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Wanyan H, Li Q, Huang H, Li J, Huang L, Chen L, Wei J, Zhou X, Tang Z, Wu H. Flexible high electrochemical active hydrogel for wearable sensors and supercapacitor electrolytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134356. [PMID: 39089551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of flexible, portable devices, hydrogel electrolytes have gained considerable attention as potential replacements for conventional liquid electrolytes. A hydrogel electrolyte was synthesised by cross-linking acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). The formation of hydrogen bonds and chelate interactions between the P(AA-co-AM) polymer, CMC, and ZnSO4 created a robust network, enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogel electrolytes. Notably, the hydrogel electrolyte containing 0.6 % CMC demonstrated superior mechanical strength (compression strength of 1.22 MPa, tensile stress of 230 kPa, tensile strain of 424 %, adhesion strength of 1.98 MPa on wood). Additionally, the CMC/P(AA-co-AM) hydrogels exhibited commendable electrical performance (38 mS/cm) and a high gauge factor (2.9), enabling the precise detection of physiological activity signals through resistance measurements. The unique network structure of the hydrogel electrolyte also ensured a stable bonding interface between the electrode and the electrolyte. After 2000 charge-discharge cycles, the supercapacitor maintained good capacitance characteristics, with a capacitance retention rate of 71.21 % and a stable Coulombic efficiency of 98.85 %, demonstrating excellent cyclic stability. This study introduces a novel methodology for fabricating multifunctional all-solid-state supercapacitors and suggests that the hydrogel can significantly advance the development of wearable energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Wanyan
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China; College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Key Laboratory of Antibacterial and Antiviral, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000, PR China
| | - Hai Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Liulian Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Key Laboratory of Antibacterial and Antiviral, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan 455000, PR China.
| | - Xiaxing Zhou
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China.
| | - Zuwu Tang
- School of Materials and Packaging Engineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350300, PR China.
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China.
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Dutta T, Chaturvedi P, Llamas-Garro I, Velázquez-González JS, Dubey R, Mishra SK. Smart materials for flexible electronics and devices: hydrogel. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12984-13004. [PMID: 38655485 PMCID: PMC11033831 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01168f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, flexible conductive materials have attracted considerable attention for their potential use in flexible energy storage devices, touch panels, sensors, memristors, and other applications. The outstanding flexibility, electricity, and tunable mechanical properties of hydrogels make them ideal conductive materials for flexible electronic devices. Various synthetic strategies have been developed to produce conductive and environmentally friendly hydrogels for high-performance flexible electronics. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art applications of hydrogels in flexible electronics, such as energy storage, touch panels, memristor devices, and sensors like temperature, gas, humidity, chemical, strain, and textile sensors, and the latest synthesis methods of hydrogels. Describe the process of fabricating sensors as well. Finally, we discussed the challenges and future research avenues for flexible and portable electronic devices based on hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taposhree Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur Howrah W.B. - 711103 India
| | - Pavan Chaturvedi
- Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University 3414 Murphy Rd, Apt#4 Nashville TN-37203 USA +575-650-4595
| | - Ignacio Llamas-Garro
- Navigation and Positioning Research Unit, Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya Castelldefels Spain
| | | | - Rakesh Dubey
- Instiute of Physics, University of Szczecin Poland
| | - Satyendra Kumar Mishra
- Space and Reslinent Research Unit, Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya Castelldefels Spain
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Meng S, Wang N, Cao X. Built-In Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Promote Sustainable and Flexible Supercapacitors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6916. [PMID: 37959515 PMCID: PMC10647822 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage devices such as supercapacitors (SCs), if equipped with built-in energy harvesters such as piezoelectric nanogenerators, will continuously power wearable electronics and become important enablers of the future Internet of Things. As wearable gadgets become flexible, energy items that can be fabricated with greater compliance will be crucial, and designing them with sustainable and flexible strategies for future use will be important. In this review, flexible supercapacitors designed with built-in nanogenerators, mainly piezoelectric nanogenerators, are discussed in terms of their operational principles, device configuration, and material selection, with a focus on their application in flexible wearable electronics. While the structural design and materials selection are highlighted, the current shortcomings and challenges in the emerging field of nanogenerators that can be integrated into flexible supercapacitors are also discussed to make wearable devices more comfortable and sustainable. We hope this work may provide references, future directions, and new perspectives for the development of electrochemical power sources that can charge themselves by harvesting mechanical energy from the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Meng
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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Tian J, Sun Z, Shi C, Huang Z. Rapid fabrication of tough sodium alginate/MXene/poly(vinyl alcohol) dual-network hydrogel electrolytes for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125937. [PMID: 37488001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of flexible portable devices, polymer-based hydrogel electrolytes have drawn tremendous attention and widespread interest to replace conventional liquid electrolytes. Herein, an eco-friendly, low cost and fast method was adopted to synthesize novel cross-linked dual-network hydrogel electrolytes (PVA/SA/MXene-NaCl) within 5 min due to the formation of borate bonds. The unique dual-network structure of hydrogel enabled hydrogel electrolytes to efficiently dissipate energy under deformation and the formation of borate bonds endowed hydrogel with self-healing ability. Benefited from the introduction of NaCl and MXene, the hydrogels displayed a high ionic conductivity (40.8 mS/cm) and enhanced mechanical strength (650 kPa). Notedly, the flexible supercapacitor with low concentration of NaCl (0.3 mol L-1) delivered a superior areal capacitance of 130.8 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2 and 106.2 mF cm-2 at 3 mA cm-2, and simultaneously offered remarkable capacitance retention under the state of bending, self-healing (five cycles), compression and stretching. Moreover, as-assembled supercapacitor maintained about 88.9 % of its original capacitance and 90.5 % of Coulombic efficiency after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Our research presented a simple and universally pathway to prepare flexible energy storage devices with excellent mechanical and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Cai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhanhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Xiahou X, Wu S, Guo X, Li H, Chen C, Xu M. Strategies for enhancing low-frequency performances of triboelectric, electrochemical, piezoelectric, and dielectric elastomer energy harvesting: recent progress and challenges. