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Chahal S, Rani P, Kiran, Sindhu J, Joshi G, Ganesan A, Kalyaanamoorthy S, Mayank, Kumar P, Singh R, Negi A. Design and Development of COX-II Inhibitors: Current Scenario and Future Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17446-17498. [PMID: 37251190 PMCID: PMC10210234 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Innate inflammation beyond a threshold is a significant problem involved in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and many other chronic conditions. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are key inflammatory markers as they catalyze prostaglandins production and are crucial for inflammation processes. While COX-I is constitutively expressed and is generally involved in "housekeeping" roles, the expression of the COX-II isoform is induced by the stimulation of different inflammatory cytokines and also promotes the further generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which affect the prognosis of various diseases. Hence, COX-II is considered an important therapeutic target for drug development against inflammation-related illnesses. Several selective COX-II inhibitors with safe gastric safety profiles features that do not cause gastrointestinal complications associated with classic anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence of cardiovascular side effects from COX-II inhibitors that resulted in the withdrawal of market-approved anti-COX-II drugs. This necessitates the development of COX-II inhibitors that not only exhibit inhibit potency but also are free of side effects. Probing the scaffold diversity of known inhibitors is vital to achieving this goal. A systematic review and discussion on the scaffold diversity of COX inhibitors are still limited. To address this gap, herein we present an overview of chemical structures and inhibitory activity of different scaffolds of known COX-II inhibitors. The insights from this article could be helpful in seeding the development of next-generation COX-II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Chahal
- Department
of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Payal Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Kiran
- Department
of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department
of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan
Bahuguna Garhwal (A Central) University, Chauras Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 249161, India
- Adjunct
Faculty at Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, 566/6, Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Aravindhan Ganesan
- ArGan’sLab,
School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2G 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Mayank
- University
College of Pharmacy, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab 151302, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Rajvir Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
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Braz WR, Rocha NL, de Faria EH, Silva MLAE, Ciuffi KJ, Tavares DC, Furtado RA, Rocha LA, Nassar EJ. Incorporation of anti-inflammatory agent into mesoporous silica. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:385103. [PMID: 27533108 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/38/385103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of macroporous, mesoporous, and microporous systems, including their ability to accommodate molecules of different sizes inside their pores and to act as drug delivery systems, have been the object of extensive studies. In this work, mesoporous silica with hexagonal structure was obtained by template synthesis via the sol-gel process. The resulting material was used as support to accommodate the anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin. The alkaline route was used to prepare the mesoporous silica; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was employed as porogenic agent. The silica particles were functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane alkoxide (APTES) by the sol-gel post-synthesis method. Indomethacin was incorporated into the silica functionalized with APTES and into non-functionalized silica. The resulting systems were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), specific area, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analyses (TGA). XRD attested to formation of mesoporous silica with hexagonal structure. This structure remained after silica functionalization with APTES and incorporation of indomethacin. Typical infrared spectroscopy vibrations and organic material decomposition during TGA confirmed silica functionalization and drug incorporation. The specific surface area and pore volume of the functionalized material incorporated with indomethacin decreased as compared with the specific surface area and pore volume of the non-functionalized silica containing no drug, suggesting both the functionalizing agent and the drug were present in the silica. Cytotoxicity tests conducted on normal fibroblasts (GM0479A) cells attested that the silica matrix containing indomethacin was less toxic than the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Rodrigues Braz
- Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr Armando Salles Oliveira, 201, Pq. Universitário CEP 14404-600 Franca-SP, Brazil
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Narsinghani T, Sharma R. Lead Optimization on Conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: An Approach to Reduce Gastrointestinal Toxicity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:1-23. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Narsinghani
- School of Pharmacy; Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya; Takshashila Campus, Ring Road Indore 452 001 MP India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- School of Pharmacy; Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya; Takshashila Campus, Ring Road Indore 452 001 MP India
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