laminated woven kenaf/carbon fibre reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were evaluated. The hybrid composites were fabricated from two types of fabric, i.e., woven kenaf that was made from a yarn of 500tex and carbon fibre, by using vacuum infusion technique and epoxy resin as matrix. The panels were tested for tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. The results have revealed that plain fabric is more suitable than satin fabric for obtaining high tensile and impact strengths. Using a fabric count of 5 × 5 has generated composites that are significantly higher in flexural modulus as compared to 6 × 6 which may be attributed to their structure and design. The scanned electron micrographs of the fractured surfaces of the composites demonstrated that plain woven fabric composites had better adhesion properties than satin woven fabric composites, as indicated by the presence of notably lower amount of fibre pull out.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M T Paridah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - A Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S M Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - M S Wahab
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - O B Berkalp
- Faculty of Textile Technology and Design, Istanbul Technical University, İnönü Caddesi. No.: 65, Gumussuyu, Beyoglu, 34437 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - C H Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S H Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Flexural Properties of Wet-Laid Hybrid Nonwoven Recycled Carbon and Flax Fibre Composites in Poly-Lactic Acid Matrix. AEROSPACE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/aerospace5040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recycling carbon fibre is crucial in the reduction of waste from the increasing use of carbon fibre reinforced composites in industry. The reclaimed fibres, however, are usually short and discontinuous as opposed to the continuous virgin carbon fibre. In this work, short recycled carbon fibres (rCF) were mixed with flax and poly-lactic acid (PLA) fibres acting as the matrix to form nonwoven mats through wet-laying. The mats were compression moulded to produce composites with different ratios of rCF and flax fibre in the PLA matrix. Their flexural behaviour was examined through three-point-bending tests, and their morphological properties were characterised with scanning electron and optical microscopes. Experimental data showed that the flexural properties increased with higher rCF content, with the maximum being a flexural modulus of approximately 14 GPa and flexural strength of 203 MPa with a fibre volume fraction of 75% rCF and 25% flax fibre. The intimate mixing of the fibres contributed to a lesser reduction of flexural properties when increasing the flax fibre content.
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Zegaoui A, Derradji M, Medjahed A, Dayo AQ, Dong W, Liu WB, Cai WA, Wang J, Liu YG. Multifunctional polymer materials with enhanced mechanical, thermal and gamma radiation shielding properties from dicyanate ester of bisphenol-A/bisphenol-A based benzoxazine resin and short kevlar/basalt hybrid fibers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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40
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Kim DJ, Oh DY, Jeong MK, Nam SY. Recent Trends in Composite Materials for Aircrafts. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2016.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Islam MR, Gupta A, Rivai M, Beg MDH, Mina MF. Effects of fiber-surface treatment on the properties of hybrid composites prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers, glass fibers, and recycled polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Remanul Islam
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering; Univerisiti Malaysia Pahang; Lebuhraya Tun Razak Gambang 26300, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Arun Gupta
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering; Univerisiti Malaysia Pahang; Lebuhraya Tun Razak Gambang 26300, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Makson Rivai
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering; Univerisiti Malaysia Pahang; Lebuhraya Tun Razak Gambang 26300, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Dalour Hossen Beg
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering; Univerisiti Malaysia Pahang; Lebuhraya Tun Razak Gambang 26300, Kuantan Malaysia
| | - Md. Forhad Mina
- Department of Physics; Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology; Dhaka Bangladesh
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Deng F, Ge X, Zhang Y, Li MC, Cho UR. Synthesis and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers and their application as rubber reinforcements. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Deng
- School of Energy, Materials and Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan 330708 Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Ge
- School of Energy, Materials and Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan 330708 Republic of Korea
| | - Yinhang Zhang
- School of Energy, Materials and Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan 330708 Republic of Korea
| | - Mei-Chun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Ur Ryong Cho
- School of Energy, Materials and Applied Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education; Cheonan 330708 Republic of Korea
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Kumar S, You FM, Duguid S, Booker H, Rowland G, Cloutier S. QTL for fatty acid composition and yield in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:965-84. [PMID: 25748113 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The combined SSR-SNP map and 20 QTL for agronomic and quality traits will assist in marker assisted breeding as well as map-based cloning of key genes in linseed. Flax is an important nutraceutical crop mostly because it is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant compounds. Canada is the largest producer and exporter of oilseed flax (or linseed), creating a growing need to improve crop productivity and quality. In this study, a genetic map was constructed based on selected 329 single nucleotide polymorphic markers and 362 simple sequence repeat markers using a recombinant inbred line population of 243 individuals from a cross between the Canadian varieties CDC Bethune and Macbeth. The genetic map consisted of 15 linkage groups comprising 691 markers with an average marker density of one marker every 1.9 cM. A total of 20 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified corresponding to 14 traits. Three QTL each for oleic acid and stearic acid, two QTL each for linoleic acid and iodine value and one each for palmitic acid, linolenic acid, oil content, seed protein, cell wall, straw weight, thousand seed weight, seeds per boll, yield and days to maturity were identified. The QTL for cell wall, straw weight, seeds per boll, yield and days to maturity all co-located on linkage group 4. Analysis of the candidate gene regions underlying the QTL identified proteins involved in cell wall and fibre synthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis as well as their metabolism and yield component traits. This study provides the foundation for assisting in map-based cloning of the QTL and marker assisted selection of a wide range of quality and agronomic traits in linseed and potentially fibre flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Thakur VK, Thakur MK. Processing and characterization of natural cellulose fibers/thermoset polymer composites. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 109:102-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Surface modification of cellulose using silane coupling agent. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:849-55. [PMID: 25037424 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been a growing interest in substituting traditional synthetic polymers with natural polymers for different applications. However, natural polymers such as cellulose suffer from few drawbacks. To become viable potential alternatives of synthetic polymers, cellulosic polymers must have comparable physico-chemical properties to that of synthetic polymers. So in the present work, cellulose polymer has been modified by a series of mercerization and silane functionalization to optimize the reaction conditions. Structural, thermal and morphological characterization of the cellulose has been done using FTIR, TGA and SEM, techniques. Surface modified cellulose polymers were further subjected to evaluation of their properties like swelling and chemical resistance behavior.
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Graft copolymers of natural fibers for green composites. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 104:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Narendar R, Priya Dasan K, Nair M. Development of coir pith/nylon fabric/epoxy hybrid composites: Mechanical and ageing studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Thakur VK, Thakur MK, Gupta RK. Rapid synthesis of graft copolymers from natural cellulose fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:820-8. [PMID: 23987417 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polysaccharide polymer, which is used as such or its derivatives in a number of advanced applications, such as in paper, packaging, biosorption, and biomedical. In present communication, in an effort to develop a proficient way to rapidly synthesize poly(methyl acrylate)-graft-cellulose (PMA-g-cellulose) copolymers, rapid graft copolymerization synthesis was carried out under microwave conditions using ferrous ammonium sulfate-potassium per sulfate (FAS-KPS) as redox initiator. Different reaction parameters such as microwave radiation power, ratio of monomer, solvent and initiator concentrations were optimized to get the highest percentage of grafting. Grafting percentage was found to increase with increase in microwave power up to 70%, and maximum 36.73% grafting was obtained after optimization of all parameters. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA/DTG) analysis were used to confirm the graft copolymerization of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) onto the mercerized cellulose. The grafted cellulosic polymers were subsequently subjected to the evaluation of different physico-chemical properties in order to access their application in everyday life, in a direction toward green environment. The grafted copolymers demonstrated increased chemical resistance, and higher thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, USA.
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