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1687-1714. [PMID: 37451961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical energy harvesting transforms various forms of mechanical energy, including ocean waves, wind, and human motions, into electrical energy, providing a viable solution to address the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental problems. However, one major obstacle for the direct conversion of mechanical energy into electricity is the low frequency of the majority of mechanical energy sources (≤5 Hz), resulting in low energy conversion efficiency, output power and output current. Over recent years, a numerous innovative technologies have been reported to enable improved energy harvesting utilizing various mechanisms. This review aims to present an in-depth analysis of the research progress in low-frequency energy harvesting technologies that rely on triboelectric, electrochemical, piezoelectric, and dielectric elastomer effects. The discussion commences with an overview of the difficulties associated with low-frequency energy harvesting. The critical aspects that impact the low-frequency performance of mechanical energy harvesters, including working mechanisms, environmental factors, and device compositions, are elucidated, while the advantages and disadvantages of different mechanisms in low-frequency operation are compared and summarized. Moreover, this review expounds on the strategies that can improve the low-frequency energy harvesting performance through the modulations of material compositions, structures, and devices. It also showcases the applications of mechanical energy harvesters in energy harvesting via waves, wind, and human motions. Finally, the recommended choices of mechanical energy harvesters with different mechanisms for various applications are offered, which can assist in the design and fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzi Xiahou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huajian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Hu L, Chee PL, Sugiarto S, Yu Y, Shi C, Yan R, Yao Z, Shi X, Zhi J, Kai D, Yu HD, Huang W. Hydrogel-Based Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205326. [PMID: 36037508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics is an emerging field of research involving multiple disciplines, which include but not limited to physics, chemistry, materials science, electronic engineering, and biology. However, the broad applications of flexible electronics are still restricted due to several limitations, including high Young's modulus, poor biocompatibility, and poor responsiveness. Innovative materials aiming for overcoming these drawbacks and boost its practical application is highly desirable. Hydrogel is a class of 3D crosslinked hydrated polymer networks, and its exceptional material properties render it as a promising candidate for the next generation of flexible electronics. Here, the latest methods of synthesizing advanced functional hydrogels and the state-of-art applications of hydrogel-based flexible electronics in various fields are reviewed. More importantly, the correlation between properties of the hydrogel and device performance is discussed here, to have better understanding of the development of flexible electronics by using environmentally responsive hydrogels. Last, perspectives on the current challenges and future directions in the development of hydrogel-based multifunctional flexible electronics are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Sigit Sugiarto
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Chuanqian Shi
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ren Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoqi Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jiacai Zhi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), A∗STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Hai-Dong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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Chou S, Lu H, Liu T, Chen Y, Fu Y, Shieh Y, Lai Y, Chen S. An Environmental-Inert and Highly Self-Healable Elastomer Obtained via Double-Terminal Aromatic Disulfide Design and Zwitterionic Crosslinked Network for Use as a Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2202815. [PMID: 36453583 PMCID: PMC9839881 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ongoing development of portable/mobile electronics, sources to power have received widespread attention. Compared to chemical batteries as power sources, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) possess lots of advantages, including the ability to harvest energy via human motions, flexible structures, environment-friendliness, and long-life characteristics. Although many self-healable TENGs are reported, the achievement of a muscle-like elasticity and the ability to recover from inevitable damage under extreme conditions (such as a high/low temperature and/or humidity) remain a challenge. Herein, a "double-terminal aromatic disulfide" on a structure with zwitterions as branched chains is reported to engineer the high-efficient self-healable elastomer for application in a flexible TENG. The as-designed material exhibits a repeatable elastic recovery (at 250% elongation) and a self-healing efficiency with an ultimate tensile stress of 96% over 2 h, representing an improvement on previously reported disulfide-based elastomers. The elastomer can autonomously recover by 50% even at a subzero temperature of -30 °C within 24 h. The elastomer-based TENG, as a self-driven sensor for detecting human behavior, is demonstrated to exhibit stable outputs and self-healing in the temperature range of -30 to 60 °C, and so is expected to promote the development of self-powered electronics for next-generation human-machine communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syun‐Hong Chou
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Hong‐Wei Lu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
| | - Ta‐Chung Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipei112304Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ting Chen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
| | - Yen‐Lin Fu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Yung‐Hsin Shieh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Chih Lai
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculturei‐Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung40227Taiwan
| | - San‐Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical ScienceChina Medical UniversityTaichung City406040Taiwan
- Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300044Taiwan
- School of DentistryCollege of Dental MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung City80708Taiwan
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Hu Y, Chen M, Qin C, Zhang J, Lu A. Cellulose ionic conductor with tunable Seebeck coefficient for low-grade heat harvesting. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chen M, Qian X, Cai J, Zhou J, Lu A. Electronic skin based on cellulose/KCl/sorbitol organohydrogel. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wever PD, Janssens J, Fardim P. Fabrication of cellulose cryogel beads via room temperature dissolution in onium hydroxides. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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